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Neurology: ANS
Neurology: ANS
62
Anatomy
Graduate
11/19/2011

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Term
most organs have dual innervation of SNS and PNS. Exceptions that are only innervated by the SNS include:
Definition
KAPS
- kidney
- adrenal medulla
- piloerector muscles
- sweat glands
Term
The ANS has ganglia __ the CNS that work in reflexes.
Definition
outside
Term
Afferenent neurons :
Definition
transmit it info away from periphery and to the brain
Term
Efferent nerves go to the __.
Definition
periphery
Term
Somatic nerves release __ on __ receptors.
Definition
acetylcholine
muscarinic
Term
The SNS has __ preganglionic nerves with ganglia close to the __ __. __ is released onto a ___post ganglionic nerve which releases __ to the target organ.
Definition
- short preganglionic nerves
- spinal cord
- acetylcholine
- long post ganglionic nerve
- norepinephrine

SNS> short preganglionic nerve> acetylcholine> long postganglionic nerve> NE> target tissue
Term
The PNS has a __ preganglionic nerve b/c the ganglion is close to the target organ. ___ is released onto the __ postganglionic nerve that relesases __ to the target cell.
Definition
- long preganglionic nerve
- target organ
- short postganglionic
- acetylcholine
Term
ALL SOMATIC NERVES RELEASE ACEYTL CHOLINE AND ALWAYS HAS EXCITATORY EFFECT
Definition
Term
ANS preganglionic nerves all release __.
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
ANS postganglionic nerve fibers release __ or __.
Definition
acetylcholine or norepinephrine
Term
Origin of the PNS :
Definition
- craniosacral (cranial nerves, especially vagus)
- CN III, VII, IX, and X
Term
Origin of the SNS:
Definition
thoracolumbar
Term
The PNS has __ __preganglionic fibers and ganglia are near __ __.
Definition
long myelinated
target organs
Term
The SNS has __ preganglionic fibers b/c ganglia are near the __ __.
Definition
short
spinal cord
Term
Ratio of preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers for PNS:
Definition
1:1
Term
Ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic fibers for SNS:
Definition
1:many
Term
When the PNS is active (rest and digest), blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are __, while GI activity is __.
Definition
- low
- high
Term
What will pupils and skin be like with PNS activated?
Definition
- pupils constricted (dont need to see far when sitting on couch)
- warm skin
Term
What happens to skin and eyes when SNS activated?
Definition
- eyes dilate (need lots of light and see far if running from dinosaur)
- skin cold and sweaty (nervous)
Term
SNS has __ discharge.
Definition
diffuse
Term
The SNS outflows from T_ to L__.
Definition
T1 to L2-3

Synapse with neurons lying in sympathetic ganglia
Paravertebral sympathetic ganglia (22 pairs)
Prevertebral ganglia in abdomen and pelvis – celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, and inferior mesenteric
Terminal ganglia – near end organs – urinary bladder, rectum, cervical ganglia
Adrenal gland
Term
sympathetic neurons produce the __ horns of the spinal cord.
Definition
lateral
Term
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers pass through the __ rami and synpase in the __ __ __.
Definition
- white
- paravertebral chain ganglia
Term
Fibers from __ to __ form the splanchic nerves and synpase with __ ganglia.
Definition
- T5-L2 form the splanchic nerves
- synpase with collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia)
Term
4 ganglia locations the SNS communicates with:
Definition
- Paravertebral Sympathetic Ganglia aka Sympathetic chain
- Prevertebral Ganglia aka Collateral
- Terminal Ganglia
- Adrenal Gland
Term
The Paravertebral Ganglia aka the __ __ is superior, inferior, middle, and cervical (whatever that means?). There are 22 pairs.
Definition
sympathetic chain
Term
The prevertebral ganglia aka __ __ communicates wiht the __ and __ to the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.
Definition
- collateral ganglia
- abdomen and pelvis
Term
Sympathetic discharge more difusse b/c:
Can act all up and down sympathetic chain
And can cuase release of NE and epi from adrenal medulla
Also it talkes longer to degrade NE/epi
Definition
Term
SNS: A preganglionic fiber arise in intermediolateral cell column of thoracolumbar spinal cord
Preganglionic fiber follows one of three pathways upon entering the paravertebral ganglia (refer to previous slide)
Synapse with the ganglionic neuron within the same ganglion (1)
Ascend or descend the sympathetic chain to synapse in another chain ganglion (2)
Pass through the chain ganglion and emerge without synapsing (3)
Synapses with a postganglionic in a paravertebral or prevertebral ganglion
Definition
Term
Fibers of the ___ ___ nerve pass directly into the adrenal medulla.
Definition
thoracic splanchic nerve
Term
Usually the PNS and SNS oppose each other. Exceptions include:
Definition
- Salivary and sweat glands- both cause secretions
- Ciliary muscle- both cause contraction
- Male sexual response (P-erection, S- ejaculation)
Term
When both the PNS and SNS are maximally activated, the __ effects are predominant.
Definition
PNS
Term
The enteric nervous system controls __ __.
Definition
GI activity
Term
Visceral reflexes: a stimulus is taken in via the __ __ ganglion and processed in the integration center, maybe a __ neuron. Then via the __ root ganglion via the postganglionic axon a response is made.
Definition
- dorsal root ganglion
- preganglionic neuron
- ventral root ganglion
Term
Acetylcholine is released in all __ synapses onto __ receptors.
Definition
- preganglionic synpases
- nictonic receptors
Term
PNS preganglionic receptors are __ receptors, and postganglionic receptors are __ receptors.
Definition
- nicotinic
- muscarinic
Term
The SNS releases __ in the postganglionic synpase onto a __ receptor for sweat glands> eccrine watery sweat. ( this is an exception for the SNS).
Definition
- acetylcholine
- muscarinic
Term
Atropine blocks muscarinic receptors but does not affect acetyl choline binding to musculoskeleteal b/c muscles have nicotenic receptors not muscarinic.
Definition
Term
Smooth muscles have ___ junction.
Definition
neuroeffector
Term
Remember both the SNS and PNS can each be excitatory/inhibitory depending on what organ they are working on.
Definition
Term
alpha 1 receptors are main adrenergic receptor, activation of these receptors causes __ influx
Definition
calcium
Term
A2 adrenergic recptors are __ ___ for __. They __ additional release of __.
Definition
- presynaptic autoreceptors for NE
- inhibit
- NE
Term
so blocking A2 receptors would __ release of NE.
Definition
increase
Term
B1 and B3 receptors respond to:
Definition
NE and Epi
Term
B2 receptors respond to:
Definition
Epinephrine
Term
All beta receptors are __ __ __ and activate __.
Definition
- G protein linked
- cAMP
Term
NE binding to alpha receptors is generally __, while beta receptors are generally ___.
Definition
- excitatory
- inhibitory

