Term
| what are the 3 categories of movement |
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Definition
| reflexive, rhythmic, voluntary |
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Term
| involuntary coordinated patterns of muscle activity elicted by peripheral stimuli |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 types of movements are produced by stereotyped patterns of muscle contractions |
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Definition
| reflexive and rhythmic movements |
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Term
| receptors in muscles produces what type of reflexes |
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Definition
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Term
| cutaneous receptors produces what type of reflexes |
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Definition
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Term
| repetitive rhytmic motor patterns include (4) |
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Definition
| chewing, swallowing, scratching, alternating contractions of flexors and extensors on either side of the body during ambulation |
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Term
| circuits for repetitive rhytmic motor patterns lie in what? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| movements initiated to accomplish a specific goal |
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Definition
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Term
| nervous system learns to correct for external perturbation in what two ways |
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Definition
| feed back control, feed forward control |
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Term
| monitoring and using sensory signals/information to act directly on the limb itself; moment to moment control |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in feedback control signals from sensors are compared with a desired state represented by what |
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Definition
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Term
| the difference between the desired state and information from the reference signal is called what |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the error signal used for |
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Definition
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Term
| using the same or different senses to detect imminent perturbations and initiate proactive strategies based on experience |
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Definition
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Term
| which control acts in advance of certain perturbations |
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Definition
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Term
| feed forward control is widely used by motor systems to control what |
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Definition
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Term
| handwriting is the same regardless of the size of the letters or of the limb or body segment used to produce them is an example of what |
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Definition
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Term
| motor equivalence suggests what about purposeful movement representation in the brain |
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Definition
| abstract form, rather than as a series of joint motions or muscle contractions |
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Term
| representation of a plan for movement before the movement is initiated is called what |
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Definition
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Term
| motor program specifies the spatial features of the movements and the angles through which the joint will move is known as what |
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Definition
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Term
| motor program must also specify the forces required to rotate the joints to produce the desired movement is known as what |
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Definition
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Term
| the motor systems can perform many different motor tasks with speed and accuracy because of two features of their functional organization, firstly... |
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Definition
| processing of sensory inputs and commands to motor neurons |
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Term
| the motor systems can perform many different motor tasks with speed and accuracy because of two features of their functional organization, processing of sensory inputs and commands to motor neuurons and muscles is distributed how and where? |
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Definition
| hierarchically interconected areas of the spinal cord, brain stem, and forebrain |
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Term
| the motor systems can perform many different motor tasks with speed and accuracy because of two features of their functional organization, secondly... |
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Definition
| sensory information relation to movement is processed in different systems that operate in parallel |
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Term
| what is the lowest level of the heirarchial organization |
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Definition
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Term
| spinal cord contains the neuronal circuits that mediate what? |
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Definition
| variety of reflexes, automatic rhythmic movements such as locomotion and scratching |
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Term
| what is the simplest neural circuit |
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Definition
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Term
| the simplest neural circuit includes only what? |
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Definition
| primary sensory neuron, and the motor neuron |
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Term
| most reflexes are mediated by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| final common pathway for all motor action |
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Definition
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Term
| after the spinal cord what is the next level of the motor heirarchy |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 systems of the brain stem neurons that recieve input from the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| the medial and lateral systems of the brain stem neurons recieve input from what |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei |
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Term
| the medial and lateral brainstem neurons project to where |
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Definition
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Term
| medial descending systems of the brainstem contribute to the control of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| medial descending systems of the brainstem contribute to the control of posture via what? |
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Definition
| integration of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information |
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Term
| the lateral descending system control what? |
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Definition
| more distal limb muscles and are thus important for goal-directed movements, especially of the arm and hand |
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Term
| other brain stem circuits control movements of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| the medial pathways are phylogenitcally the ____ component of the descending motor systems |
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Definition
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Term
| the medial pathways ocnsists of 3 major tracts |
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Definition
| vestibulospinal tracts (medial and lateral), reticulospinal tract (medial and lateral), tectospinal tract |
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Term
| which of the medial pathways influences the contralateral side |
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Definition
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Term
| the medial pathways descend in which column of the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| the medial pathways descend in the ventral colums of the spinal cord and terminate predominantly on what (2) |
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Definition
| interneurons, long propriospinal neurons |
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Term
| the medial pathwyas descend in ventral columsn of the spinal cord and terminate predominantly where? |
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Definition
| ventromedial part of the intermediate zone gray matter |
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Term
| the medial pathways also terminate directly on some motor neurons particularly those of what? |
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Definition
| medial cell group that innervate axial muscles |
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Term
| lateral brainstem pathways are more concerned with what? |
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Definition
| goal-directed limb movement such as reachign and manipulating |
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Term
| lateral brain stem pathways terminate on what |
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Definition
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Term
| lateral brainstem pathways terminate on interneuron where |
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Definition
| dorsolateral part of the spinal gray |
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Term
| main lateral descending pathway from the brain stem is what |
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Definition
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Term
| the rubrospinal tract fibers descend through what |
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Definition
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Term
| the rubrospinal tract descends through the medulla to what |
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Definition
| dorsal part of the lateral column of the spinal cord |
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Term
| what is the highest level of motor control |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two cortical motor tracts |
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Definition
| corticobulbar, corticospinal |
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Term
| corticobulbar fibers control motor nuclei where |
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Definition
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Term
| corticospinal fibers control what |
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Definition
| spinal motor neurons that innervate trunk and limb mm |
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Term
| the cerebral cortex indirectly influences spinal motor activity by acting on what? |
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Definition
| descending brainstem pathways |
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Term
| timing of activation of agonists and antagonist muscles is intrinsic to what circuit |
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Definition
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Term
| a cat with its cervical cord transected can exhibit what kind of control? |
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Definition
| feed back control, paw moves around an obstacle after hitting it |
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Term
| a cat with a cervical cord transection cannot exhibit what kind of control |
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Definition
| feed forward control, even if it sees the obstacle it will not lift its paw prior |
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Term
| lesions of the nervous system result in what signs |
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Definition
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Term
| negative signs reflect what |
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Definition
| loss of particular capacities normally controlled by the damaged system (eg loss of strength) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| abnormal and stereotyped respones that are explained by the withdrawal of tonic inhibition from neuronal circuits mediating a behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| lesions that interrupt the descending pathways from the cortex or brain stem produce what negative sign |
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Definition
| weakness in voluntary movements |
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Term
| lesions that interrupt the descending pathways from the cortex or brain stem produce what S/S |
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Definition
| weakness in voluntary movements, increased muscle tone, abnormally active stretch reflexes |
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Term
| diseases that give rise to spasticity affect what |
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Definition
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Term
| diseases that result in denervation atrophy and reduced muscle volume affect what |
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Definition
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Term
| damage to what affects large groups of muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| damage to what tends ot affect muscles in a patchy way and may even be limited to single muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| primary afferent fibers from cutaneous and deep peripheral receptors form connections with 4 types of neurons |
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Definition
| local interneurons, propriospinal neurons, projection neurons, motor neurons |
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Term
| local interneurons reach to where |
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Definition
| confined to the same or adjacent spinal segments |
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Term
| propriospinal neurons axons terminals reach where |
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Definition
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Term
| projection neurons ascends to where |
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Definition
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Term
| motor neurons axons exit what |
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Definition
| nervous system to innervate muscles |
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