Term
| Function and sources of potassium |
|
Definition
keep myocardium calm, maintain F and E balance, transmission of nerve impulses
Sources apricots, bananas, beef, beans, pork, fish |
|
|
Term
| sodium sources and functions |
|
Definition
| sources- most foods, controls f and e, nerve impulses, primary extracellular cation |
|
|
Term
| sources and function of calcium |
|
Definition
strengthen bones and teeth, inotropy of heart, blood clotting, cell metabolism
milk and milk products, dark green leafy veggies, |
|
|
Term
| sources and function o f magnesium |
|
Definition
muscle relaxation, clotting, fuels k-na pump, relaxes lung muscles, binds calcium in tooth enamal, role in blood clotting
FOUND ONLY IN PLANTS |
|
|
Term
| sources of vitamin b and functions |
|
Definition
| normal nervous system, reproduction,transmission of DNA/RNA, metabolism of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Functions and sources of Niacin |
|
Definition
liver, beef, poultry, creal, seeds, eggs, fish
co enzyme in metabolism of energy nutrients |
|
|
Term
| functons of folic acid and sources |
|
Definition
neural tube defects, co eyzyme synthesis of DNA
green veggiesm liver, beef, fish, legumes, whole grains |
|
|
Term
| function and sources of B12 |
|
Definition
ONLY IR Animals RBC synthesis, myelin synthesis
Pernicious anemia, synthesized in the GI tract by micro organisms |
|
|
Term
| sources of vitamin a and functions |
|
Definition
eyes, skin , hair, immune functions
founnd in yellow orange veggies, organ meats, tomatoes, fish oils |
|
|
Term
| soiurces and functions of vitamin c |
|
Definition
citrus fruits, broccoli, strawberries, melons
antioxidant, natural antihistimine, collegen formation, integrity of capillaries, wound healing |
|
|
Term
| sources and function of vitamin d |
|
Definition
increase calcicum absoption, prevent tetany
milk, sun,eggs |
|
|
Term
| sources and function of vitamin k |
|
Definition
anticoagulant,
liver, milk, green veggies, |
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended percentage of fats, protiens, carbs |
|
Definition
fats- less than 30%
carbs- 50-55%
protien- 15-20% |
|
|
Term
| What is the number of kilocalories in a gram of Carbs? How long will the stored glucose in the body last with moderate activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the number of kilocalories per gram of protien
what is a complementary protien
what is an incomplete protien
what is a complete protien |
|
Definition
4kg/g
complementary protien-protiens that work together to form a complete protien
incomplete protien- lack one or more of the essential amino acids
complete protien- one that contains all essential amino acids that humans need- usually contained in animal sources |
|
|
Term
| How many kilograms per gram of fat? What are the purposes of fats? why do we need to limit fats? What is a hydrogenated fat? |
|
Definition
9kg/g
Insulation, energy alternate, protect organs,
limit fats because they turn into adipose tissue, decrease LDL
Hydrogenated fat is when hydrogen is added to the fat molecule to extend shelf life |
|
|
Term
What are sources of energy for the heart? For the brain?
Why do we need Carbs?
Why do we need protien |
|
Definition
Fatty acids are energy for the heart
Carbohydrates- glucose- for the brain
We need carbohydrates for energy, spare protien as an energy source
protien- tissue building, wound healing, immunity, circulation, alternative energy source |
|
|
Term
What are sources of good fats?
What are sources of bad fats
What are some examples of saturated fats
What are some examples of unsaturated fats,
What are monounsaturated fats? BenefitS? |
|
Definition
Saturated fats- meat, poultry, whole milk
Unsaturated fats- plants-corn, soybean, sunflower oil, almonds
monounsaturated fats- a fatty acid with only one carbon to carbon double bond- GOOD FAT- in canola, oliveand peanut oil, contribute fiber, antioxidants and phytochemicals to diet- decreased coronary heart disease risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partially hydrogenated oils- NOT GOOD |
|
|
Term
What is cholesterol
Why does the body need it?
Dietary amount of chol. limited to? |
|
Definition
a sterol
needs it for bile salts, component of cell membranes, in the blood, production o fcortisone, adreneline, estrogen,testosterone
Limit to 300 g a day |
|
|
Term
What is LDL
What is HDL
Triglicerides?
What are the normal values |
|
Definition
low density lipoprotien
high density lipoprotien
three fatty acids joined to a glycerol model
HDL- 20-48mg/dl
LDL- 38-40mg/dl
decrease by exercise and losing weight,
high fat diets can increase LDL- bad cholesterol
HDL Carries cholesterol away to the liver. LDL causes plaque- cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
| What are antioxidant vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the fat soluable vitamins
What are the water soluable vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What vitamin needs sunshine
Why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What vitamin affects clotting
What vitamin is implicated in night blindness
WHat vitamin is used in skin cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What vitamin helps with iron absorption
What vitamin is synthesized by bacteria in the colon
what vitamin helps prevent gingivitis
What vitamin maintains the integrity of the capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the purpose of bile?
