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Organization of Movement
Organization of Movement
75
Anatomy
Graduate
03/16/2015

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Term
what are the 3 categories of movement
Definition
reflexive, rhythmic, voluntary
Term
involuntary coordinated patterns of muscle activity elicted by peripheral stimuli
Definition
reflexes
Term
what 2 types of movements are produced by stereotyped patterns of muscle contractions
Definition
reflexive and rhythmic movements
Term
receptors in muscles produces what type of reflexes
Definition
stretch
Term
cutaneous receptors produces what type of reflexes
Definition
withdrawal
Term
repetitive rhytmic motor patterns include (4)
Definition
chewing, swallowing, scratching, alternating contractions of flexors and extensors on either side of the body during ambulation
Term
circuits for repetitive rhytmic motor patterns lie in what? (2)
Definition
spinal cord, brain stem
Term
movements initiated to accomplish a specific goal
Definition
voluntary movements
Term
nervous system learns to correct for external perturbation in what two ways
Definition
feed back control, feed forward control
Term
monitoring and using sensory signals/information to act directly on the limb itself; moment to moment control
Definition
feedback control
Term
feedback control aka
Definition
servo control
Term
in feedback control signals from sensors are compared with a desired state represented by what
Definition
a reference signal
Term
the difference between the desired state and information from the reference signal is called what
Definition
error signal
Term
what is the error signal used for
Definition
adjust the output
Term
using the same or different senses to detect imminent perturbations and initiate proactive strategies based on experience
Definition
feed forward control
Term
which control acts in advance of certain perturbations
Definition
feed forward control
Term
feed forward control is widely used by motor systems to control what
Definition
posture and movement
Term
handwriting is the same regardless of the size of the letters or of the limb or body segment used to produce them is an example of what
Definition
motor equivalence
Term
motor equivalence suggests what about purposeful movement representation in the brain
Definition
abstract form, rather than as a series of joint motions or muscle contractions
Term
representation of a plan for movement before the movement is initiated is called what
Definition
motor program
Term
motor program specifies the spatial features of the movements and the angles through which the joint will move is known as what
Definition
movement kinematics
Term
motor program must also specify the forces required to rotate the joints to produce the desired movement is known as what
Definition
movement dynamics
Term
the motor systems can perform many different motor tasks with speed and accuracy because of two features of their functional organization, firstly...
Definition
processing of sensory inputs and commands to motor neurons
Term
the motor systems can perform many different motor tasks with speed and accuracy because of two features of their functional organization, processing of sensory inputs and commands to motor neuurons and muscles is distributed how and where?
Definition
hierarchically interconected areas of the spinal cord, brain stem, and forebrain
Term
the motor systems can perform many different motor tasks with speed and accuracy because of two features of their functional organization, secondly...
Definition
sensory information relation to movement is processed in different systems that operate in parallel
Term
what is the lowest level of the heirarchial organization
Definition
spinal cord
Term
spinal cord contains the neuronal circuits that mediate what?
Definition
variety of reflexes, automatic rhythmic movements such as locomotion and scratching
Term
what is the simplest neural circuit
Definition
monosynaptic
Term
the simplest neural circuit includes only what?
Definition
primary sensory neuron, and the motor neuron
Term
most reflexes are mediated by what?
Definition
polysynaptic circuits
Term
final common pathway for all motor action
Definition
motor neurons
Term
after the spinal cord what is the next level of the motor heirarchy
Definition
brain stem
Term
what are the 2 systems of the brain stem neurons that recieve input from the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei
Definition
medial and lateral
Term
the medial and lateral systems of the brain stem neurons recieve input from what
Definition
cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei
Term
the medial and lateral brainstem neurons project to where
Definition
spinal cord
Term
medial descending systems of the brainstem contribute to the control of what?
Definition
posture
Term
medial descending systems of the brainstem contribute to the control of posture via what?
Definition
integration of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information
Term
the lateral descending system control what?
