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| Continental Army officers met in Newburgh, NY to address Congress about their pay. Considered staging a coup and seizing control of government but George Washington refused. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| delegated most powers to individual states; left power to federal government of wars, foreign policy, and issuing money. Its weakness couldn't unite the country. Major success was Northwest Ordinance. |
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| document which established present federal government and outlined its powers. can be changed through amendments. |
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| "We the people of the United States..." |
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| branch in government that makes laws. two parts are House of Representatives and the Senate. |
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| practice of representatives/senators exchanging votes for each others' pet bills. |
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| seperate, unrelated causes added to a bill in legislature either to ensure that it passes or fails. |
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| minimum number of members of Congress who must be present in order to hold a sessioin. |
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| part of committee system. member of Congress in a committee moves up in rank in that committee as long as he's reelected. |
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| after a bill is introduced in Congress, it's assigned to a small group of legislatures for reiew/consideration, and committee must vote to approve bill before it's returned to Senate or House of Reps for a vote. |
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| by majority party of Congress, the person elected to be leader of majority party in Congress |
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| person who tells members of majority party how they shold vote. |
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| minority party of Congress electing a person to be leader of the minority party in Congress. |
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| person who tells members of minority party in Congress how they should vote. |
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| practice of drawing boundary lines of Congressional voting districts to give particular political party an advantage when electing representatives. |
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| bill to become a law: bill introduced to committee and be approved, voted on by House of Reps and then Senate, and finally signed by the president. |
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| part of Congress; "lower house." number of representatives depend on the population of the state. |
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| part of Congress; considered "upper house." Each state has two senators. |
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| branch of government enforcing laws. headed by president, who has power to veto legislation passed by Congress. |
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| branch of government who interprets laws. highest authority is the Supreme Court, which determines constitutionality of laws. |
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| no state is allowed to form compact with another state/foreign power without consent of Congress. |
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| _________ to Constition may be proposed if 2/3 of members of Congress or 2/3 state legislatures vote for it. the __________ may then be added to Constitution by 3/4 vote of state legislature, or special state conventions elected for that purpose. |
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| Article 6 of constitution declaring all federal laws to be "supreme law of the land" which override any state laws. |
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| Constitution had to be approved by at least 9 our of the 13 original states in order to be put into effect. |
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| each of 3 government branches block the power of the other 2 so no branch can become too powerful. |
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| powers of government are divided between 3 branches |
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| state who refused to ratify it until all states gave their western land claims. state held out, claims were abandoned. |
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| BEFORE: more power to each individual state. AFTER: the power is more equally balanced out. |
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| Pennsylvania militia routs Congress, 1783 |
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| unpaid war veterans staged protest outside Congress, forcing Congress to move to Princeton, NJ. |
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| British fur-trading posts in Northwest territory. Presence later caused US/British conflict. |
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| major success of Articles of Confederation. provided for orderly surveying/distribution of land belonging to US |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| major success of Articles of Confederation. said Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as minimum population for a state. |
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| Proposed Jay-Gardoqui Treaty of 1785 |
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| treaty between US and Spain would've given US special privelages at Spanish ports in exchange for exclusive Spanish rights to Mississippi River. treaty was never signed. |
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| during Articles. poor landowners in Massachusetts rebelled. federal government wasn't strong enough to help Boston, which is a sign the Articles of Confederation weren't working. |
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| precursor to Constitutional Convention. little was accomplished except the realization that changes were needed to be made. |
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| caused by post-war decrease in production/increase in unemployment, and also caused by tough interstate commerce rules which decreased trade |
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| wrote first dictionaries and promoted American spelling instead of British |
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| convention that lasted 16 weeks and produced present Constitution of the US, drafted largely by James Madison |
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| Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws |
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| man who believed that government's power should be devided into seperate branches, govt should be close to the people, and laws should reflect the will of the people. |
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| 2nd treatise of government. wrote all humans have right to life, liberty and property and government exists to protect those rights. |
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| philosopher who believed people are motivated mainly by fear and greed. |
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| "father of the constitution." created the Virginia Plan and wrote most of Constitution. |
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VA plan vs NJ plan.
compromised by creating House and Senate, and using both for method of electing members of each. |
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| the plan for the Great Compromise |
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| slaves deemed as 3/5 of a person in the South |
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| south's slave trade guaranteed for 20 years after ratification of Constitution, and slaves were considered 3/5 of population |
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| Charles Austin Beard wrote that Constitution was to protect the economic interests of its writers |
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| The Critical Period of American History. HE called intro of Confederation the "critical period" because it saved nation from certain disaster under Articles of Confederation |
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| opposed ratification of Constitution. they were for the strong individual power at state-level. wanted to keep Articles of Confederation. |
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