Where is bile produced
WHere is it stored
To where is it excreted
How does it affect the color of the stool
How does it affect the color of urine |
|
Definition
Bile digests fat
It is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder
it is excreted into the duodenum
It gives stool its brown yellow color
It gives urine a yellow color |
|
|
Term
| what is iron, why is it important? what are its sources |
|
Definition
protien in muscles that provides o2 to cells
found in animal meat, poultry,fish
necessary for RBC production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the amount of nitrogen going in is the same as going out. In a nitrogen positive, you are building muscle,ect, such as in pregnancy or growth. In nitrogen negative, you are depleting, breaking down |
|
|
Term
Define anabolism
define catabolism |
|
Definition
anabolism- building up
catabolism- building down |
|
|
Term
steatorreah
melena
occult or guiac
hematochezia |
|
Definition
fatty stool
black tarry stool
test for blood in stool
bright red stool- lower GI bleed |
|
|
Term
Lab values for
HDL
LDL
Triglyderides
HGB
HCT(ratio with HGB)
RBC
ALbumin |
|
Definition
greater than 40mg/dl
less than 100 mg/dl
40-150mg/100
male- 14-17g/dl female 12-15
3:1 male 40-54 fem- 37-47
males- 4.6-6.2 fmale-4.2-5.9
4.0-5.5 |
|
|
Term
| How is albumin different from prealbumin |
|
Definition
| Pre albuman is more specific as to curren status of protein level |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiologic and pharmacologic effects of low protein |
|
Definition
physiologic- muscle wasting, kwasikor, ascites slow wound healing
pharmacologic protein binds drugs- drugs will act differently if protein is low. |
|
|
Term
| Which labs are falsely elevated in dehydration or fluid volum deficit |
|
Definition
| BUN, serum albumin, serum protein, HGB and HCT, |
|
|
Term
| Where does creatinine come from, what can increase serum creatinine, what is a normal serum creatinine, what organ function is specifically associated with elevated creatinine |
|
Definition
skeletal muscle, exercise, high protein diet, renal failure, normal serum creatinine,is 0.5-1.1 fmale, 0.6-1.2 male
kidney function |
|
|
Term
What is the BUN ratio to creatiniine
What is a normal bun
what does a bun reflect
what can cause a false high bun |
|
Definition
20-1
8-25mg
blood urea nitrogen level
dehydration because it concentrates the nitrogen as a solute if there is less water, making it appear as though there were elevated nitrogen, when actually it is just less plasma fluid |
|
|
Term
what electrolyte imbalances are common in renal failure
what is the diet plan for chronic renal failure without dialysis
what is the diet plan for chronic renal failure with dialysis |
|
Definition
Sodium, potassium, phosphate, calcium
low protien less than 0.8 grams
increased protein more than 0.8 grams |
|
|
Term
What is the special diet for hepatitis
Cirrhosis or liver failure
prevention of cancer
prevention of heart disease/htn/stroke or CVA |
|
Definition
high clorie, high protein, moderate fat
protein restricted, simple carbs
low fat, fruits, veggies, esp cruciferous, antioxidants
veggies, grain, lowfat, low sodium |
|
|
Term
Number of carbs in
milk
fuits
veggies,
meat,
grains,
bread
eggs |
|
Definition
milk- 12
fruits- 15
veggies- 5
meat-0
grains-15
bread-15
eggs-0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bananas, rice, applesauce, toast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickened liquids, soft food- applesauce, pudding, etc |
|
|
Term
| Clear liquid vs full liquid |
|
Definition
clear- water, sprite, fruitjuices that are clear, broth, coffee, tea
liquid- other juices, soup, milk, |
|
|
Term
define
nutrition density
TIBC
Ferritin
transferrin |
|
Definition
nutritional density- the concentration of nutrients in a given volume of food compared with the foods kilocalorie content
ferritin-the form in which iron is stored in the tissues, namely the liver, spleen, and bone marrow cells
transferrin-protein in the blood that binds and transports iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone that increases food intake
hormone in the cells in the intestine stops food intake
