Term
| What is the difference between Fiber and Starch related to their chemical makeups? |
|
Definition
| Fiber is beta linked and Starch is alpha linked |
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of Fermentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of foregut fermenters and where does absorption occur |
|
Definition
| kangaroos, hippos; ferment in stomach o absorb in intestine |
|
|
Term
| What's an example of a cecal fermenter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an example of a colonic fermenter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an example of a cecal-colonic fermenter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role of salivary amylase and what species lack it |
|
Definition
| starch digestion;cats and dogs |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role of salivary lipase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two factors that influence gastric emptying speed |
|
Definition
| stomach volume and energy content of meal |
|
|
Term
| How do fiber and fat affect gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
| They both slow it at higher levels |
|
|
Term
| What three substances are secreted in the stomach of |
|
Definition
| HCl, pepsinogen and gastric lipase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drops stomach pH so that bacteria is destroyed, hydrolyzes some proteins and saccharides and converts pepsin to pepsinogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of pepsin |
|
Definition
| helps digest protein, especialy animal protein |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of lipase |
|
Definition
| Acts on long chain Fatty Acids, secreted from chief cells |
|
|
Term
| Where does the majority of enzymatic digestion occur in autoenzymatics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what part of the GI tract are secretin and CCK released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of Secretin and CCK |
|
Definition
| Secretin increases bicarb secretion and CCK increases pancreatic enzyme production |
|
|
Term
| What does the pancreas secrete |
|
Definition
| digestive enzymes, bicarb salts, proteases, lipases, amylases |
|
|
Term
| Which proteases help digest proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of alpha amylase |
|
Definition
| breaks starch into oligo and di saccharides |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| releases bile in response to fats in the intestines |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Taurine and why is it essential in cats and not dogs |
|
Definition
| It conjugates bile acids; dogs can also use glycine for this but cats cannot |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of bile |
|
Definition
| digests fats, eliminates waste, alkalinizes gastric contents and kill bacteria; without bile salts, fats will not be absorbed in the intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bile salts aggregate around fat droplets which increases surface area for enzymatic action |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the large intestine of autoenzymatics |
|
Definition
| electrolyte and water absorption as well as additional fermentation |
|
|
Term
| How long can undigested food remain in the large intestine in autoenzymatics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are VFA's produced in the rumen |
|
Definition
| microbes convert pyruvic acid to VFA's |
|
|
Term
| Why do browsers have smaller rumens |
|
Definition
| eat high density, more digestible plants, dont require as much fermentation |
|
|
Term
| What do grazer diets consist of and how does this affect the anatomy of their GI system |
|
Definition
| Eat high fiber diets so require mroe fermentation- larger rumens and well developed omasums |
|
|
Term
| Hindgut fermenters have enlarged ______ and ________ for fermentation. They are ____ effective at VFA absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cecal fermenters, the hindgut secretes _______ and retains _______ for fermentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feces substance produced by cecal fermenters that contains non fiber that is eaten and fermented in GI |
|
|
Term
| What is the main site of fermentation in colonic and ceco-colonic fermenters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all plant polysaccharides and lignins that are resistant to hydrolysis by digestive enzymes of main structural carbs |
|
|
Term
| What are the products of carb conversion? |
|
Definition
| glucose, fructose and galactose |
|
|
Term
| Where are Na+ glucose transporters located? |
|
Definition
| In enterocytes and proximal tubule of kidney |
|
|
Term
| What are the three fates of Carbs |
|
Definition
| 1. metabolized to ATP 2. stored in liver/muscle as glycogen 3. converted to FAs and stored as triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| What is the conversion of glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis |
|
Definition
| CO2 (acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle to produce it) |
|
|
Term
| What is the key to making ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the majority of glucose stored and in what form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance stimulates glycogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon and epinephrine stimulate____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
| formation of glucose from other substrates |
|
|
Term
| Gross energy------Digestible energy----metabolizable energy-----new energy |
|
Definition
| lost in feces;lost in urine and gas;lost in heat from digestion |
|
|
Term
| Carnivores have _____________ intestinal tracts. ________ is their preferred food source and they are in a constant state of ___________ |
|
Definition
| short and simple;protein;gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| We know that cats don't ever need Carbs. When do dogs require them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horses can digest ___ and ___ linked carbs with their own enzymes, but need microbes for ____ linkages |
|
Definition
| alpha 1-6 and 1-4; beta 1-4 |
|
|
Term
| What are the main three VFAs produced in the horse |
|
Definition
| acetate, butyrate and proprionate |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary VFA produced in ruminants on high forage diets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary VFA produced in ruminants on high grain diets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ is the deciding factor of what an AA is (structurally) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FALSE; its a sulfonic acid |
|
|
Term
| T/F: essential AAs do not need to be supplemented because the body provides them |
|
Definition
| FALSE; must be supplemented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, mehtionine, histidine, arginine, leucine and lysine |
|
|
Term
| Dispensible AAs are adequately synthesize in the body if enough __ and __ are available |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of AA's are the most important for muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methionine is the precursor of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: there are higher cysteine/methionine amounts in plant based diets than other diets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common AA deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency in cysteine/methionine cause? |
|
Definition
| necrotic, hyperkeratotic foot pads, necrolytic dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| T/F: light colored animals require more phenylalanine for melanin than dark colored ones |
|
Definition
| false; black-coated animals require 2x as much |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of phenylalanine/tyrosine deficiency |
|
Definition
| faded, discolored coat, may have neuro signs |
|
|
Term
| Lysine deficiency is common in diets that are low in ______ and mostly made of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depression and decreased food intake are signs of a deficiency in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the reaction that destroys Lysine with heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency in _____ can lead to DCM and retinal degeneration in cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ruminants are able to obtain exogenous protein from _______ or _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Urea sometimes supplemented in ruminants |
