• hydrolytic/enzymatic
• fermentative

fermentation site

pre-gastric fermentation

post-gastric fermentation

ruminant stomach

non-ruminant stomach secretions

hcl

pepsinogen

mucus

hormones

• longer in compartments in which fermentation occurs
• reticulorumen:  16 - 48 hr

presence of oxygen

substrate completely oxidized

absence of oxygen (anaerobic)

substantial energy retained in end-products (vfa)

ruminants _% total me derived from scfa in rumen

horse _% of me (colon, cecum)

pig _% (colon, cecum)

dog _% (colon only)

cat probably less than _% (colon)

human less than _% (colon)

70

40 - 60

10 - 75

10 - 25

10

10

exogenous

endogenous

70 - 90% of dietary dm

in form of chemical energy

released during metabolism

100% total energy present in feed

does not equate to nutritional value

equals ge - fecal losses

single most important step defining energy of food/feeds

equals de - urine loss - gas loss

energy available to tissues for metabolism

equals me - heat increment (hi)

energy needed for maintenance of body tissues (ultimately released as heat)

stage of life cycle

maintenance

'products'

physical activity

environmental conditions

change in log heat production

change in log of body mass (bw)

= 0.75

= body mass^0.75

high energy

low protein

low fiber

dried molasses (sugar industry)

wheat middlings

beet pulp (sugar industry)

hay

pasture

corn silage

preserved by anaerobic fermentation at 30 - 50% dm

very palatable

high energy roughage

high in organic acids

plant origin

animal origin

non-protein nitrogen

soybeans and soybean meal

cottonseed and cottonseed meal

distillers grains

corn gluten meal

only used in ruminants

converted to protein by rumen bacteria

should not provide > 1/3 of nitrogen in diet

vitamins

minerals

other nutrients

hydrolyzed proteins

feed additives

poultry byproduct meal

meat and bone meal

fish meal

dried egg product

duck

venison

turkey

lamb

bison

liver or kidneys

classical approach to analyzing diets and ingredients

does not measure nutrients directly

gives no information regarding ingredient/diet quality

requires simple equipment and facilities

very economical

represents all compounds that contain carbon

simply calculated by subtracting ash from dry matter

water

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

vitamins

minerals

drinking

food

metabolic water

urine

feces

skin and lungs

concentrates

maltose

isomaltose

sucrose

lactose

glucose + glucose (alpha-1,4 linkage)

starch digestion end-product

maltase

glucose + glucose (alpha-1,6 linkage)

branching point of amylopectin

isomaltase

glucose (c1) + fructose (c2)

sucrase

not tolerated by young animals

avoid using when formulating milk replacers

galactose + glucose (beta-1,4 linkage)

important energy source for suckling animals

lactase

critical ingredient

intolerance

alpha-galactosides

fructans

salivary

pancreatic

sglt-1 (na+-dependent)

glut-5

glut-2

heat and pressure cook the food mixture

material forced throug a die, where shapes and sizes are formed

food is cut, undergoes expansion, and is dried

pet foods

aquaculture feeds

some bird diets

human foods

adaptability

product characteristics

energy efficient

low cost

high productivity and automated control

high product quality

provide rigidity

stems, leaves, seed hulls (coat)

cell walls

plant cell wall structure

cell wall polysaccharides

cellulose

hemicellulose

pectins

polysaccharides

protein

lignin

glucose units (beta-1,4 linkage)

crystalline vs amorphous forms

in general a dog can be considered obese when his/her weight is in excess of 20% above the ideal body weight

t/f

most rumen protozoa are cellulolytic and non-ciliated

t/f

in general we associated hypertrophic obesity with adult dogs having a 'couch potato' lifestyle

t/f

when devising a weight control program for an obese dog, set the goal for the amount to lose at approximately 10% of the final body weight to be achieved

t/f

for cats that are obese you should not initially feed less than 60% mer to effect weight reduction

t/f

the main source of energy in urine is

urea and uric acid

glucose

lipids

sodium, potassium and chloride

none of the above

high levels of _ can be toxic to the baby pig, puppy or kitten because of an enzyme insufficiency

maltose

lactose

sucrose

glucose

none of the above

which of the following concerning the rumen is not correct

• ketone are formed in the wall of the rumen
•  short chain fatty acids (vfa) are absorbed by the rumen 
• functions metabolically under aerobic conditions
• water is absorbed by the rumen
• fiber digestion is via bacterial fermentation

of the following measures of water quality which usually has little or no effect on livestock health

• nitrate concentration
• hardness
• sulfate concentration
• total soluble salts
• algae content

which of the following does not nerve as a predicting variable for fwi in dairy cattle

• minimum ambient temperature
• milk produced
• sodium intake
• dry matter intake
• calcium intake

a catabolic pathway can be broadly categorized as one that

• is multifunctional linking other pathways
• releases free energy as high energy of phosphate
• links pepticle molecules to form proteins
• releases reducing equivalents
• b and d

in ketosis the rate limiting tca cycle intermediate is

1. acetyl co a
2. citrate
3. oxaloacetate
4. propiomate
5. pyruvate

acetyl co a produced from the beta-oxidation of fatty acids is involved metabolically in the production of

