Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| what do neural crest cells make |
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Definition
| sensory and autonimic ganglion, schwann cells, arachnoid and pia mater, melanocytes, adrenal medulla, cartilages of the pharyngeal arches |
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Term
| what is the name of the disease for a brain herniation |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the original three lobes of the brain |
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Definition
| proencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon |
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Term
| what makes the thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| what makes the cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the rhombencephalon divide into |
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Definition
| myelencephalon and metencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| unilateral or bilateral clefts in hemispheres. open communication beterrn ventricle subarachnoid space |
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Term
| what part of a neuron is efferent |
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Definition
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Term
| what does anterograde axonal transport use to transport sruff |
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Definition
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Term
| what does retrograde axonal transport use to transport stuff |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of retrograde axonal transport |
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Definition
| endocytosis of toxins, viruses, markers |
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Term
| when are bipolar neurons used |
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Definition
| in retina, olfactory, ganglia of vestibulococlar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| injury to the lower motor nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| injury to the upper motor nerves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the types of ependymal cells |
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Definition
| ependymocytes, tanycytes, choridal |
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Term
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Definition
| ependymal cell. mostly on 3rd ventricle floor, many control anterior pituitary. respond to csf hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| ependymal cell. on surface of choroid plexus, make csf |
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Term
| what are the types of astrocytes, where are they located |
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Definition
| protoplasmic (gray matter), fibrous (white matter) |
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Term
| what is the function of astrocytes |
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Definition
| control electrolites and pH of CNS, remove neurotransmitters, secrete growth factors, form CNS scars |
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Term
| what is the oligodendrocyte and schwann cell to axon ratios |
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Definition
1 oligodendrocyte : many axons
1 schwann cell : 1 axon |
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Term
| what is the function of the spinocerebellar tract |
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Definition
| proprioceptive, tactile info to the cerebellum, posture, movement |
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Term
| what is the function of the spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
| pain, temperature, non-descrimitive touch, tactile information from the neck down, conciousness |
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Term
| what is another name for lassaure's tracct |
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Definition
| posterior lateral tract, dorsal facilatus |
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Term
| where is the spinal cord a month 6 of gestation |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the spinal cord at birth |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the dura mater terminate |
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Definition
| S2, fuses with epinerium of spinal roots |
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Term
| where do you do a lumbar puncture |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another name for the nucleus dorsalis, where is it located |
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Definition
| thoracic nucleus, nucleus of clarke. C8-L3 |
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Term
| what tract is associated with the nucleus of clarke |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the intermediolateral nucleus of the intermediate zone, what is in it |
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Definition
| T1-L2. preganglionic sympathetic neurons |
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Term
| what type of nucleus is the phrenic nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the scaral parasympathetic nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| where are the propriospinal (intersegmental) fibers located |
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Definition
| between spinal cord segments in the faciculus proprius |
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Term
| where is the cervical and lumbar enlargement |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the anterior ramus supply |
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Definition
| skin and muscle of limbs, anterior lateral trunk, superificial back muscles |
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Term
| what is deeper a sulcus or a fissure |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the parts of the inferior olivary nucleus |
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Definition
| primary olivary nucleus (PO), medial accessory olivary nucleus (MAO), dorsal accessory olivary nucleus (DAO) |
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Term
| what are in the tegmentum of the pons |
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Definition
| CN V-VIII nuclei, reticular formation, ascending sensory tract |
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Term
| what travels through the middle cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| brachium: pontocerebellar and superificial transverse pontine fibers |
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Term
| what is in the base of the pons |
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Definition
| corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine, pontine nuclei, trigeminal nerve, vestibular nuclei |
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Term
| what is the nuclei in the sulcus limitans of the 4th ventricle floor, what is the area the nuclei is in called |
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Definition
| substantia frruginea: nucleus cruleus |
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Term
| what dose the sulcus limitans divide in development and in adulthood |
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Definition
development: sensory / alar and ventral motor / basal plates
adult: dorsal sensory and ventral motor |
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Term
| what is the dorsal and ventral part of the midbrain called |
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Definition
| dorsal: tectum, ventral: tegmentum |
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Term
| what happens when you have a lesion in the paramedial reticular formation, where is the lesion location in the brainstem |
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Definition
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Term
| what fibers come out of the arcuate nucleus, where is it located |
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Definition
| level of the olives. anterior external arcuate that go to the cerebellum |
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Term
| what nuclei does the MLF dabble in |
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Definition
| vestibular, 3, 4, 6, cochlear |
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Term
| what fibers does the pontine nucleus send and recieve |
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Definition
| recieve corticopontine, sends transverse fibers to the middle peduncle |
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Term
| where do the superior cerebellar peduncles desscuate |
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Definition
| tegmentum at level of inferior colliculus |
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Term
| what is the pretectal nucleus connected with, what type of nuclei, what reflex |
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Definition
| edinger westphal, parasympathetic, afferent light reflex |
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Term
| tell where corticospinal fibers desscuate |
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Definition
axial: anterior: at the anterior white comissure
limbs: lateral: at the desscuation of the pyramid |
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Term
| what nuclei is tectospinal between |
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Definition
| cervical rex laminae C6-8 and superior colliculus |
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Term
| what nuclei is lateral laminiscus between |
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Definition