|
Definition
| Can be used by microbes to synthesize proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of urea toxicity |
|
Definition
| tremors, salivation, tachypnea, tetany, death |
|
|
Term
| Which type of FAs have no double bonds, straight structures, are tightly packed and can cause artherosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at least one double bond, bent structure, fluid, not tightly packed |
|
|
Term
| Omega 3 FAs are beneficial because they have __________ action. (THREE LETTERS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Omega 6 FAs are ____-inflammatory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Dogs cannot make arachadonic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are fast digested and transported |
|
Definition
TG--FFAs and monoglycerides
FA emulsified with bile salts--micelles
absorbed across intestines
reform TGs--chylomicrons
Chylomicrons-- lymphatics--FFAs and glycerol at capillary endothelium |
|
|
Term
| FAs are oxidized through what system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used for transport of FA in mitochondria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carnitine deficiency in cats and dogs can result in______ |
|
Definition
| DCM-- less Fas enter heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the main energy source of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of lipids are mobilized during starvation? |
|
Definition
| Neutral fat, which is stored in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| What type of lipids pose greatest risk of fat emboli if they circulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are TGs removed from chylomicrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lipoprotein breaks down VLDL into FFAs and glycerol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TGs are deposited into tissue by this lipoprotein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do VLDLs become after TG are removed by LPL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes cholesterol esters from HDL via LCAT and becomes LDL |
|
|
Term
| Why do dogs and cats have high levels of HDL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What deposits cholesterol into peripheral tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transports cholesterol from tissue to liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This essential fatty acids is required only by cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid that is found in ____ or _____ |
|
Definition
| veggie oils or animals raised in LA plants |
|
|
Term
| What is the preferred source of energy in skeletal muscle? what are other options? |
|
Definition
| FFAs; glucose, FAs, ketones, branched chain AAs |
|
|
Term
| In extreme conditions, some parts of the brain can use ___ and ___ for energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two organs perform gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ utilizes most of its own glucose production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The GI tract uses _% of resting oxygen consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main energy sources for the GI tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do colonocytes get their energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the tissues that ONLY used glucose |
|
Definition
| RBCs, retina, renal medulla |
|
|
Term
| During the absorptive phase, what does glucose do? |
|
Definition
| goes into circulation and/or is stored as glycogen |
|
|
Term
| During absorption, FFAs are____ and glucose is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the post-absorptive phase, the body relies on ________ energy and _________ is occuring |
|
Definition
| endogenous;glycogenolysis |
|
|
Term
| ____________ occurs 24 hours post absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are FAs converted to ketones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During stress starvation, _______ and ______ are altered which increases metabolic rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased gluconeogenesis in stress starvation leads to what issues? |
|
Definition
| slowed wound healing, impaired immunity, decreased strength, poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Vit B1 is_____. What are signs of deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Thiamin; anorexia, neuro, weakness,death. polioencephalomalacia in ruminants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two causes of B12 deficiency and what are the signs |
|
Definition
| bacterial overgrowth and breed (Giant shnauzer); weight loss, diarrhea, vomiting, megalo anemia |
|
|
Term
| Folic Acid deficiency can cause what |
|
Definition
| megalo anemia and birth defects |
|
|
Term
| Most animals synthesize________ from glucose. which can't? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid); guinea pigs and some birds |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C is a ____ factor that aids in synthesis of what |
|
Definition
| redox; bile acids, collagen, etc |
|
|
Term
| T/f: Vitamin C deficiency is not prevalent in vet med |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A orginates from______ and cats can't convert them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Vitamin A stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are functions of Vitamin A |
|
Definition
| vision, growth, immune function |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of Vit. A causes what effects? |
|
Definition
| dogs: KCS, skin issues Cats: photophobia and maybe hyperplasia of C1-3horses: night blindness and repro failure cows:blindness |
|
|
Term
| Which Vitamin toxicity is teratogenic in horses, dogs and cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A toxicity causes______in cows |
|
Definition
| osteolysis and bone fragility |
|
|
Term
| Osseocartilagenous hyperplasia of C1-C3 in cats so they can't turn their head occurs due to toxicity of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: cats and dogs DONT synthesize Vitamin D but horses and cows DO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is function of Vitamin D |
|
Definition
| calcium and phosphorus homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Lameness and rickets are common signs of what deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toxic levels of Vitamin D can cause_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antioxidant and free radical reductant |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency causes white muscle disease in horses and nutritional myopathy in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is most associated with clotting issues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the most prevalent mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the highest need for calcium |
|
Definition
| during bone and tooth formation |
|
|
Term
| What does a calcium deficiency lead to |
|
Definition
| nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
| What does calcium toxicity cause |
|
Definition
| soft tissue calcification |
|
|
Term
| Which is the second most prevalent mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poor growth, osteomalacia, hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce Ca absorption, urinary calculi in ruminants |
|
|
Term
| Which micromineral deficiency causes white muscle disease in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| selenium toxicity causes: |
|
Definition
| blind, staggers death in horses,; poor growth, tetanus and spasms in ruminants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 |
|
|
Term
| What is the thermoneutral zone |
|
Definition
| temperature at which body exerts little energy in order to maintain normal temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1g protein:4 kcal
1g Carb: 4 kcal
1g fat: 9 kcal |
|
|
Term
| What is respiratory quotient |
|
Definition
| ratio of CO2 produced:O2 consumed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When animals in ICU you should feed ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two factors that determine energy needs |
|
Definition
| signalment and physiologic factors |
|
|
Term
| When calculating how much to feed, you should use the RER of what weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