EXCEPTION: NE BINDING TO B1 ON HEART> ALWAYS EXCITATORY
Term
2 locations in which sympathetic postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine:
Definition
- eccrine sweat glands- activation
- blood vessels in skeletal muscles- vasodilation
Term
Beta 1 activation of the kidneys with NE/Epi results in __ release.
Definition
renin
Term
Beta 2 effects are mostly __. Activation of these receptors __ the bronchioles and blood vessels of heart lungs and skeletal muscle, __ smooth muscle walls of the GI tract and bladder, and __ the uterus.
Definition
- inhibitory
- dilates the bronchioles and blood vessels
- relaxes
- relaxes the uterus

(Need to breathe well and have good blood flow to heart and muscle when running from a dinosaur. Also wouldn't want to have to poop or have a baby when running from a dinosaur).
Term
Alpha 1 receptor activation __ blood vessels of skin/kidneys and visceral organ sphincters and __ the eyes.
Definition
- constricts
- dilates the eyes

Once again don't want to poop when running from a dinosaur, but need to be able to see far.
Term
A2 receptor activation:
Definition
- inhibits NE release
- inhibits insulin secretion
- promotes blood clotting

When running from a dinosaur, you're already stressed out enough so this limits NE, and you need blood sugar so limits insulin, and you don't want to bleed out from all your injuries, so it promotes clotting.
Term
NO causes smooth muscle __.
Definition
dilation
Term
acetylcholine itself on smooth muscle causes ___.
Definition
constriction
Term
PNS causes the ciliary muscle to __ so the lens buldges for near vision. The SNS causes the lens to __ out for far vision.
Definition
- contract
- flatten out
Term
Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors
Contract smooth muscle
Discrepancy – ACh & muscarinic agonists given IV cause vasodilation (they do NOT contract vascular smooth muscle), due to release of nitric oxide (NO)
Definition
Term
Alpha1 (a1) Receptors
Stimulate contraction of all smooth muscle
Vascular smooth muscle - vasoconstriction
Glandular smooth muscle
Definition
Term
Beta2 (b2) Receptors
Relax smooth muscle (e.g., lungs; arterioles)
Definition
Term
Fight or Flight response with SN:
Definition
Heart rate increases, blood pressure rises
RBCs poured into blood from spleen to carry more O2
Blood flow shifted from skin and splanchnic region to skeletal muscles
Blood glucose rises
Bronchioles and pupils dilate
Brain receives signals to facilitate purposeful responses & to imprint the event in memory


I will never forget that time I ran from a dinosaur.
Term
Sympathetic tone:
Definition
- constricts blood vessels and causes bp to rise as needed
- prompts vessels to dilate if bp needs to decrease
Term
__ blocking drugs interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat HTN.
Definition
alpha
Term
Parasympathomimetic agents are useful in __.
Definition
glaucoma (pilocarpine)
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