| cochlear and inferior colliculus |
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Term
| where is the spinal trigeminal, primary sensory, and mesencephalic nuclei located |
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Definition
| decussation of pyramids to mid pons, central pons, pons to posterior comissure |
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Term
| where is the solitary nucleus located |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the vestibular nucleus located |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the cochlear nucleus located |
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Definition
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Term
| what tracts and nuclei does the pica supply |
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Definition
| medial and inferior vestibular nuclei, nucleus ambigous, 9, 10, ALS, spinal trigeminal |
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Term
| what supplies blood to the choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle |
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Definition
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Term
| what tracts and nuclei does the basilar supply |
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Definition
| facial, spinal trigeminal, vestibular nuclei, cochlear nuclei, vestibulocochlear nerve, AlS, inferior and medial peduncles, hypothalamal spinal tract |
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Term
| what tracts and nuclei does the superior cerebellar supply |
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Definition
| dentate nucleus, rostral and lateral pons, superior peduncle, spinothalamic tract |
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Term
| what is the relation of vessels to the origin of cn 3 |
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Definition
| superior cerebellar is just inferior and posterior cerebellar just anterior or above |
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Term
| medial medullary syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms |
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Definition
| anterior spinal A, hypoglossal nerve, ipsilateral flacid paralysis of the tounge |
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Term
| lateral medullary (wallenburg) syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms |
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Definition
| vertebral A or PICA, nucleus ambigous and glossopharyngeal, larynx pharynx paralysis hoarsness, loss of gag reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| cyst in spinal cord or lower brainstem what causes some cases of syringobulbia |
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Term
| medial inferior pontine syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms |
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Definition
| paramedial branches of basiler nerve, abducens, ipsillateral paralysis of lateral rectus |
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Term
| lateral inferior pontne syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms |
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Definition
basilar or AICA
facial, vestibulocochlear
muscles of facial expression bad, loss of taste anterior 2/3 of tounge, unilateral deafness, nausea, vomitting, vertigo |
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Term
| lateral midpondine syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms |
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Definition
short circumfrential branches of basilar
trigeminar motor and principal sensory nuclei and nerve
no muscles of mastication, pain temp touch to face |
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Term
| lateral superior pontine syndrome: vessel(s), crainial nerve(s) affected, symptoms |
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Definition
long circumfrential basilar and superior cerebellar
superior and middle peduncles, dentate nucleus
limb and trunk dystaxia, tremor |
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Term
| dorsal midazbrain syndrome: cause, symptomes |
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Definition
pinealoma puts pressure on superior colliculus and pretectal area and cerebral aquduct.
paralysis of up and down gaze, pupil issues, no convergence |
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Term
| paramedial midbrain benedikt syndrome: cause, areas affected, symptomes |
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Definition
hemmorage of paramedial midbrain branches of posterior cerebral A.
oculomotor n, red nucleus, medial laminiscus affected
ipsilateral paralysis and dilated pupil, dystaxia, tremor, contralateral discrimitive touch messed up |
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Term
| medial midbrain webber syndrome: cause, areas affeted, symptoms |
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Definition
occlusion midbrain posterior cerebral A and circle of willis.
oculomotor, corticobulbar, corticospinal
weakness lower face tounge palate. contralateral paralysis, dilated pupil and eye paralysis |
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Term
| what diseases cause horner syndrome. symptoms |
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Definition
lateral medullary (wallenburg), lateral inferior pontine.
vasodilation, drooping of eyelids, meiosis |
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Term
| how are the lobes of the cerebellum further subdivided |
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Definition
| lobes are divided into lobules which have fulia |
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Term
| whare are the nuclei sprinkled within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres called |
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Definition
| telencephalic nuclei (basal nuclei or basal ganglia) |
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Term
| what is the function of the precentral and post central gyri |
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Definition
precentral: primary motor cortex
postcentral: somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| what are the gyri in the lower parietal lobe |
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Definition
| supramarginal and angular |
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Term
| what are the ramus of the lateral sulcus |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the parts of the corpus collosum |
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Definition
| splendum, trunk, genu, rostrum |
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Term
| what is the area beneath the fornix called |
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Definition
| septum pellucidum then hypothalamus |
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Term
| begining with the paracentral sulcus going to the occipital lobe name the fissures and gyri in rder |
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Definition
| paracentral sulcus, paracentral lobule, marginal sulcus, para-occipital sulcus, cuneus, calocrine sulcus, lingual gyrus, collateral sulcus |
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Term
| what are the parts of the limbic lobe |
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Definition
| subcostal area, cingulate gyris, ischmus of cingulate gyrus, parahippocampus, uncus |
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Term
| what is another name for the inferior frontal gyri, what is the function |
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Definition
| brochars area. where motor speech is located, making movement to speak |
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Term
| what is the function of the parietal lobe |
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Definition
| sensory integration, somatosensory cortex, understanding speech interpertation |
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Term
| what are the gyri on the superior surface of the temporal lobe, what is their function |
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Definition
| transverse temporal, auditory cortex |
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Term
| what is the laminae terimalis, where is it |
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Definition
| continous with rostrum on anterior wall of 3rd ventricle. most rostral end of the neural tube now part of the forebrain |
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Term
| what is the anterior comissure, where is it |
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Definition
| connects anterior column to fornix, commonucation between lower temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs |
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Term
| how does the olfactory tract terminate |
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Definition
| divides into medial and lateral olfactory sitriae |
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Term
| what is the function of the reticular nucleus |
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Definition
| modulates thalamic neurons to cerebral input. inhibitory via GABA |
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Term
| what is the function of the parafollicular nuclei, where is it |
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Definition
| sight, medial thalamus of dorsal thalamus |
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Term
| explain the layers of the thalamus |
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Definition
external medullary laminae lateral and stratum zonale posterior.
