Term
| Proper foods: (what are they, and why are they considered proper foods) |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
they give you energy |
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Term
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Definition
Water
Vitamins
Inorganic Salts |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients that contain C, H, O atoms in chains of repeating simple sugars |
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Term
| 3 types of plant carbs, and examples of each: |
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Definition
fibers (cellulose)
sugars (saccharides- mono/di/poly)
starches (complex |
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Term
| Extra monosaccharides in the body are converted into _____ by the process of ____. This compound is stored where? |
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Definition
| the polysaccharide glycogen by reverse hydrolysis; stored in liver and muscles |
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Term
| Roughages vs Concentrates |
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Definition
R: food with high percentage of cellulose and low digestibility; eg hay
C: seeds from plants and their byproducts with more digestability; eg wheat gluten, SBOM |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking of a chemical bond by the addition of H2O and an enzyme |
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Term
| Processes that decrease stomach contractions: |
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Definition
-increase in HCl in Cr flexure of duodenum = release of secretin
-increase in fats/proteins in Cr flexure of duodenum = release of CCK
-increase in distension of intestines sends nerve impulses to stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the distension of the intestines sends nerve impulses to the stomach, telling it to decrease stomach contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholecystokinin - its release decreases stomach contractions |
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Term
| What carbs are absorbed in the intestines by the body? |
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Definition
| only monosaccharides- rest can be used by bugs |
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Term
| Name the monosaccharides: |
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Definition
| glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Term
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Definition
-sucrose (glucose, fructose)
-lactose (glucose, galactose)
-maltose (glucose, glucose) |
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Term
| Maltose is found in what food? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sucrose is found in what food? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrolysis of sucrose creates... |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrolysis of lactose creates... |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrolysis of maltose creates... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains 2 or more sugars |
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Term
| Hydrolysis of polysaccharide creates... |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrolysis of disaccharide creates... |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is glycogen stored? |
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Definition
| in/around hepatocytes, and in muscle fibers |
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Term
| Where in the body is starch broken down? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the breakdown of starches: |
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Definition
starch *amylase = maltose
maltose *amylase = glucose |
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Term
| What are the pancreatic enzymes: |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the body are proteins broken down? |
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Definition
mostly in the duodenum
carnivores: some in stomach, too |
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Term
| When proteins are broken down by the body into amino acids, what happens to most of them? What about the rest? |
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Definition
| most are converted to sugars, some are recombined to make body proteins, some are fermented by gut bugs into ammonia |
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Term
| How is ammonia produced in the body? |
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Definition
| proteins *trypsin = amino acids, bugs ferment AA into ammonia |
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Term
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Definition
| ingested protein *trypsin > amino acids > bugs ferment AA into ammonia > portal vein > liver > urea > kidneys (carnivores), rumen/colon bugs (herbivores) |
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Term
| What is the source of nitrogen for rumen/colon bugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why doesn't trypsin just eat away at animal's organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Term for a tiny little globule of lipid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is fat broken down in the body? |
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Definition
| bile breaks it into micelles, then lipase can make these into triglycerides |
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Term
| Can fat be digested by the GIT? |
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Definition
| no, broken into micelles, then lipase breaks to triglycerides, then to liver to be made into sugars |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| AAs (destroyed), VFAs, Ammonia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bugs turn some fats into fatty acids, these go to abomasum > duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| bugs make VFAs from carbs, proteins, and lipids > to liver to make carbs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do horses get lipids? |
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Definition
| bugs turn some fats into fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| bugs make VFAs from carbs, proteins, and lipids > to liver to make carbs |
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Term
| How do horses get protein? |
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Definition
| stomach handles proteins okay |
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Term
| How does pancreatitis come about? |
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Definition
-ingestion of lots of fats/proteins
-release of lots of lipase/trypsin
-lipase/trypsin backs up into common bile duct
-coating deteriorates, trypsin/lipase attack cells
-bile duct swells and closes, bile backs up into liver
-hepatocytes damaged |
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Term
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Definition
| "steatorrhea;" not enough bile or not enough lipase = fats not digested |
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Term
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Definition
| not enough trypsin = protein not digested, starts to rot |
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Term
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Definition
| G-cells in stomach/duodenum |
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Term
| What area of the intestines "runs the GIT" according to Dr. Stein? |
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Definition
| cranial flexure of duodenumc |
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Term
| If BUN *and* creatinine are raised, what does that mean? |
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Definition
| definitely kidneys (bc CREA) |
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Term
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Definition
| name for "ascending colon" in ox/pig, between cecum and transverse colon |
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Term
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Definition
| name for "ascending colon" in horse, between cecum and transverse colon |
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Term
| What is the "1st stop" for fermentation in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does urea go in the horse? |
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Definition
| in blood and from bile duct to post-gut |
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Term
| What organ do horses lack? |
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Definition
| gall bladder, bc fats mostly go to cecum colon |
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Term
| __% of ingested materials are not even touched by the ruminant GIT and instead pass through. |
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Definition
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Term
| What % bugs are pooped out by horse? By cow? |
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Definition
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Term
| entero-hepatic recirculation |
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Definition
bile is very costly to make, so it's recycled
-duodenum > portal vein > liver > hepatocytes > canaliculi |
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Term
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Definition
-raw egg whites (albumin binds metals)
-cream (coat GIT)
-burnt toast ("activated charcoal") |
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Term
| The ansa spiralis moves _____ ventrally and _____ dorsally. |
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Definition
| CCW ventrally, clockwise dorsally |
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Term
| Purpose of the ansa spiralis? |
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Definition
| more room for fermentation |
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Term
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Definition
| structural parts of plants that cannot be digested directly by animal |
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Term
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Definition
| energy-transport molecules of plants |
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Term
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Definition
| energy-storage carbs of plants that form major energy-yielding nutrient in diets of omnivores |
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Term
| What enzyme breaks proteins into AAs? Where is this enzyme found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins that are not broken into AAs when they reach the duodenum are broken down by what enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are AAs broken down in the body? |
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Definition
| intestinal bacteria turn them into ammonia |
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Term
| What are essential amino acids? |
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Definition
| those which are essential for life and growth but cannot be synthesized by the animal |
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Term
| "Protein quality" refers to...? |
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Definition
| amount and proportion of essential AAs contained in the protein molecules in the diet |
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Term
| high quality protein VS low quality protein |
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Definition
HQ: contain all essential AAs in proper proportions for animal's needs
LQ: lack many essential AAs and do not contain them in proper proportions |
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Term
| The simplest lipid for use by the body is: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| triglycerides stored in the body as fat |
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Term
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Definition
| chains of triglycerides with the addition of the element phosphorus |
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Term
| What type of molecule is an important component of cell membranes, nerve coverings, and thromboplastin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesized chain of triglycerides forming a waxy substance |
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Term
| What % of all cholesterol formed in the body goes into making bile salts? |
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Definition
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