Definition
more distal limb muscles and are thus important for goal-directed movements, especially of the arm and hand
Term
other brain stem circuits control movements of what?
Definition
eyes and head
Term
the medial pathways are phylogenitcally the ____ component of the descending motor systems
Definition
oldest
Term
the medial pathways ocnsists of 3 major tracts
Definition
vestibulospinal tracts (medial and lateral), reticulospinal tract (medial and lateral), tectospinal tract
Term
which of the medial pathways influences the contralateral side
Definition
tectospinal tract
Term
the medial pathways descend in which column of the spinal cord
Definition
ventral
Term
the medial pathways descend in the ventral colums of the spinal cord and terminate predominantly on what (2)
Definition
interneurons, long propriospinal neurons
Term
the medial pathwyas descend in ventral columsn of the spinal cord and terminate predominantly where?
Definition
ventromedial part of the intermediate zone gray matter
Term
the medial pathways also terminate directly on some motor neurons particularly those of what?
Definition
medial cell group that innervate axial muscles
Term
lateral brainstem pathways are more concerned with what?
Definition
goal-directed limb movement such as reachign and manipulating
Term
lateral brain stem pathways terminate on what
Definition
interneurons
Term
lateral brainstem pathways terminate on interneuron where
Definition
dorsolateral part of the spinal gray
Term
main lateral descending pathway from the brain stem is what
Definition
rubrospinal tract
Term
the rubrospinal tract fibers descend through what
Definition
medulla
Term
the rubrospinal tract descends through the medulla to what
Definition
dorsal part of the lateral column of the spinal cord
Term
what is the highest level of motor control
Definition
cortex
Term
what are the two cortical motor tracts
Definition
corticobulbar, corticospinal
Term
corticobulbar fibers control motor nuclei where
Definition
in the brain stem
Term
corticospinal fibers control what
Definition
spinal motor neurons that innervate trunk and limb mm
Term
the cerebral cortex indirectly influences spinal motor activity by acting on what?
Definition
descending brainstem pathways
Term
timing of activation of agonists and antagonist muscles is intrinsic to what circuit
Definition
spinal circuit
Term
a cat with its cervical cord transected can exhibit what kind of control?
Definition
feed back control, paw moves around an obstacle after hitting it
Term
a cat with a cervical cord transection cannot exhibit what kind of control
Definition
feed forward control, even if it sees the obstacle it will not lift its paw prior
Term
lesions of the nervous system result in what signs
Definition
negative and positive
Term
negative signs reflect what
Definition
loss of particular capacities normally controlled by the damaged system (eg loss of strength)
Term
positive signs aka
Definition
release phenomena
Term
abnormal and stereotyped respones that are explained by the withdrawal of tonic inhibition from neuronal circuits mediating a behavior
Definition
positive signs
Term
lesions that interrupt the descending pathways from the cortex or brain stem produce what negative sign
Definition
weakness in voluntary movements
Term
lesions that interrupt the descending pathways from the cortex or brain stem produce what S/S
Definition
weakness in voluntary movements, increased muscle tone, abnormally active stretch reflexes
Term
diseases that give rise to spasticity affect what
Definition
descending pathways
Term
diseases that result in denervation atrophy and reduced muscle volume affect what
Definition
motor neurons
Term
damage to what affects large groups of muscles
Definition
descending systems
Term
damage to what tends ot affect muscles in a patchy way and may even be limited to single muscles
Definition
motor neuron damage
Term
primary afferent fibers from cutaneous and deep peripheral receptors form connections with 4 types of neurons
Definition
local interneurons, propriospinal neurons, projection neurons, motor neurons
Term
local interneurons reach to where
Definition
confined to the same or adjacent spinal segments
Term
propriospinal neurons axons terminals reach where
Definition
distant spinal sgements
Term
projection neurons ascends to where
Definition
higher brain centers
Term
motor neurons axons exit what
Definition
nervous system to innervate muscles
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