Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Nutrition
Unit 3
106
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/05/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Is the bloodstream water based or lipid based?
Definition
Water based
Term
How are lipids transported in the bloodstream?
Definition
By water-soluble carriers that have a lipophilic region
Term
What are lipids carrier called?
Definition
Lipoproteins
Term
What are the four major groups of lipoproteins, in order of size, from largest to smallest?
Definition
Chylomicrons
VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)
LDL (low density lipoproteins)
HDL (high density lipoproteins)
Term
How are LDL particles formed?
Definition
when lipoprotein lipase breaks a triglyceride molecule off VLDL
Term
Why are LDL called bad cholesterol?
Definition
higher levels of LDL particles promote health problems and cardiovascular disease
Term
What is cholesterol?
Definition
a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines
Term
How is cholesterol recycled?
Definition
In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile, which is then stored in the gallbladder. It is then excreted into the digestive tract, and about 50% of it is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
Term
How is cholesterol recycled?
Definition
In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile, which is then stored in the gallbladder. It is then excreted into the digestive tract, and about 50% of it is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
Term
What is the function of bile?
Definition
Bile contains bile salts, which emulsify fats in the digestive tract to aid in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as well as the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K.
Term
Why LDL is called bad cholesterol?
Definition
It can transport cholesterol into artery walls.
Term
What happens when the cholesterol in the arterial wall becomes oxidized by a free radical (a circulating H+ ion)?
Definition
It hardens and forms a plaque (atherosclerosis).
Term
What can happen to a plaque?
Definition
It can break off and travel in the bloodstream as a fat embolism, lodge in a smaller blood vessel, and block blood flow distal to that point.
Term
What predicts whether or not cholesterol is transported into artery walls?
Definition
High levels of LDL
Term
What popular medicine group is prescribed for people with high LDL levels?
Definition
Statins (such as vasostatin).
Term
If cholesterol synthesis is inhibited, what levels will become elevated in the blood if the person does not cut back on their fat consumption?
Definition
Triglycerides will go up; seen in a blood test.
Term
What is the most effective dietary approach to minimize LDL’s in the blood?
Definition
Minimizing fat stores in the greater omentum (reduce fat in the waistline) in addition to minimizing total body fat.
Term
Why is it worse to have a fat belly than to have fat in the rear end, regarding diabetes?
Definition
Resistin also increases insulin resistance (causing Diabetes Mellitus)
Term
What obvious appearance is an indicator of how high your LDL and triglyceride levels are, and therefore, is an indicator of cardiovascular health?
Definition
Having a large waist line
Term
What other lipid can be lowered which will reduce LDL levels? How do you lower that lipid?
Definition
Triglycerides. Lower them by consuming less fat.
Term
Why HDL particles are called "good cholesterol"?
Definition
HDL particles are able to remove cholesterol from within arterial plaques and transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization
Term
Where does HDL transport cholesterol?
Definition
Mostly to the liver or organs that use cholesterol such as adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes.
Term
What happens to the cholesterol delivered to the liver?
Definition
It is combined with broken-down hemoglobin and converted into the bile, which is then used to break down intestinal fats into small enough particles for digestive enzymes to work.
Term
What happens to the cholesterol delivered to adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes?
Definition
It is used for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
Term
What three properties of HDL contribute to its ability to protect from atherosclerosis?
Definition
inhibits oxidation, inflammation, and coagulation by platelets
Term
Can you increase HDL by exercise?
Definition
No, your levels are hereditary
Term
What three things may increase HDL levels?
Definition
Niacin (vit B3) and magnesium, Apo-A1
Term
What are the two categories of triglycerides?
Definition
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Term
What is the function of triglycerides?
Definition
They are a mechanism for storing unused calories
Term
What causes high levels of triglycerides in the blood?
Definition
consumption of starchy and fatty foods
Term
How are triglycerides absorbed?
Definition
The pancreatic enzyme lipase acts releases the fatty acids so they can be absorbed (lipolysis).
Term
How are triglycerides broken down?
Definition
They are broken down to fatty acids and then absorbed by the small intestine.
Term
Triglycerides are an important component of which two lipid transporter proteins?
Definition
VLDL and chylomicrons.
Term
What happens after fatty acids from triglycerides are absorbed in the intestine?
Definition
They enter the cells that make up the intestinal lining, where they are rebuilt and packaged with cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons.
Term
Where do the chlyomicrons go?
