Term
| Aqueous Humor flows from Posterior chamber through pupil to ___A____. Then at iridocorneal angle the AH enters the___B___. |
|
Definition
| a. Anterior Chamber b. Intrascleral venous plexus |
|
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Term
| Most glaucoma drugs address (production or outflow) while glaucoma is always due to a problem with (production or outflow) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In retina, glaucoma will affect ______ cells, while other retinal diseases usually affect _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| You see an aphakic cresecent. Is that due to glaucoma, or causing the glaucoma? |
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Definition
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Term
| You see a full anterior lens luxation. Is that due to glaucoma, or causing the glaucoma? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Destruction of ganlgion cells secondary to glaucoma is thought to occur by mechanical and vascular theories. The former being the loss of ____A____ and the latter being a loss of ____B____ |
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Definition
| A. axoplasmic flow B. blood perfusion |
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Term
| Elevated IOP is ALWAYS due to _______. |
|
Definition
| decreased aqueous humor outflow |
|
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Term
| Condition where a sheet of tissue is in place where a thin network of pectinate ligaments should be. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If a dog does get Primary Glaucoma associated with goniodysgenesis, what age is common for it to manifest? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Primary glaucoma due to narrowing of iridocorneal angle is never seen in _____breed dogs |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary glaucoma due to narrowing of iridocorneal angle has a progressive or sudden onset? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Can you name the 6 predisposed breeds to primary glaucoma due to narrow angle? ( Think BB CC SS or BCS x 2) |
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Definition
| Boston terrier, Bassett hound, Cocker spaniel, Chow, Siberian husky, Shar pei |
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|
Term
| Name the main breed predispoed to primary glaucoma with open angle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary glaucoma associated with an open iridocorneal angle has a progressive or sudden onset? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| You see a beagle with primary glaucoma and an open angle. What's a hypothesis on why they are getting glaucoma??? |
|
Definition
| Clogging of trabecular meshwork |
|
|
Term
| Three types of cells that can clog up outflow of Aqueous humor and cause secondary glaucoma |
|
Definition
| RBC (Hyphema) WBC (keratoprecipitates) Cancer cells ( like melanocytes) |
|
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Term
| What can happen with the iris in chronic anterior uveitis that will result in secondary glaucoma? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why can an anterior lens luxation be an emergency surgery? |
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Definition
| Secondary glaucoma with fast rise in IOP |
|
|
Term
| What kind of secondary glaucoma is seen in golden retrievers? |
|
Definition
| Pigmentary and cystic glaucoma of GR |
|
|
Term
| Spokes of pigment on lens capsule of a golden retriever... very characteristic of this disease: |
|
Definition
| Pigmentary and cystic glaucoma of GR |
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Term
| This is the most important clincial sign of glaucoma but you want to catch it earlier b4 this sign manifests |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This is different than a little conjunctivitis and is very indicative of glaucoma! |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the first signs of increased IOP |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Five differentials of corneal edema |
|
Definition
| Endothelial Dz, Anterior uveitis, Corneal ulceration, Antreior lens luxation, Glaucoma |
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|
Term
| How much fluid pumped out of cornea every hour? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A common sign of gluacoma is (Miosis or Mydriasis) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| You have a glaucoma dog with an optic disk that is darker and smaller. What is that? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why isn't a buphthalmic dog an emergency? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What breed might present with Buphthalmia and still have vision? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Have en eye with episcleral injection, corneal edema, and lens subluxation- what does the dog prob have?? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What you see when Decemet's membrane has snapped |
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Definition
|
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Term
| These structures are pathognomonic for glaucoma in dogs but not in horses |
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Definition
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Term
| A glaucoma dog has neovascularization and corneal pigmentation which means it has _________ either secondary to, or associated with something else causing, the inc IOP |
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Definition
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Term
| A glaucoma dog has a little aqueous flare. It is most likely a (primary/secondary) glaucoma |
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Definition
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Term
| A glaucoma dog has a LOT of aqueous flare. It is most likely a (primary/secondary) glaucoma |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An opacity in a spoke-like fashion is classically: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| rarely see primary cataracts in _____ breeds. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Three main reasons for secondary cataracts |
|
Definition
| diabetes mellitus, ant uveitis, trauma |
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|
Term
| All dogs with ________ will get secondary cataracts eventually |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| with cataracts secondary to diabetes, how does hyperglycemia cause cataracts? |
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Definition
| too much glucose in lens--> converted to sorbitol--> this imbibes water |