1. ketones
2. carbon dioxide
3. cholesterol
4. a & c, but not b
5. a, b, & c

dietary triglyceride absorbed from the intestine as chylomicrons

1. enters the liver from gut via the hepatic portal vein
2. can end up directly in both adipose tissue and muscle
3. used only in adipose then redestributed to liver and muscle
4. used to synthesize lactate in red cells directly after absorption
5. undergoes lipolysis in muscle to produce phophatase

in mitochondria the metabolite that is central in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, the utilization of pyruvate, the production of ketones and the direct metabolism of amino acids is

1. succinyl co a
2. acetyl co a
3. triacylglycerol
4. phophoenolpyruvate
5. fumarate

normally for a dairy cow peak dry matter intake precedes peak milk production promoting a positive energy balance

t/f

in practical diets, fiber particle size would have the greatest effect on health and longevity of

1. mature dogs
2. weaned pigs
3. lactating dairy cows
4. kittens
5. nursing foal

the metabolism of glucose to pyruvate and lactate in all mammalian cells is

1. glycolysis
2. the tca cycle
3. the pentose phosphate pathway
4. the cori cycle
5. via acetyl-coa

which of the following factors could have a major impact on the nutrient requirements of an individual animal

1. physical activity level
2. health status
3. environmental conditions
4. stage of life cycle
5. all of the above

the supply of food for a feeding or on a daily basis is called a

1. diet
2. meal
3. formulation
4. ration
5. none of the above

which of the following is a reason to add lipids to diets

1. source of essential fatty acids
2. aid fat soluble vitamin digestion
3. increase diet palatability
4. increase energy density of diet
5. all of the above

which is not a function for minerals in animal diets

1. structural support in bones and teeth
2. provide ions that function in physiological and neurological roles
3. catabolized for energy
4. regulate osmotic pressure
5. none of the above

which of the following nutrients is a common component of diets, but is not required

1. protein
2. carbohydrate
3. water
4. trace minerals
5. lipids

the most common grain fed to livestock, poultry, dogs, and cats is

1. corn
2. wheat
3. oats
4. sorghum
5. barley

any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports growth, reproduction, work, lactation, or maintenance of life processes is called a

1. vitamin
2. metabolite
3. feed additive
4. prebiotic
5. nutrient

the energy that is available after fecal, gas, and urinary losses have been removed is called

gross energy

net energy

metabolizable energy

digestible energy

none of the above

gross energy is

is used to formulate livestock feeds, but not pet foods

the total energy available in a food or feed, but not related to nutritional value

the same for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

the energy value after fecal energy has been removed

none of the above

canine energy maintenance requirement calculations are based on the amount of

digestible energy required for growing puppies

digestible energy required for adults (using ideal body weight)

metabolizable energy required for adults (using current body weight)

metabolizable energy required for adults (using ideal body weight)

none of the above

the main ingredient(s) in soybean meal responsible for flatulence is

nondigestible protein

trypsin inhibitors

oligosaccharides

soy hulls

none of the above

alpha 1-6 linked glucose units in starch are part of

amylopectin

amylose

maltose

fructooligosaccharides

lactose

fructooligosaccharides are compounds that

are not digested by mammalian enzymes or colonic microbiota

increase the growth of e. coli and c. perfringens

suppress the growth of lactic acid bacteria

are naturally found in fish meal

decrease the production of putrefactive compounds in feces

energy

often limits performance in lactating dairy cows

is released in metabolism in the form of atp

intake is often greater than energy expenditure, resulting in obese dogs and cats

yielding feedstuffs are usually > 70% of dietary dry matter in livestock species

all of the above

which of the following is not commonly used as a protein supplement in pet foods

soybean meal

cottonseed meal

animal digest

corn gluten meal

fish protein concentrate

roughages

are high in energy

are high in protein and energy

are high in fiber

fed to swine and poultry

none of the above

which of the following is not used as a source of dietary fiber in pet foods

brewer's rice

carrot pomace

beet pulp

soy hulls

chicory

the dog food 'beef dinner with lamb and rice' must contain

95% lamb

at least 25% lamb and 3% rice

at least 3% lamb and 3% rice

less than 25% lamb and rice

none of the above

concentrate feeds are

high in calcium and potassium

high in dietary fiber

low in phosphorus

high in energy

all of the above

proximate analysis

is an economical way to measure nutrient groups in a feedstuff

requires complex equipment and facilities

provides the digestible energy value for livestock species

includes the measurement of individual amino acids

none of the above

nitrogen free extract (nfe)

represents the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in a feedstuff

