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older adult
older adult gross motor lecture notes
72
Anatomy
Graduate
04/18/2012

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Term
what is posture
Definition
the position of the body
Term
what are the 3 functions of posture
Definition
maintain a stable base, react to changes, anticipatory control
Term
what is postural control
Definition
the process by which the CNS, the sensory system, and the musculoskeletal system work together to maintain the relationship between COM and BOS
Term
what are the 4 types of postural control
Definition
static, reactive, anticipatory, adaptive
Term
what is static postural control
Definition
maintaining the COM in the BOS
Term
what is reactive postural control
Definition
responds to unexpected movement of the COM
Term
what is anticipatory postural control
Definition
made before movement occurs, feedforward
Term
what is adaptive motor control
Definition
modifying motor responses based on change in task or environment
Term
what types of postural control are righting and equilibrium responses
Definition
reactive
Term
what is postural sway
Definition
imperceptible back and forth motion that assists the body in staying upright
Term
at what age does postural sway begin to decline
Definition
60
Term
what is postural sway like in an 80 yo
Definition
similar to that of an 8 year old
Term
why is there more postural sway in women of all ages than men of the same age
Definition
less muscle mass, allows for more back and forth motion
Term
is medial lateral sway with eyes closed a good predictor of falls in older adults?
Definition
yes
Term
what is the complex process that involves synthesis of incoming sensory information, awareness of the position of the body in space, and awareness of the surrounding environment?
Definition
balance
Term
what does balance depend on
Definition
vision, vestibular, proprioception, muscle strength, and reaction abilities
Term
why does balance decrease with age
Definition
because vision, vestibular system, proprioception, muscle strength, and reaction abilities decrease with age
Term
what are the 4 reasons why the ability to maintain an erect posture decreases with advanced age
Definition
secondary spinal curves change, discs lose water, decreased muscle strength, loss of hip/knee/ankle mobility
Term
what secondary spinal curves change with age that reduce ability to maintain erect posture
Definition
cervical curve flattens, thoracic curve becomes more kyphotic, lumbar curve flattens (reduced lordosis)
Term
why is loss of discal water a reason why it is more difficult to maintain erect posture in older adults
Definition
when discs lose water, they become less extensible, causing a loss of spinal flexibility
Term
why does lossof muscle strength contribute to loss of ability to maintainerect posture in older age
Definition
harder to maintain postural alignment
Term
what is the effect of postural changes in older adulthood
Definition
postural changes shift the COM forward, creating instability during standing and walking
Term
what are the 3 postural response strategies
Definition
ankle, hip, step
Term
how do older adults' postural response strategies compare to postural response strategies in younger adults
Definition
older adults have similar responses but efficiency of activating the system may decline
Term
what is the problem with anticipatory postural responses in older adults
Definition
older adults are smaller at making postural adjustments, AND their anticipatory postural adjustment may even cause them to lose their balance. Older adults often take a lateral step to increase their base of support, but they then have trouble controlling their lateral weight shifts because of weak glutes
Term
what is the overall effect of postural response changes in older adults
Definition
leads to less organized motor patterns that further destabilize motor coordination: older adults step more frequently, step in lower perturbation magnitudes, and take multiple steps in response to perturbation.
Term
what does lateral step-taking as a postural response indicate
Definition
difficulty controlling COM velocity and regaining stable stance - predictive of falls
Term
what visual changes occur with age that might impact balance/posture/gait/movement?
Definition
decreased contrast sensitivity intensified by cataracts or macular degeneration
Term
what vestibular changes occur with age that might impact balance/posture/gait/movement?
Definition
loss of hair cells decreases ability to detect changes in position; reduction in vestibular nerve fibers
Term
what somatosensory changes occur with age that might impact balance/posture/gait/movement?