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Term
| surgery should only be offered for what kind of cataracts? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| of the four levels of cataracts, which is the least severe? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| for which classification of cataracts will there always still be vision? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| cataract is diffuse and spoke-like. still has tapetal reflex but vision is very poor. What is the classification? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cataract is diffuse with a pearl appearance- no tapetal reflex or vision. classification: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cataract in a wrinkled lens- you can make out a tapetal reflex and the animal seems to have some vision. There also appears to be some anterior uveitis that wasn't present last time you checked patient a few months ago. Classification: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| there is only one classification of cataract where patient will NEVER be visual which is: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name for cataract surgery: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might you get tapetal hyperreflectivity with retinal degeneration? |
|
Definition
| thinning of retina, can see reflective choroid better underneath |
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|
Term
| Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) usually starts with the: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| breed disposition for PRA |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a PRA ERG look like? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a SARDS ERG look like? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 5 year old yorkie comes in with hx of PUPD and sudden blindness- what retinal disorder is high on your list? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| labrador comes in with increasing night blindness and increased eyeshine- what retinal disorder is high on your list? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| little poodle comes in with blindness - pupils fixed and dilated and retina seems fine. PLRs are poor. You do an MRI and rule out optic nerve disease- what is most likely the problem and what test would you do to confirm it? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| you see "cigarette" burns on the tapetum- what are they and what should you do about em? |
|
Definition
| Chorioretinal scars; nothing |
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|
Term
| Term for when optic disk is pushed back into nerve |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| On fundic exam you see a focal area of choroidal hypoplasia (an orangish area where you should see tapetum) that is temporal to optic disk- this is consistent with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can happen beyond choroidal hypoplasia in a collie eye anomaly that can make the dog blind? |
|
Definition
| Retinal detachment; Retinal Hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| On fundic exam, see al these worm streaks both on tapetal and non-tapetum regions- what are they? |
|
Definition
| Multifocal retinal dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| The result of multifocal miscoscopic folds in retina or sometimes disorganized photoreceptors |
|
Definition
| Multifocal retinal dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| The result of large coalescing folds within retina that may or may not impair vision |
|
Definition
| Geographic retinal dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| You see large pigment clumps that look like bubbles over the tapetum |
|
Definition
| Geographic retinal dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| Geographic retinal dysplasia is not necessarily a bad thing unless seen in this particular signalment: |
|
Definition
| Labrador with skeletal dwarfism |
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|
Term
| Tapetum is heterogeneous, areas of puss all over the retina this is classic for _______ and usually indicates _________. |
|
Definition
| active chorioretinitis; systemic disease |
|
|
Term
| What is an immune mediate etiology of chorioretinitis? |
|
Definition
| Uveodermatologic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of retinal detachment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of retinal detachment where retina is loosened off but not in separate pieces |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| type of retinal detachment where it begins as a tear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormal pupil size and plr can be indicative of a neuro-ophtho sign but what two strictly ophtho situation do you need to rule out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test can you perform to see an involuntary avoidance to light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what species is menace response presence as soon as born? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A left consensual PLR means the (left/right) eye is constricting when light is placed in front of the (left/right) eyey |
|
Definition
| left eye constricts; light in right eye |
|
|
Term
| what are four common etiologies that impact afferent path of the PLR ( sensory component) |
|
Definition
| Glaucoma; Optic neuritis; Retinal dz; Optic chiasm/tract dz |
|
|
Term
| what are four common etiologies that impact efferent path of the PLR ( motor component) |
|
Definition
| brain stem ( CN III nucleus); CNIII dz; posterior synechiae; Iris atrophy |
|
|
Term
| what part of the PLR pathway will a lesion in the thalamus affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four ophthalmic clinical signs of Horner's |
|
Definition
| Miosis; Enophthalmia; Protrusion third eyelid; Ptosis |
|
|
Term
| In cats with Horner's you should do a thoracic compression b/c it is commonly caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horner's can be caused by any lesion along the sympathetic innervation to face, however, in dogs the most common etiology is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two etiologies of Horner's in a dog OTHER than idiopathic |
|
Definition
| otitis media; neck trauma |
|
|
Term
| In dogs with idiopathic Horner's it is usually located here:______ and therefore don't have to worry too much |
|
Definition
| third order (past ciliary ganglion) |
|
|
Term
