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A Mexican Tribe with the capital city of Tenochtitlan; advanced: aqueducts, advanced weapondry, outstanding warriors
Conquered by Cortez |
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Spanish conquistador; in search for gold and glory
Conquers the Aztec civilization |
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| Aztec leader; treated Cortez as God |
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| Aztec God who was exiled and promised to return from the East by sea...which is what Cortes did which is why he was thought to be a god |
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| Spanish King; mission was to defend the Catholic Faith |
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| 1st wife of Henry VIII (1509); Queen of England |
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1st child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
Sought to restore Catholicism in England
"Bloody Mary" -burnt 300 Protestants at the stake because they would not convert to Catholicism |
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| Henry VIII's mistress; pregnant in 1523 --> secretly marries Henry which gets them excommunicated which leads Henry to start the Anglican Faith |
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Daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn
Anglican but tolerates other religions
Defeats Spanish with the help of Sir Francis Drake |
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| Pirate who went to sail around the world and was given permission by Elizabeth I to kill as many Spanish ships as possible |
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| Sir Francis Drake's ship on which he was knighted by Elizabeth I |
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Spanish plan to invade England, conquer it, and convert it entirely to Catholicism
Formulated by Phillip of Spain b/c Elizabeth lied to him about Drake |
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French Calvinists; merchants and half of lower nobility
persecuted |
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| fought between French Catholics and Huguenots; 1562-1598 started with murder of Huguenots at Vassy |
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
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Catherine planned to have all the Huguenot nobles killed at her daughters wedding which spread to the street and countryside with other fights; very violent
20,000 deaths |
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End of the Wars of Religion; 1598
Gave Huguenots some religious freedom but they were banned from Paris and the Royal Court |
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1st minister for Louis XIII (helped ghe King rule b/c King was too young)
he...
1. deprived Huguenots of miltary rights
2. put together a system of direct taxation
3. put royal officials in charge of local government
Centralized Power of State |
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took throne at 5 years old but had a 1st minister
When of age he took power and continued to central state with absolutism |
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Louis XIV's 1st minister
pursued same policies as Richelieu which caused increased tension between Catholics and Huguenots |
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| A series of rebellions led by nobles against the monarchy in attempt to overthrow Mazarin |
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| Louis XIV; a source of light for all his people |
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| the sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right |
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Christian group who believed Anglicans were "too Catholic"
-sought to purify Anglican Church
-way to heaven is to live a sober and hardworking life
-no fun
-popular among middle class merchants
side against King in English Civil War 1642 |
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Takes the throne in 1625 after James dies.
Wants divine right
marries a Catholic French Princess which angers the Puritans b/c the head of the Anglican church just married a catholic
Dismisses Parliament* |
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The King's side in the English Civil War
Church of England, Clergy, Nobility, Large Landowners |
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Hired the the Parliament in the Civil War (Parliament controlled the money) to start the New Model Army
After Puritans win the war Cromwell rules as a Puritanical dictator |
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| Parliament army in the English Civil War defeats King's army at Battle of Naesby 1645 |
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took power of Russia in 1689; absolutist
loved ship building
strengthen military
brought policy of Westernization to Russia |
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Brought Russia more inline with the West
absolutist; strong army; 1st Russian Navy; Western style of dress; advances in education etc. |
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Most elite portion of Peter's army; politically active
1200 streltsy executed and made an example of b/c they didn't like his policies |
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| Center of Russian Westernization; build 1703 on Baltic Sea |
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| Human-being and their societies can aspire to achieve continuing advances in social, moral, and material terms |
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parade or procession to shock the world back onto the correct path when it is "turned upside-down"
usually organized by women which is more effective |
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"The Hammer of Witches" written by 2 monks who were experts on witchcraft
Became judicial handbook |
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| "The Structure of the Human Body" |
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| book by Andres Vesalius 1453; obviously on the structure of the human body |
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| "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres" |
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| Copernicus; 1453 changed the Geocentric Model to the Heliocentric Model |
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book by Thomas Hobbs; absolutism was a necessity
Man in his natural state is greedy and power hungry and man's goal in life is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain |
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We agree to live in mutual agreement in unity under an all powerful government
We give up all rights to the ruler and the ruler returns whatever rights he sees fit; Associated with Hobbs |