Definition
decreased vibrational sense in lower extremities
Term
what are some effects of sensory changes in older adults
Definition
inaccurate visual information regarding environment; positional vertigo; decreased proprioception; decreased awareness of postural sway
Term
list reasons for balance decline in older adults
Definition
decreased proprioception because of decreased number of cells in cerebellum and brainstem; decreased flexibility; decreased muscle strength; vestibular impairments affecting postural awareness and head stabilization; changes in sensorimotor input and integration; visual changes
Term
what external factors affect balance in older adults
Definition
medications, pathologies, inactivity
Term
what is the negative cycle of inactivity for falls
Definition
increased falls - decreased confidence and willingness to be active - decreased fitness level
Term
list contributors to falls
Definition
balance problems, reduced flexibility, disease, dizziness, fainting, fatigue, reduced joint mobility, declining strength and endurance, increased reaction time, visual impairments
Term
list situational contributors to falls
Definition
alcohol use, improper clothing, darkness, obstacles in path, irregular surface, slippery surfaces, medications, rushing
Term
what are some ways to combat falls
Definition
discuss medications with MD to be sure that side effects and/or interactions are not causing balance problems; regular exercise to maintain strength and balance; add a device
Term
what types of exercises should be used for fall prevention
Definition
balance exercises, muscle strengthening exercises, exercises to decrease reaction time, and exercises to improve muscle function
Term
why do walking speed and stride characteristics change in older adulthood
Definition
decreased ability/willingness to use energy; decreased muscle strength; decreased balance; decreased ability to adapt to changing conditions while walking
Term
what changes in walking occur in older adults
Definition
decreased velocity; reduced power at push off; increase in double support stance phase; decrease in step length; increase in step width; flat foot at initial contact; increased toe-out; less pelvic rotation
Term
why do older adults have flat foot at initial contact in walking
Definition
to increase amount of body in contact with the ground
Term
what kinds of strategies do older adults use when trying to cross obstacles
Definition
walk slower, take smaller steps, place lead landing foot closer to the obstacle upon stepping over it => these strategies increase likelihood in making contact with the obstacle
Term
what are characteristics seen in older adults when stepping up
Definition
longer period of double limb support before stepping up; increased trunk flexion and forward lean; increased hip flexion; increased plantar flexion
Term
does running speed or endurance decrease more slowly with age
Definition
endurance
Term
what is decline in motor performance related to
Definition
decreased activity
Term
does swimming or running decline more rapidly in older adults
Definition
running declines more rapidly
Term
do women or men decline more rapidly in motor activities
Definition
women
Term
what types fo movements decline faster
Definition
movements requiring greater energy expenditure
Term
what is reaction time
Definition
the amount of time it takes to respond to an unexpected stimulus
Term
what increases reaction time
Definition
complexity of task
Term
what decreases reaction time
Definition
exercise
Term
what is the speed/accuracty tradeoff of reaction time
Definition
older adults are more willing to sacrifice speed of movement in order to be more accurate
Term
how can movement decline be delayed, postponed, and possibly prevented in aging adults
Definition
staying active
Term
how much aerobic exercise should older adults get each week
Definition
30 min, 5 days/week, moderate-intense
Term
how much strengthening exercises should older adults do each week
Definition
10 resistance at least 2 days/week. 10-15 reps at moderate-high intensity
Term
how much flexibililty exercise should older adults get each week
Definition
minimum of 10 minutes 2 days/week
Term
what are benefits of staying active
Definition
decreased reaction time, increased bloodflow to brain, enhanced neural connections with muscle, increased coordination, increased bone density, increased flexibility, increased muscle strength
Term
tips for teaching motor skills to older adults
Definition
motivate; give simple/concise/clear instructions; make eye contact/be loud/address client by name; create caring environment where your client feels comfortable and safe - stay close to your client; explain importance of learning the skill you are teaching; help client know where to focus his/her attention
Term
how to foster motor learning for older adults
Definition
develop the needed sensory and motor set; prepare with anticipatory strategies; practice skill in the actual sequence in which it will happen
Term
how to prepare with anticipatory strategies
Definition
know in advance the demands of the upcoming task; be able to predict what movements will be required
Term
name 2 standardized assessment tools that test sensory reception and organization as a component of postural control
Definition
SOT, CTSIB
Term
how can you test the musculoskeletal system as a component of postural control
Definition
MMT, ROM
Term
what 4 systems are required for postural control
Definition
vestibular, sensory, musculoskeletal, visual
Term
what does the SOT (sensory organization test) do
Definition
helps us isolate where the balance deficiency is
Term
what is the foam and dome test
Definition
clinical test of sensory integration on balance
Term
what is a test of postural control in quiet standing
Definition
postural sway test, Romberg test
Term
what is a test of reactive postural control
Definition
nudge and pull test: righting and equilibrium reactions
Term
what is a test of anticipatory postural control
Definition
functional reach test
Term
what are some functional scales of balance
Definition
Berg, Tinetti, 4 square step test, walking velocity (self-selected and fast), dynamic gait index, functional gait assessment, activity specific balance confidence scale, modified falls efficacy scale, physical performance test, timed up and go, observation of functional movement transitiosn
Term
what does the tinetti balance and gait scale do
Definition
evaluates position changes and gait maneuvers used during normal daily activities
Term
what is the distance used in the walking velocity test
Definition
10m
Term
what PPT score indicates needs assistance in community
Definition
<18/36
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