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NPTE- Ligaments and capsules
detailed ID of location, function, positions when tight/loose; impact on stability
95
Anatomy
Graduate
08/28/2011

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Cards

Term
Glenohumeral Joint Capsule attachments
Definition

Medial attachment: glenoid margin, glenoid labrum, and coracoid process

Lateral attachment: Humeral anatomical neck and descends 1 cm on humeral shaft

Term
What structures support the glenohumeral capsule?
Definition
Tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and Long head of triceps (below)
Term
Where is the glenohumeral capsule most lax?
Definition
inferiorly
Term
Coracohumeral ligament
Definition

coracoid process to greater and lesser tubercles of humerus

Primary Fxn: reinforce biceps tendon, reinforce superior JC, prevents caudal dislocation of humerus

Taut: ER

Term
Coracoacromial Ligament
Definition

Strong triangular ligament; coracoid to acromion

not a true ligament

Term
Superior Glenohumeral ligament
Definition

Glenoid labrum (near long head of biceps) --> lesser tubercle

Reinforce anterior glenohumeral joint

act as static restraints to excessive anterior translation

 

Term
Middle glenohumeral ligament 
Definition

Glenoid labrum (by SGHL) to lesser tubercle

reinforces anterior GH capsule

act as static restraints to excessive anterior translation

Term
inferior glenohumeral ligament
Definition

glenoid labrum to humeral head

reinforces anterior GH capsule

act as static restraints to excessive anterior translation

Term
transverse humeral ligament
Definition

covers the bicipital groove

acts as a retinaculum for long head of biceps tendon

Term
Coracoclavicular ligament
Definition

1. Stabilizes the AC joint

2. prevents upward displacement of the humeral head and seperation of scapula from clavicle

3. Covers supraspinatus muscle

4. can be involved with impingement

5. composed of trapeziod and conoid ligaments

Term
Acromioclavicular ligament
Definition
covers superior aspect of AC
Term
Elbow JC
Definition

1. encloses the entire elbow joint complex

2. thin both anteriorly and posteriorly

3. continuous medially w/ UCL

4. continuous laterally with RCL

Term
Ulnar collateral ligament
Definition

1. stabilizes humeroulnar joint (medially)

2. triangle shapped with 3 parts

 

Term
Radial collateral ligament
Definition

1. supports the humeroradial joint laterally

2. fan shapped

3. stronger than the ulnar collateral ligament

Term
Annular Ligament
Definition

1. osteofibrous ring that surrounds the head of the humerus

2. inner surface lined w/ fibrocartilage

3. taut in extremes of pronation and supination

4. protects radial head, exp in semiflexed position where it is very unstable

Term
interosseus membrane
Definition
stabilizes the elbow during pushing movements
Term
oblique cord
Definition
resists distal displacement of the radius during pulling movements
Term
Quadrate ligament
Definition

1. extends from radial notch of ulna to neck of radius

2. reinforces inferior JC, maintains radial head in opposition to ulna, and limites amt of spin in supination and pronation

Term
Anterior and posterior radioulnar ligaments
Definition

1. support the distal radioulnar joint

2. strengthen the joint capsule

Term
Radial collateral ligament
Definition

1. Stabilizes the radiocarpal joint medially

2. Limits ulnar deviation

Term
Collateral ligaments of the hand
Definition

1. support the MCP joints

2. becomes tight in flexion (volar fibers become taut with extension)

3. run from lateral condyle to distal phalanx and lateral volar plate

** NOTE: IP collateral ligaments DO NOT become taut during flexion

Term
Ulnar collateral ligament
Definition
Limits radial deviation
Term
Palmar ulnocarpal ligament
Definition
limits extension and supination
Term
Palmar radiocarpal ligament
Definition
limits extension and supination
Term
Dorsal radiocarpal ligament
Definition
limits flexion, pronation and possible radial deviation
Term
Radiate ligament:
Definition
Stabilizes hand for any impact rhgouth knuckles
Term
Accessory ligament of the fingers
Definition
Runs from condylar head to volar plate
Term
Transverse ligament of the fingers
Definition

1. @ MCP joints

2. provides stability linking MCP joints and providing reinforcement to anterior capsule

