Term
|
Definition
| Neuron in the CNS that transmits information between peripheral and central nerves/neurons. Especially important in the autonomic nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| Cranial/Lumbar Intumescence |
|
Definition
| A slightly thicker region of the spinal cord containing the cell bodies of the nerves supplying the thoracic and pelvic limbs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The workhorse: the connective tissue of the cranium: helps to position neurons, forms the blood-brain barrier, can absorb excess K+,gives structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the CNS give insulation and protection to the neurons via their myelinated foot processes. In the PNS this job is done by the Schwann Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phagocytes: cousins to the monocytes, the immune system of the brain. Secrete damaging chemicals to deal with pathogens, may be responsible for some neurological disorders with a autoimmune component. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Line the ventricles in the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be superficial in the cerebral cortex or deeply located in sulci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grey matter columns, fragmented into clusters of cells called nuclei. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Columns of grey matter (dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi)surrounded by white matter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stretching the patellar tendon stretches the muscle: spindle fibers sense the stretching, fire an action potential (sensory) that undergoes a reflex arc and excites the quadriceps a and inhibits the flexor muscles (semiten/mem). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separates cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nerve nuclei. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is within the mesencephalon (or midbrain) and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle within the region of the mesencephalon and metencephalon, located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made up of the Telencephalon and Diencephalon. The forebrain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A strong, arched fold of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres. (Separates L/R)
It is narrow in front, where it is attached to the crista galli of the ethmoid; and broad behind, where it is connected with the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separates cerebellum/cerebrum.It covers the superior surface of the cerebellum, and supports the occipital lobes of the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I: Olfactory - smell
II: Optic - sight
III: Oculomotor - movements of the eye, constricts pupil.
IV: Trochloear - ^v<> eye movements
V: Trigeminal -Chewing, facial sensation
VI: Abducens- lateral eye movements
VII: Facial - Facial expression
VIII: Vestibulocochlear- Hearing, balance
IX: Glossopharyngeal- Taste, swallowing
X: Vagus -Laryngeal muscles, thoraco/ab viscera
XI: Accessory: Brachiocephalic muscles
XII: Hypoglossal- tongue movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of the cerebral cortex (olfactory bulb, limbic system, neocortex) and the basal nuclei (caudate, pallidum, pudamen: extrapyramidal)(amygdala, septal nuclei: limbic system). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus, subthalamus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A midline, symmetrical structure surrounding the third ventricle in the brain. It is responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Also regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the ventral diencephalon, ventral to the thalamus: responsible for homeostasis functions, thirst, hunger, emotion, circadian rhythms, control of the ANS and pituitary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in the basal ganglia, involved in learning and memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nucleus in the basal ganglia that communicates with the thalmic nuclei. Deals with motivation, behaviour, and emotions. It is involved in drug addiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing of memory and emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is a part of the cerebral cortex, and in primates is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It contains two main interlocking parts: Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus. "Inside Out" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The internal capsule is an area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus. The internal capsule contains both ascending and descending axons. Transmits info to and from forebrain from the opposite side of the body.
It consists of axonal fibres that run between the cerebral cortex and the pyramids of the medulla.
Projection fibres: forebrain to hindbrain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication.
Commisural fibres. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communication within a lobe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When nerves cross at a level other than their origin: Left half your brain control right half of your body, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spinocerebellar tract is a set of axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the ipsilateral cerebellum. This tract conveys information to the cerebellum about limb and joint position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The vestibular nuclei receive information through the vestibulocochlear nerve about changes in the orientation of the head. The nuclei relay motor commands through the vestibulospinal tract. The function of these motors commands are to alter muscle tone, extend, and change the position of the limbs and head with the goal of supporting posture and maintaining balance of the body and head. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spongy bone (containing some fat) between two layers of compact bone of skullcap. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascending Reticular Activating System |
|
Definition
| Keeps you conscious. ARAS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 'little hill' in brainstem. Communicates with the visual cortex. Visual reflexes. In herbivores, larger than the caudal colliculus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Auditory reflexes. Communicates with the auditory center of the brain. In carnivores larger than the rostral colliculus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the midbrain: anatomically actually red in humans, not other animals. Important upper motor neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Black in humans. Part of the basal nuclei, but is not located with the rest of the basal nuclei in the ventral forebrain, it is in the midbrain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the midbrain: includes the superior (rostral) and inferior (caudal) colliculi and is the dorsal covering of the cerebral aqueduct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the midbrain ventral to the mesencephalic aqueduct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (chewing). Ventrally contains the ARAS, responsible for keeping you conscious. It is made of white matter that transmits signals down to the cerebellum and medulla and carries sensory information to the thalamus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The caudal part of the brainstem. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic, involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. Contains all the afferent/efferent tracts to the spinal cord, and the nuclei for cranial nerves VI-XII. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most caudal part of the fourth ventricle, becomes instead the central canal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belonging to or concerning the same side of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain -> sensory nerve -> message processed in spinal cord -> motor nerve -> contraction of skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission |
|
Definition
| Does not exist! Action potentials only stimulate muscle contraction. TO inhibit contraction the action potential must be prevented. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electric potential (voltage) that exists across the membrane of all cells. Inside negative to the outside, usually around -0.9v. Due to the difference in concentration and permeability of key icons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leakage channels: exist in a perpetually open state, allow for more or less passive diffusion of an ion (Potassium, Sodium). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be mechanically-gated, ligand-gated, or voltage-gated. Will not open unless certain requirements are met. Crucial for establishing action potentials across a synapse. |
|
|
Term
| Electrical/chemical equilibrium |
|
Definition
| With resting channels, an ion will follow its concentration gradient across the membrane. In the case of Potassium, for example, this generates excess '+' charge inside the cell, so there will develop an outward electrical gradient. Equilibrium happens when the electrical = chemical gradient(In true membranes, the inside will be slightly negative) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as the equilibrium potential. When an ion has unequal concentrations on either side of a membrane, there is a unique potential difference that will exactly oppose diffusion of the ion down its concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| E(k)= RT/zF[ln([Na+]o/[Na+]i)] |
|
|
Term
| Resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in. ATP driven, is responsible for maintaining the chemical gradient of potassium: actively works against the combined chemical and electrical gradient for sodium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How nerves transmit signals: rapid, brief changes in membrane potential during which time the potential actually reverses, and the inside of the membrane is, for a short time, positive and the outside is negative. |
|
|
Term
| Absolute refractory period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relative refractory period |
|
Definition
|
|