is calculated using ash, protein, fat, and fiber values

calculations of petfoods are very accurate when the crude fiber method is used

is the difference between dry matter and ash contents

none of the above

pancreatic amylase

cleaves the beta-1,6 glycosidic linkages present in cellobiose

is the brush border enzyme responsible for cleaving amylopectin

is the most important enzyme involved with starch digestion

is useless in the dog because all dietary starch is degraded by salivary amylase

none of the above

glucose units are

the sweetest of the monosaccharides and present in molasses

the primary building blocks of hemicellulose

not absorbed by the canine intestine, likely because they are obligate carnivores

actively transported in the intestine using the glut-5 transporter

actively transported in the intestine using the sglt-1 transporter

diarrhea may result

if sucrose is included in puppy milk replacers

in adult cats fed large quantities of dairy products

if you rapidly change your dog's diet to one containing high levels of soy

all of the above

glycogen

is the primary storage carbohydrate in animals

is a disaccharide composed of glucose units having an alpha-1,4 linkage

is a linear polysaccharide containing fewer branches than starch

is primarily stored in the brain because of its constant need for glucose

none of the above

which of the following is not a reason for processing carbohydrates in pet foods

exposes starch granules to amylase

starch is needed to ensure proper extrusion of food pellets

forms probiotic structures useful in binding aflatoxin

gelatinization increases digestibility of carbohydrates

removes physically entrapped starch in whole grains such as corn

when comparing pet food labels, remember that

ingredients are listed in descending order by weght on an as-is basis

official definitions for 'premium' and 'super-premiun' do not exist

nutrients need to be converted to a dry matter basis for direct comparison between petfoods

the feeding guidelines are only a place to start; thus, food consumption must be adjusted depending on the body condition score of your pet over time

all of the above

which of the following is not true regarding pet food labels

the association for american feed control officials (aafco) provide standards for substantiation claims and works as an advisory committee for state offices

the '95%' rule applies only to plant products

a food labeled 'beef for dogs' must contain 95% beef (not including water for processing)

ingredients on the label must be identified using aafco names and definitions

all of the above

the mixture of ingredients used to supply nutrients is called a

diet

formulation

meal

ration

none of the above

which of the following is not a reason to add lipids to diets

source of essential fatty acids

increased diet palatability

facilitate fat-soluble vitamin absorption

increase energy density

increase b-vitamin absorption

a client asks why some vitamin pills are given daily while others only need to be given once a week.  how would you respond

fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body and thus given at weekly intervals

water-soluble vitamins can not be stored in the body and should be given daily

water-soluble vitamins are toxic if given in concentrations greater than a days supply

a and b, but not c

a, b and c

important functions for minerals in animal diets include all of the following except

provide structural support in bones and teeth

increase energy density

act as co-factors in enzyme systems

provide ions that function in physiological and neurological roles

regulate osmotic pressure

balancing the mineral profile of a diet for ruminants and horses is easier when a mixture of forages and concentrate feeds (grains) are fed because generally

forages are high in phosphorus and grains are low in phosphorus

grains are high in calcium and forages are low in calcium

grains are high in potassium and forages are low in potassium

all of the above none of the above

the energy content of pet food is commonly expressed as

net energy for maintenance

metabolizable energy

net energy for growth

digestible energy

none of the above

for most foodstuffs, the percentage of the gross energy that is deposited in new tissues in a growing animal is

70 - 80%

60 - 70%

50 - 60%

40 - 50%

35% or less

a client bought a high-forage range cube for his cows and asks if the same digestible energy value would apply if he fed the cubes to his horse.  how would you respond

yes, fiber is fiber and gives the same energy whether it is digested by a cow or horse

the digestible energy value will be slightly higher for the horse because they don't lose as much as heat of fermentation

the digestible energy value will be lower in the horse because the cecal fermentation doesn't capture as much energy as what occurs in the rumen of a cow

it depends on the carbohydrate source in the non-fiber portion of the feed because horses are more efficient digesters of starch than are cattle

if you feed the same high-starch diet to a pig, dog or bird, the digestible energy values for the three species would be

similar across species

highest for pig and lowest for dog

lowest in pig, highest in dog

lowest in bird, highest in dog

lowest in bird and highest in pig

if you fed the same 50:50 forage to concentrate diet to a sow, cow and horse, rank the three species (greatest to least) as to portion of the energy consumed that would be lost as methane

horse, sow, cow

cow, horse, sow

sow, horse, cow

cow, sow, horse

sow, cow, horse

the reason(s) that lactose is commonly added to milk replacers is (are)

lactose is rapidly converted to glucose in the stomach

lactose can buffer the hydrochloric acid in the stomach

lactose is the easiest way to increase the energy density of the diet

all of the above

none of the above

the main ingredient causing flatulence problems in dog foods is

soybean meal

ground corn

ground wheat

meat and bone meal

none of the above

fructooligosaccharides are compounds that

are in jerusalem artichokes, onions and garlic

are not digested by mammalian enzymes

promote gowth of bifidobacteria

suppress the growth of e. coli

all of the above