Term
|
Definition
Quinolones
end in -flaxacin
Enrofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Marbofloxacin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bactericidal
concentration dependent
Eagle Effect |
|
|
Term
| Floroquinolone Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Floroquinolone Spectrum of Action |
|
Definition
aerobic Gram -
extra and intracellular bacteria
variable activity against aerobic Gram +
ineffective against anaerobic bacteria
variable activity with mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
| Floroquinolone Pharmacokinetics |
|
Definition
well absorbed orally
oral absorption decreased by mineral supplements, antiacids
extra and intracellular distribution
good penetration in fluid and deep tissue (low in CNS)
mainly renal elimination |
|
|
Term
| Floroquinolone Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
dose dependent Type A adverse effects
mild GI disturbances
articular damage in growing juveniles
tendon/ligament toxicity
retinal degeneration in cats
decreases seizure threshold
rapid resistance selection |
|
|
Term
| Floroquinolone Clinical Usage |
|
Definition
Off-label use banned in food animals
too low concentrations = treatment failure and rapid resistance selection
too high concentrations = low efficacy
requires a high Cmax:MIC ratio
use low end of range when suspect bacteria known to be sensitive in healthy animal
use middle range with bacteria known to be potentially resistant
use high range with Pseudomonas or immunocompromised
avoid in pregnant,growing, epileptic, athletic animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rifamycins Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| inhibits DNA transcription and prevents RNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bactericidal
concentration-dependent |
|
|
Term
| Rifamycins Spectrum of Action |
|
Definition
most aerobic Gram +
extra and intracellular bacteria
variable Gram -
obligate anaerobes are resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antagonizes other bacteriostatics
liver enzyme inducer and will shorten the half-life of other drugs |
|
|
Term
| Rifamycins Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
teratogenic
hepatotoxicity in dogs
avoid in pregnant animals and in dogs
BANNED in food animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitroimidazoles Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bactericidal
time or concentration dependent depending on the microbe
only in anaerobic conditions |
|
|
Term
| Nitroimidazoles Spectrum of Action |
|
Definition
obligate anaerobes
works better against Gram -
extra and intracellular bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Nitroimidazoles Pharmacokinetics |
|
Definition
well absorbed orally
extra and intracellular
very good fluid and tissue penetration and CNS
liver metabolism (both P450 and glucoronidation)
mixed hepatic and renal elimination |
|
|
Term
| Nitroimidazoles Adverse Effects |
|
Definition
compounded with benzoic acid for taste which can be toxic to cats
unpalatable
alters GI flora
neurotoxic at high doses in dogs
drug interaction because of liver metabolism
carcinogenic/teratogenic
BANNED in food animals
avoid in pregnant animals and long term use |
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