hormone that prevents obesity- satiety signal |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain controls hunger and satiety, and thirst |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the body's regulators of water |
|
Definition
renin- kidneys excrete to hold in water
aldosterone- sodium saver hormone |
|
|
Term
What amount of water is in the cells
what is the average intake/out take of water in a day
what is the average urinary output in a day
WHat is average insensible fluid loss in a day
A decrease of what percent of body's water will trigger thi |
|
Definition
about 2/3
2500 ml
1500ml
1000 ml
1-2 percent
elderly
weighing- gain or loss of 5 pounds in a week is fluid loss |
|
|
Term
what is the most reliable method of assessing edema
If patient is bedridden
if patient is lying supine
How much fluid can be retained in patient before edema is present
One liter of fluid represents ? pounds
Preorbital edema may be an i |
|
Definition
scale 1,2,3 , finger palpatation of lower extremeties daily weighing
check sacrum
sacrum
5-10 lbs
1
renal
it acts as a sponge to suck it out- if the edema subsides, then the effectiveness of administering albumin is positive |
|
|
Term
| What is diaphorosis? What is the expected loss in one episode Are electrolytes lost |
|
Definition
| excessive sweating, 1 litre yes |
|
|
Term
How do you determine if a solution is isotonic
hypotonic
hypertonic |
|
Definition
275-295
less than 240
over 340 |
|
|
Term
| When are crystalloid solutions given |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crystalloid iv solution contains electrolytes similar to those in serum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of each type of crystalloid solution in serum |
|
Definition
NaCl0.9- Na may sit in blood act as hypertonic and pull water into plasma-raise blood pressure
D5W sugar gets metabolized and acts as hypotonic- pulls fluid into cells - hydrates patient
LR- as close to plasma as any solution- has all electrolytes and sugar, very comperable to blood- isotonic |
|
|
Term
Colloid fluids- define
When are they indicated
which one contains clotting factors
what are the risks of receiving colloid fluids
WHow would you evaluate effectivess of colloids |
|
Definition
Colloid fluids- do not pass through membrane
Indicated when you have edema or low albumin or hemmoraging
Plasma contains clotting factors
Blood pressure rises, pulse is bounding |
|
|
Term
What fluid would be appropriate in interstitial dehydration
What fluids would contribute to circulating overload |
|
Definition
D5W
Colloids- hypertonic solutions |
|
|
Term
what is hemolysis
what is crenation
what is osmosis
What is hydrostatic pressure
what is diffusion |
|
Definition
Hemolysis is blowing up of blood cells It occurs when you have hypotonic solutions
Crenation is the shrinking of cells It happens when you have hypertonic solutions
Movement of solute and solvent fromo greater to lower pressure
movement of molecules from greater to lesser concentration
Osmosis is the movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration to one of greater concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The difference in pressure between the plasma colloid pressure and the tissue pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is anasarca and what is a possible nursing diagnosis |
|
Definition
Total body edema
Excess fluid volume related to body fluid overload secondary to heart renal or liver dysfunction |
|
|
Term
What is water intoxication
What causes water intoxication
What are its signs and symptoms
How do you treat it |
|
Definition
too much interstitial fluid- excess water volume
excess nonsolute water intake
solute deficit
increased production of ADH
kidney dysfunction
head ache, irritability, confusion, increase in blood pressure, pulse rate decreases, respiration increase,
Offer fluids that have solutes in postop monitor fluid replacement- report if they are receiving ONLY d5w withouth any solutes such as sodium chloride, monitor vitals, protect client from injury during confusion, monitor urine output, |
|
|
Term
What are signs and symptons of elevated ECF?