| what can you drop into a Horner's eye to get instantaneous "fixing" of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animal present with a normal PLR but abnormal dazzle response... where do you suspect there might be a lesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Though not common, what horrible disease should you suspect if a dog presents with dilated non-responsive pupils? (along with other signs perhaps) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What etiology is high on differential for cortical blindness in an adult dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What etiology is high on differential for cortical blindness in a newborn bear cub? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of dog will you worry more with when present with a proptosed eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of dog can easily proptose their eyes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what breed get anterior lens luxations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Snotty nosed kitten comes in with conjunctivitis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| male outdoor cat gets into a lot of fights and now comes in with exophthalmia- what's the problem and how to tx |
|
Definition
| retrobulbar cellulitis; clavamox at least 3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| What is a common strabismus of a proptosed eye that was put back in and why? |
|
Definition
| lateral strabismus- b/c medial rectus muscle the weakest |
|
|
Term
| What's a common sequelae of proptosed eye most likely because conjuctiva is torn and ductules not working |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kitten with conjuctivitis with big swollen conjuctiva and oral ulcers: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for herpes conjunctivitis |
|
Definition
| nothing self limiting but tx with oxytet anyways incase |
|
|
Term
| treatment for chlamydophila conjunctivitis or mycoplasma conjunctivitis |
|
Definition
| oxytetracycline or erythromycin |
|
|
Term
| 10 yr old cat with lightning bolt stain on their keratitis eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| best tx for herpes keratitis |
|
Definition
| trifluorothymidine starting at least 6-8x a day |
|
|
Term
| top three choice antiviral you can use for herpes keratitis |
|
Definition
| trifluorothymidine, cidofovir, maybe lysine |
|
|
Term
| Two types of ulceration seen with herpes keratitis- which is pathognomonic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why only use atropine in ointment form in cats? |
|
Definition
| they can taste the solution and freak out |
|
|
Term
| how would you treat a stromal keratitis in a cat due to herpes? |
|
Definition
| hard steroids- sandwiched between antiviral |
|
|
Term
| what's a potential cause of a sequestrum in a cat? |
|
Definition
| previous corneal ulceration |
|
|
Term
| you gota kitten who had a bout of herpes conjunctivitis and now it looks like the conjunctive is growing over the cornea- what's it called and how to tx? |
|
Definition
| symblepharon; prob do nothing |
|
|
Term
| where can cats get melanomas? |
|
Definition
| limbus; anterior uveal (iris) |
|
|
Term
| You see a pink flesh lesion on the limbus of a cat- you suspect SCC but before you go ahead an enucleate the eye you can quickly do this dx test, ____, to rule out another curable disease, ______. |
|
Definition
| cytology scrape; eosinophilic keratitis |
|
|
Term
| treatment for eosinophilic keratitis- |
|
Definition
| bold steroids- topical pred or dex |
|
|
Term
| two surgical tx options for eyelid coloboma- which does hendrix think does a better job? |
|
Definition
| tarsal pedicle graft; (H-plasty) |
|
|
Term
| rubeosis iridis may develop as a sequelae of what disease in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common etiology of anterior uveitis in cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three pathogens do you check for in a cat with anterior uveitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with anterior uveitis in a cat, if no sysemic disease is found- how do you tx? |
|
Definition
| topical pred, atropine, flubiprofen |
|
|
Term
| what do you do if you have a mass on the limbus of a cat and it has not responded to steroids and Ab's for a week? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pink mass in anterior chamber- what's a likely diagnosis and what else might you look for? |
|
Definition
| lymphosarcoma- primary tumor sites elsewhere |
|
|
Term
| what intraocular tumor in cats requires enucleation ASAP ( where the others not as urgent usually) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what antibioitc can make cats blind? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common reason cats present with blindness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cat comes in with primary complaint of blindness- fundic exam reveals lots of bubbly things on retina- presumpt dx: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who gets mycotic keratitis around here? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you need to do this nerve block on a horse to be able to keep eyelids open. What CN is it from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medical tx of fungal (mycotic) keratitis in horses- gimme four things: |
|
Definition
| 1. Natamycin; 2. cipro ( or cefazolin/tobramycin); 3. atropine; 4. oral flunixin |
|
|
Term
| absolutely DO NOT use ______ with mycotic keratitis in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if can't afford the nice expensive antifungal for your horse's mycotic keratitis- what cheap drug might be effective- it comes in a tub- |
|
Definition
| sulfadiazine (or something like that) |
|
|
Term
| melting ulcer in a horse- what to do ( pretty much the same as in a dog) |
|
Definition
| hardcore topical AB, serum, atropine (in a lavage system), oral nsaids--- may need surgical keratotomy with pedicle graft |
|
|
Term
| with a melting ulcer- do you wanna hit em really hard with atropine to begin with? |
|
Definition
| yes- you dont want no senechiae |
|
|
Term
| see some white infiltatre in a horse that is fluroscein neg- what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two sequelae of stromal abscesses that affect prog |
|
Definition
| degree of scarring and anterior uveitis |
|
|
Term
| moon blindness is another name for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's a hypothesized cause of equine recurrent uveitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's an uncommon but serious sequelae or concurrent problem of equine recurrent uveitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's two things can develop secondary to equine recurrent uveitis that are the eventual cause of the horse blind in the eye? |
|
Definition
| cataract; retinal degeneration |
|
|
Term
| common etiology of SCC in a cow |
|
Definition
|
|