Term
Extensor Hoods
Definition

1. Fibrous mechanism on the dorsum of each finger

2. fibrous expansion of the extensor digitorum tendon

3. assits with extension of the PIP and DIP joints

Term
Finger Capsules
Definition

1. MCP, PIP, and DIP joitns all have fibrous capsules

2. strong bu lax and supported by ligaments

Term
Wrist capsule
Definition

1. radiocarpal joint shares fibrous capsule w/ midcarpal joint

2. thicker palmarly and dorsally

3. radiocarpal joint typically has its own synovial membrane

Term
Volar plate
Definition

1. on the palmar aspect of the MCP, PIP and DIP joints

2. thickening of the joint capsules

3. Increases articular surface during extension and protects the joint volarly

4. is more mobile @ MCP than IPs

Term
Labrum of the hip
Definition

1. triangular shaped made up of fibrocartilaginous ring

2. thickest superiorly

3. attaches to bony rim of acetabulum, bridging the acetabular notch

4. deepens the acetabulum

5. inner surface lined with articular cartilage and outer surface conencts to JC

Term
iliofemoral ligament (Y Ligament)
Definition

1. 2 bands starting at ASIS

-->medial goes to distal intertrochanteric line

-->Lateral goes to proximal intertrochanteric line

2. very strong ligament

3. resists extension and external rotation

4. lateral band is taut with abduction

Term
Ischiofemoral ligament
Definition

1. runs from ischium and posterior acetabulum superiorly and laterally

2. blends with zona artiularis and attaches to greater trochanter

3. taut with extension, IR and abduction

Term
Pubofemoral ligament
Definition

1. from iliopectineal eminence, superior rami of pubis, obturator crest, and octurator membrane laterally blending with capsule

2. inserts into distal intertrochanteric line (like med. part of iliofemoral lig)

3. taut with abduction, extension, and ER

Term
Zona orbicularis
Definition

1. Runs in a circular pattern around the femoral neck

2. no bony attachments

3. helps hold head of femur in acetabulum

Term
Inguinal ligament
Definition

1. 12-14 cm long

2. medial ASIS to pubic tubercle

3. forms tunnel for mms, arteries, veins, and nerves

Term
JC of the knee
Definition

1. surrounds the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus

2. provides stability by blending with the MCL and LCL

3. Inner wall covered by a synovium

4. cylinder shaped w/ posterior invagination

5. posteriorly divides cavity into medial and lateral halves

6. anteriorly has a window cut out for patella

Term
MCL
Definition

1. medial aspect of medial femoral condyle to upper end of tibia

2. posterior fibers blend with capsule (and medial mensicus??)

3. Taut in extension and slack in flexion

4. prevents ER

5. provides stability against valgus F (esp. b/t full extension and 30 degrees of flexion)

6. runs in same direction as ACL

Term
LCL
Definition

1. lateral femoral condyle to head of fibula

2. no capsular attachment

3. runs obliquely inferiorly and posteriorly, like PCL

4. taut in extension, lax in flexion

5. prevents ER

6. provides stability against varus F (exp. b/t extension and 30 degrees flexion)

Term
ACL
Definition

1. anterior (medial aspect) intercondylar fossa of tibia to medial aspect of lateral femoral condyle

2. runs oblique superiorly and laterally

3. extracapsular (but more correctly a thickening of the capsule)

4. checks forward gliding of tibia on femur

5. limits IR of tibia during flexion as it twists around the PCL

6. remains taut throughout knee AROM

Term
PCL
Definition

1. posterior (lateral) intercondylar fossa to lateral surface of medial condyle

2. runs oblique medially and anteriorly-superiorly

3. chects posterior displacement of tibia on femur

4. tuat throughout knee AROM

Term
Meniscofemoral ligament
Definition

1. runs with PCL

2. attaches below posterior horn of lateral meniscus

3. inserts into lateral aspect of medial condyle (like PCL)

Term
Oblique popliteal ligament
Definition

1. inserts into expansion from semimembranosus tendon

2. partially blends with JC

3. forms floor of popliteal fossa

4. in contact w/ popliteal anterior A

5. strengthens posterior medial JC

Term
Arcurate popliteal ligament
Definition

1. y-shaped; commonly described as having 2 bands

2. stem attaches to fibular head

-->medial band attaches to posterior border of intercondylar tibial area

-->lateral band extends to lateral epicondyle of femur

3. strengthens posterolateral JC

Term
Transverse ligament (knee)
Definition
connects medial and lateral menisci anteriorly
Term
meniscopatellar ligament
Definition