Definition
They are collected by the lymph system (lacteals in the intestinal villi), which transport them to the thoracic lymph duct, and are dumped into the subclavian vein to be mixed into the blood.
Term
Once chlyomicrons are in the blood, where do they go?
Definition
Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy when glucose is not available.
Term
What two cells can synthesize and store triglycerides?
Definition
Fat and liver cells
Term
When glucose levels are low, what does the body require as an energy source?
Definition
fatty acids
Term
What hormone signals the production of lipase, which breaks down the triglycerides to release free fatty acids?
Definition
glucagon
Term
When glucose levels are low, can the brain utilize fatty acids as an energy source?
Definition
No. The brain can only use glucose
Term
How can the brain get more glucose when there is not enough?
Definition
The glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose by way of glycolysis.
Term
Do triglycerides cause heart disease?
Definition
Probably not, but high levels are present in people with heart disease
Term
When a high carbohydrate diet causes high levels of triglycerides in the blood, what is the condition is called?
Definition
carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia
Term
What does carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia do to a person’s glycemic index? What does that do to insulin levels?
Definition
Elevates it, causing an overproduction of insulin
Term
What is the function of insulin?
Definition
It pulls glucose into the cells. If a cell is insulin
Term
What happens when cells are resistant to insulin?
Definition
resistant, the glucose will stay in the blood and spill into the urine. High levels of blood sugar will damage the brain and blood vessel lining.
Term
What is the best food to reduce triglyceride levels?
Definition
Up to 3 grams a day of omega-3 fatty acids from flax seed oil (linseed oil).
Term
Why should you avoid Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil, even though they are heavily advertised?
Definition
Because fish oils are too high in vitamin A, which is toxic in high levels.
Term
What is the glycemic index?
Definition
A measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood sugar levels.
Term
What makes a particular carbohydrate have a high glycemic index? What is an example of one?
Definition
Carbohydrates that break down quickly during digestion and release glucose rapidly into the bloodstream.
Glucose is an example.
Term
What is an example of a carbohydrate with a low glycemic index?
Definition
Starch
Term
What carbohydrates have slower rates of digestion and absorption, causing a lower insulin demand, and are thus better for a diabetic?
Definition
Foods with a lower glycemic index
Term
What is the Body Mass Index (BMI)?
Definition
An estimate of body fat
Term
What two things are used to calculate BMI?
Definition
Weight and height
Term
Does BMI actually measure the percentage of body fat?
Definition
No…you would have to weigh yourself in a swimming pool to calculate that.
Term
What is the quickest, most readily available source of energy for the body?
Definition
Glucose
Term
What are carbohydrates broken down into?
Definition
Glucose
Term
What is broken down if there is not enough blood glucose between meals?
Definition
Proteins (including heart muscle) are broken down to amino acids, which are broken down to glucose
Term
What are examples of simple carbohydrates?
Definition
Ice cream, cakes, and cookies. Plain white sugar from a box (called refined sugar)
Term
Why sugars are called empty calories?
Definition
Because they contribute to energy needs and weight gain without supplying any other nutritional requirements.
Term
What are examples of complex carbohydrates?
Definition
Whole grain pasta, rice, bread, and cereal. Less desirable complex carbohydrates (not good for overweight people) are potatoes and corn
Term
Name some foods rich in protein
Definition
red meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, legumes (i.e., peas and beans), nuts, and cereals
Term
What happens to proteins that you eat?
Definition
They are broken down into amino acids and turned into tissues like muscles, skin, hair, and nails. It’s also used to make proteins such as hemoglobin, plasma proteins, enzymes, and hormones.
Term
How many amino acids are used to make all the proteins in our body?
Definition
20
Term
What are essential amino acids?
How many are there?
Definition
There are 8 amino acids which are required from the diet in adults because the body is unable to produce them.
Term
What food contains all 20 types of amino acids?
Definition
Meat
Term
What happens if one essential amino acid is missing
Definition
The other 19 might not work right.
Term
What combination of food provides all the essential amino acids?
Definition
Cereal with milk and rice with beans or peas
Term
Are amino acids stored in the body?
Definition
No, a daily supply is needed.
Term
How much meat does a person need per day?
Definition
Two servings (the size of a deck of cards)
Term
Which meats are high in protein but also high in fat?
Definition
Red meat (can be 42% fat)
Term
What protein sources are low in fat?