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| "Two Treatises of Government" |
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John Locke
Says Hobbs is wrong and people in their natural state are kind and reasonable therefore government should act between the two and must protect the natural rights of its citizens |
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| an outlook on religion; god existed but now that he created a perfect universe he is no longer actively interested in it |
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| Those who believe in Deism |
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"blank slate" John Locke's philosophy
Every child is born with a blank slate and goes from there |
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| Comes about in the Enlightenment period due to an expanding literate public |
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| created by Denis Diderot; book of knowledge...took 21 years to write |
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Fredick II of Prussia invades Saxony
England allies with Prussia
France allies with Austria
EXPENSIVE! Britain begins to tax the colonists |
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End of Seven Years' War
Britain wins Canada, Ohio River Valley, & Eastern Mississippi River Valley |
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| Parliament body that broke up France into the Clergy, Nobles, and Third Estate |
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| Third Estate's list of grievances; other estates had more rights |
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| Creator of the Encyclopedia |
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| June 20 1789 assembly vowed to work until they give France a constitution |
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| Peasants taking back what they feel they are owed like food, grain, forests, and fields |
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| The Declaration of Rights of Men and the Citizen |
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influenced by the Enlightenment; end of French Revolution
gave women more rights |
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| excessily popular pottery maker; sold his china to the Queen then everyone else wanted to buy it b/c the Queen had it; improved status |
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| invented the spinning jenny in 1765 |
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| Could spin 16 spools at 1 time; increased production |
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Caused textile manufacturing to move into urban areas
few workers needed
START OF STEAM ENGINE TRAINS! --> bring products elsewhere & beginning of capital investments |
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| A London merchant gives one family to spin wool and another family to weave the wool into cloth then the merchant sold it |
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Strengthen earlier labor legislation
1. children 9-13 could only work 8 hours a day
2.factory inspectors were appointed
3.required children to have at least 2 hours of school during work day |
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England in response to working conditions of children being revealed
No females could work underground and no children under 10 could work underground |
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| Central Short Time Committee |
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| Formed to help the passage of John Hobhouse's bill which restricted child labor |
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| the name given to the attitudes, art, and culture of the later part of the 1800s |
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| A popular Victorian image of the ideal woman & a narrative poem by Coventry Patmore; selfless devotion to husband and children...women who embodied Victorian female ideals |
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| an infection of the small intestine caused by bacteria usually from contaminated drinking water |
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gained power with the coup of 1799
instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France (central bank)
tried to create an empire but failed |
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| a flag officer famous for his service in the Royal Navy, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars |
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| 1799 to 1801 plan for Turkey, England, Austria, and Russia to take down France |
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| Napoleoen name as he etablished himself as the head of authoritarian and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself head of state |
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| the government of France between the fall of the Directory in 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804 |
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1812; bloodiest of all the Napoleonic Wars
France invades Russia
Last offensive action by Napoleon; French withdrew |
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Period of time between Napoleons return from exile and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII (May 20th 1815 - July 8th 1815)
Also, War of the Seventh Coalition |
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Fought in present-day Belgium
Napoleon defeated by the seventh coalition
ENDS NAPOLEON'S REIGN IN FRANCE! |
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| Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) |
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International conference called after defeat of Napoleon to create a balance among the European powers in such a way so as to prevent future wars and maintain peace and stability
1.Deprived France of land
2.Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia were given land
3.Norway and Sweden were joined under 1 ruler
4.Switzerland declared neutrality |
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| A set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions |
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| A political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports minimal and gradual change in society |
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| Is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights |
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| Is an economic system in which the means of production are either state owned or commonly owned and controlled cooperatively |
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Extreme pride in your country
Helped Napoleon's downfall; joined nation together with their mutual hatred for him |
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