1. inferolateral patellar edges to lateral border of each menisci

2. pulls menisci forward with extension

Term
Anterior (proximal) tibiofibular ligament
Definition

1. @ anterior aspect of the joint

2. reinforces JC anteriorly

Term
posterior (proximal) tibiofibular ligament
Definition

1. located @ posterior aspect of the joint

2. reinforces JC posteriorly

Term
Medial Meniscus
Definition

1. Large and C-shaped, fairly stable

2. firmly attached to MCL and fibrous capsule laterally

3. semimembranosus mm and medial meniscopatellar ligament also attach to it

Term
Lateral meniscus
Definition

1. smaller than medial meniscus

2. more circular shaped

3. attachments: popliteus mm, lateral meniscopatellar ligament, and meniscofemoral ligament

4. seperated from LCL by lateral JC and popliteus mm tendon

Term
Functions of mensici (6)
Definition

1. Deepen tibial fossa

2. increase congruency of tibiofemoral joint

3. provides stability to tibitfemoral joint

4. provides shock absorption and lubrication to knee

5. reduces friection during movement

6. improves weight distribution

Term
Tendon support for patellofemoral joint
Definition

1. quadricep tendon attaches to patella superiorly

2. becomes the patellar tendon-->attaches to the tibial tubercle

3. vastus medialis and vastus lateralis mm tendons form medial and lateral retinaculum

4. IT band attaches to lateral patellar border

Term
interphalangeal joints of foot
Definition

1. Uniaxial synovial hinge joints

2. Concave distal phalnge on convex proximal phalange

3. Movements: Flexion and Extension

Term
intermetatarsal joints of the feet
Definition
plane synovial joints
Term
Talocrural JC
Definition

1. fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane

2. strengthened by collateral, anterior, and posterior ligaments

3. thin anteriorly and posteriorly

4. thickened laterally

Term
Subtalar JC
Definition

1. posterior articulation has own capsule with synovial membrane

2. anterior articulation has capsule w/ synovial membrane that includes the talonavicular joint

Term
talonavicular JC
Definition

1. Fibrous capsule w/ synovial lining

2. shared with anterior subtalar joint

Term
Calcaneocuboid JC
Definition

1. (I) fibrous capsule with synovial membrane

2. (I) from other tarsal articulations

Term
TMT JCs
Definition

1. 1st MT with medial cunieform

2. 2nd and 3rd cunieform JC continuous with intercuneiform and cuneonavicular joint cavity

3. 3rd cuneiform and 4th MT base JC encloses 4th MT with cuboid and 3rd cuneiform

Term
Cuneonavicular JC
Definition
1. continuous with JCs of intercuneiform and cuneocuboid joints (as well as its synovial cavity)
Term
MTP JC
Definition
fibrous JC for each articulation
Term
DIP/PIP JCs of the foot
Definition
fibrous capsule present for each articulation
Term
MCL of foot
Definition

1. supports the talocrural joint medially

2. made up of anterior talotibial ligament, posterior talotibial ligament, and deltoid ligament

Term
LCL of foot
Definition

1. supports talocrural joint laterally

2. made up of anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, and posterior talofibular ligament

Term
Interosseus talocalcaneal ligament
Definition
2 fibrous bands taut with eversion
Term
Plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis)
Definition

1. Broad, dense band of longitudinally arranged collagen fibers

2. medial calcaneus to phalanges

3. fascia tightens with DF of MTP joints as occurs with push-off (windlass effect)

4. tightening of fascia causes supination of calcaneus and inversion of subtalar joing creating rigid lever for push-off

Term
Longitudinal arch of foot
Definition

1. runs from calcaneus to MT heads

2. long plantar ligament supports lateral longitudinal arch

Term
Medial Arch of foot
Definition

1. dynamically stabilized by action of fibularis longus, posterior tibialis, and intrinsic mms

2. statically supported by plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

Term
calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)
Definition
supports the medial arch of the foot
Term
transverse arch
Definition