What interventions would you provide |
|
Definition
non productive cough, dyspena, neck vein engorgement, hand vein engorgement, crackles, bounding pulse, cynosis, puffy eyelids, pallor, weigh game, decreased protien serum, albumin, BUN hgb and hct
Interventions- monitor vitals, monitor weight, monitor diet observe for resence or decline of edema, monitor urine output, adminiter diureticas as ordered, |
|
|
Term
| what are signs and symptons of ECF deficit |
|
Definition
| thirst, dry mucous membranes, dryness and wrinkling of skin- poor turgor, low grade temp, tachycardia, elevated respiration, decreased urine output, decreased blood pressure, behavioral changes |
|
|
Term
| How does How does ECR volume effect lab results as BUN Na HcT, Albumin |
|
Definition
| can cause false high or false low- excess can show false low, deficit can show false high |
|
|
Term
what is hemoglobin What is hematocrit
What is the expected ratio of HCT to HGB
If ratio is less than expected what is the cause |
|
Definition
Hemoglobiin- oxygen carrying protein
Hematocrit- RBC count
3:1 is ratio of HCT to HGB
dehydration |
|
|
Term
What is ADH
What is it called when ADH is secreted and the effects of ADH are not needed |
|
Definition
Anti diuretic hormone
SIADH |
|
|
Term
When alsosterone is secreted what cation is retained
What cation is lost in compensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal urinary output What is oliguria what is anuria |
|
Definition
Normal urinary output- 1500ml a day
Oliguria- decreased urine- less than 30 ml per hour
ANuria is no urine |
|
|
Term
What is the function of postassium
What is its normal range
What is it relationship with kidneys, in renal failur, with sodium retention |
|
Definition
keeps muscles calm, maintains f and e balance
normal rane is 3.5 to 5.0
kidneys kick out potassium in renal failure they can't if Na is up, K is down |
|
|
Term
ECG changes in hypokalemia-
ECG changesin hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
u waives, tachycardic
tall t waves |
|
|
Term
| What two cations may be low with hypokalemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bananas apricots, raisins, seeds, nuts, beans, fish, baked potato |
|
|
Term
What are the functions of calcium
what are the normal values of serum calcium
levels are regulated by what glands
PTH causes calcium to _______ in the serum (raise, lower)
Calcitonin causes calcium to ________ in the serum |
|
Definition
Strength and hardness of bone tissue
nerve and muscle action (inotrophy of the heart muscle)
clotting
cell metabolism
Normal value is 9-11 mg/dl
Raise
lower |
|
|
Term
Approximately ---------% of calcium is int he bones and teeth
About 1/2 of serum calcium is bound to plasma proteins, can this calcium work |
|
Definition
99
no- must be free or ionized to cause cellular responses |
|
|
Term
| Does serum calcium reflect status of calcium in the bone Explain |
|
Definition
| no- because serum will always get the calcium it needs, even it it pulls it from the bones. |
|
|
Term
s/s for hypercalcemia
s/s for hypocalcemia |
|
Definition
mental changes- changes in LOC, constipation, weakness, lethergy
tetany, irregular heart beat, positive checkovs--sign, positive trouseaus sign |
|
|
Term
Define osteoblast
define osteoclast |
|
Definition
osteoblast- bone building cell
osteoclast- cells that break down bone |
|
|
Term
functions of magnesium
Underwhat circumstances would you put a patient into hypermagnesmia
Why |
|
Definition
muscle calmer, powers Na-K pump relaxes lung muscles, role in blood clotting, binds calcium to tooth enamal
pregnant woman with toxemia
to lower blood pressure |
|
|
Term
s/s of hypermnagnesmia
Expected reflexes in hypermagnesmia
what two specific symptoms would you monitor in a patient with hypermagnesmia
Low magnesuium is often accompanied by what other electrolytes with decreased levels? |
|
Definition
flush, lowered bp weakness, decreased LOC
slower
BP and LOC
potassium, calcium, and phopherous |
|
|
Term
Signs and symptoms of FVD or dehydration
What can cause it |
|
Definition
headache, dry mucuous, poor urine output, lowered bp, poor turgor, pallor
insufficient water intake, vomiting, diahrreah, removal of gastric fluids, burns, hemmoraging |
|
|
Term
| What causes FVE what are S/s |
|
Definition
congestive heart failure, renal failure, regulation mechanism failure, increased sodium,
Crackles, cough, increased BP, SOB, headache, edema, |
|
|
Term
What is Chvosteks sign when is it present
What is Trousseaus sign when is it present |
|
Definition
Twitch in cheek when brushed present in hypocalcemia
hands claw when BP cuff inflated- hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
| What is 3rd space shifting, can the fluid be used by the body? How is it monitored How is it treated |
|
Definition
Fluied to spaces where there is not normally fluid
Cannot be used
Pulled out by syringe or tube
Monitored by measuring girth |
|
|
Term
Explain how lowered Na = increased ICF
Explain how explain how increased Na means lower ICF |
|
Definition
water goes out of the plasma into the ICF
water comes out of the ICF into the plasma with the sodium |
|
|
Term
| When carbohydrates are not available, what is the by product of fat metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most specific test for renal failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What conditions could lead to nutrients being poorly absorbed |
|
Definition
| Chrons disease, Cystic fibrosis, ileostomy, gastric bypass |
|
|
Term
What is TPN
What are some nursing interventions |
|
Definition
total parenteral nutrition
monitor vitals, Height and weight, CBC, assess ment of intake/out put |
|
|
Term
| What are nursing interventions when a person has an NG feeding tube |
|
Definition
| Assess placement, flushing with water, monitoring I/O keeping head of bed raised checking for bowel sounds, oral care, administering feeds as needed, reporting how patient tolerated feed, monitoring for signs of nausea |
|
|
Term
| What is glomerular filtration rate (GPR) |
|
Definition
| The amount of fluid filtered each minute b y all the glomeruli of both kidneys. Usually 125ml |
|
|