Definition
protein from plant origins (whole-grain cereals, dark breads, and legumes)
Term
Why are protein and amino acid supplements not good?
Definition
They are not digested as well
They can cause you to have an excess of one amino acid or another
Term
What happens if you have an excess of just one amino acid?
Definition
It competes for receptor sites in the small intestine, causing a deficiency in absorption of the other amino acids.
Term
What type of fats raise LDL (bad) cholesterol? Name 2 examples
Definition
Saturated fats; they are solid at room temperature and have an animal origin. Butter and margarine
Term
What type of fats lower LDL (bad) cholesterol? Name 2 examples
Definition
Polyunsaturated fats; they are liquid at room temperature and have a plant origin. Olive oil, canola oil, corn oil, and safflower oil.
Term
What are two plant oils that are NOT good, because they contain saturated fats?
Definition
partially hydrogenated palm and coconut oil
Term
Which meats are lower in saturated fats?
Definition
Turkey, fish, and chicken.
Term
How many days will it take to lose one pound of fat if you eat 500 calories less per day?
Definition
7 days
Term
What is the reason why some people lose more than that?
Definition
Water loss. It will come back.
Term
What is the function of vitamins?
Definition
They are needed for metabolism because they make a lot of the body’s enzymes.
Term
What is an enzyme?
Definition
It breaks a larger molecule down into smaller ones
Term
How many vitamins are there, and what are their 2 categories?
Definition
13 vitamins; fat soluble and water soluble
Term
What happens to excess fat-soluble vitamins?
Definition
They are stored in fat and liver, and can accumulate to a toxic level
Term
What happens to excess water-soluble vitamins?
Definition
They are excreted in the urine. That is okay as long as you are well hydrated. If not, they can cause kidney damage.
Term
They are excreted in the urine. That is okay as long as you are well hydrated. If not, they can cause kidney damage.
Definition
In the myelin sheaths (white matter). Excess vitamins can lodge there and disrupt action potentials. The corpus callosum is a large area of white matter in the brain. Dysfunction causes autism.
Term
What is a free radical?
Definition
As a cell is functioning, it generates molecules that have an extra electron, which is called a free radical.
Term
What substances deactivate free radicals? What are examples?
Definition
Anti-oxidants
Vitamin C. E, and A, found in fruits and vegetables
Term
How many servings of fruits and vegetables should you eat per day?
Definition
5 servings (2 fruit, 3 vegetables). A serving is about one cup
Term
What are some minerals?
Definition
Calcium, phosphorous, iodine, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, iron
Term
What is phosphorus used for?
Definition
It is used as an energy molecule. It is part of ATP
Term
What is iodine used for?
Definition
Thyroid hormone
Term
What are sodium and chloride used for?
Definition
Regulating water balance
Term
How much sodium is needed per day? What happens if you have too much?
Definition
500 mg/day. Excess causes water retention, causing high blood pressure
Term
What is potassium and sodium used for?
Definition
Muscle contraction and nerve conduction
Term
What are some foods high in potassium
Definition
Cantaloupe, avocados, potatoes, beans, bananas, fish, raisins, apricots, dates, and cocoa powder (think chocolate).
Term
What is magnesium used for?
Definition
Helps muscles relax
Term
What are some foods high in magnesium?
Definition
Seeds, brans (wheat, rice, and oat), spinach, and cocoa. Any leafy greens have a high amount of magnesium because the center of the chlorophyll molecule is magnesium.
Term
What are some foods high in magnesium?
What are magnesium, zinc, and copper used for?
Definition
They are critical for most enzymes
Term
What is iron used for?
Definition
To make hemoglobin to transport oxygen in red blood cells
Term
How do males and females differ in their iron requirements?
Definition
Females need more, due to loss during menstruation. If you ingest too much, it makes you constipated.
Term
What is glucosamine? Where in the body is it found?
Definition
An amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the synthesis of certain proteins and lipids. It is an important component of joint cartilage
Term
How are glucosamine supplements made?
Definition
Usually from the shells of crustaceans
Term
Why is it especially important not to let children become obese?
Definition
Their stem cells have not all differentiated yet. If they gain weight, these stem cells will become fat cells, and it will be hard for them to lose weight their whole life.
Term
What surgery is for people more than 100 pounds overweight?
Definition
Stomach stapling.
Term
What is bulimia?
Definition
Eating to excess (called binge eating) and then purging themselves by some artificial means, such as self-induced vomiting or use of a laxative.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!