1. formed by cuneiform and cuboid bones

2. supported by MT heads

3. acts as a musculoligamentous complex preventing MT heads from spreading out

Term
intervertebral discs
Definition

1. inner gelatinous center (nucleus pulposus): mainly water, maintained in central position by annular rings firmly attached superior and inferiorly to adjacent v. bodies

2. outer structure made of layers of concentric fibers (anulus fibrosis)

3. disc is flexible and similar to shock absorber that serves to dissipate compressive loads

Term
Annulus fibrosis
Definition

1. concentric layers/lamallae composed of collage (type II) and fibrocartilage

2. 65% water

3. outer 1/3 innervated by branches from sinovertebral nerve

4. Function: sustain compressive, torsional, shearing, and distraction loads

Term
Nucleus pulposis
Definition

1gel with imbibing capabilities composed of water and proteoglycans with minimal amt of collagen

2. 70-90% water

3. avascual and aneural

4. makes up 10-33% of v. column height

5. Functions: sustain compressive, torsional, shearing, and distraction loads

Term
Vertebral endplate
Definition

1. structure continuous with annulus fibrosis and nuculous pulposis

2. sits inside ring of apophysis of vertebral body

3. composed of proteogylcans, collagen, and water as well as both fibrocartilage (side closest to disc) and hyaline cartilage (side closest to v.body)

4. provides passive diffusion of nutrients

Term
Facet JCs
Definition

1. assist ligaments in providing limitation of motion and stability in spine

2. strongest in thoracolumbar and cervicothoracic regions

Term
Sacroiliac JC
Definition

1. synovial capsule

2. very prominent anteriorly

3. posteriorly it is lost w/in posterior interosseus ligament

Term
Thoracolumbar fascia
Definition

1. provides stability of the vertebral column when a F is applied

2. acts as a corset when tension is created by contraction of the abs, gluts, and lumbar mms

Term
supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
Definition
1. lie b/t spinous processes
Term
Ligamentum flava
Definition
connects laminae of adjacent vertebral arches
Term
posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition

1. along posterior aspect of v. bodies within the v. canal

2. narrower and weaker than the ALL

3. prevents hyperflexion and posterior protrusion of the nucleus pulposus

Term
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition

1. covers/connects anterior aspects of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

2. broad-band

3. prevents hyperextension and supports the intervertebral disc

Term
iliolumbar ligaments
Definition

1. superior band: L4 TP to iliac crest

2. inferior band: L5 TP to iliac crest, ant surface of SIJ and lateral sacral ala

3. provide structural support to lower L-spine

4. connect sacrum and ilium to L-spine

Term
Alar ligament
Definition

1. Connects the sides of the dens to the occiput

2. check side to side  movements when the head is turned

Term
tectorial membrane
Definition

1. covers the dens and its ligaments

2. is a continuation of the PLL

Term
Articular Disc of TMJ
Definition

1. dense fibrous conn tissue

2. avascular and aneural

3. divides the joint cavity into sup and inf compartments

4. more firmly attached to the mandible than the temporal bone

 5. biconcave shape creating "self seating" effect: prevents anterior displacement of the disc to the condyle

Term
TMJ JC
Definition

1. thin fibrous capsule attached to margins of the articular area on temporal bone and around neck of mandible

2. articular mechano-Rs that provide kinesthetic and perceptional awareness of the mandible are in the JC

3. highly vascular synovial fluid membrane supplies nutrients to nonvascularized tissues in the capsule

Term
temporomandibular ligament
Definition
1. allows for up to 20-25 mm mandibular opening to occur before it becomes tight (afterwards the condyle translates ant. to allow further opening)
Term
Discal ligaments
Definition
restrict sagittal movement at TMJ
Term
Bilaminar zone
Definition

1. composed of superior and inferior lamina

2. retrodiscal pad b/t two lamina

3. Superior lamina: fibroelastic tissue with a high elastin content; counteracts forward pull of superior lateral pterygoid mm on articular disc

4. interior lamina: mainly collagenous fibers w/ little elasic tissue

Term
Retrodiscal Pad
Definition

1. seperates the bilaminar zone of the TMJ

2. loose neurovascular connective tissue

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