reticular nucleus seperates internal and external medullary laminae.
internal medullary laminae divides dorsal thalamus into 4 areas. |
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Term
| what fibers does the pulvinar nucleus recieve and give out |
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Definition
| recieves superior colliculus, sends fibers to the visual association center in the lobes |
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Term
| what is the function of the pulvinar nucleus, where is it located |
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Definition
| coordinate, interpert, and respond to eye movement. lateral thalamic part of dorsal thalamus |
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Term
| what areas are affected in fatal familial insomnia |
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Definition
| mediodorsal, anterior ventral, inferior olivary, cortex |
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Term
| what causes thalamic pain |
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Definition
| lesion in ventral posterior thalamus |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of thalamic pain |
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Definition
| prioproception, sensation, touch, pain, temp, impaired contralaterally (opposite sides of lesion) |
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|
Term
| what are the functions of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| visceromotor, viscerosensory, endocrine, ANS modulation. blood and hormone regulation, make oxytocin and ADH. |
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Term
| what is the function of the lateral hypothalamic zone |
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Definition
| cardiovascular, food and water regulation |
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Term
| what is the function of the medial hypothalamic zone |
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Definition
chiasmatic: hormone, heart, carcadian rythm, temp regulation
tuberal: food and water intake
mamillary: bp, dilate pupil, shivering, feeding reflexes, memory formation |
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Term
| what are the parts of the ventral thalamus and function |
|
Definition
subthalamic nuclei recieves motor and sends it to substantia niagra.
prerubral or H of forel
zona inserta |
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Term
| what causes hemiballismus |
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Definition
| subthalamic nuclei lesion |
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Term
| what fibers does the habenular nuclei recieve and send out |
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Definition
| recieves stria medullaris thalami from the frontal lobe and sends habenulointerpeduncular tract to the interpeduncular nuclei in the midbrain |
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Term
| what is the location and function of the habenular nuclei |
|
Definition
| epithalamus. mood, drive, cognition, maternal behavior, stress, pain, carcadian, reward, learning, interacts with steroidgenic and dopognenic systems |
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Term
| what is the branch off of A1 / A2, what is its function |
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Definition
medial striate.
enters brain via perforating substance and supplies caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen |
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Term
| what is the small branch off of the common carotid (not part of willis), what does it supply |
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Definition
anterior chordal
inferior horn lateral ventricle, uncus, hippocampus, amygdala, tail of caudate, globus pallidus, inferior internal capsule, optic tract |
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Term
| what supplies blod to the 3rd and lateral ventricles |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what supplies blood to the choroid plexus and 4th ventricle |
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Definition
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Term
| anteriomedial arteries: location, what do they supply |
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Definition
anterior communicating and most of A1
supraoptic hypothalamus |
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Term
| anterolateral arteries: location, what do they supply |
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Definition
a little of A1 and middle cerebral
enter brain via perforating substance
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, internal capsule |
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Term
| posteromedial arteries: location, what do they supply |
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Definition
posterior communicating and P1
enter brain via perforating substance
tuberal, mammary, hypothalamus, subthalamus, medial midbrain, tegmentum, cerebral crus |
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Term
| posterolateral arteries: location, what do they supply |
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Definition
P2
posterior thalamus: geniculates, lateral and 3rd ventricles
midbrain |
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Term
| what does the anterior spinal artery supply |
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Definition
| lateral and anterior funiculus, anterior intermediate and base of posterior horn |
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Term
| what does the posterior spinal artery supply |
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Definition
| posterior funiculus, posterior horn except base |
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Term
| what connects the anterior and posterior spinal arteries |
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Definition
| arterial vascorona plexus |
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Term
| where and what is the function of the a of adamkiewicz |
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Definition
| largest spinal a, mostly on left in lower thoracic and upper lumbar. supplies spina cord |
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Term
| where is the basilar venous plexus, what does it connect to |
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Definition
| in dura mater of cilvus joining inferior petrosal sinuses to the vertebral venous plexus in vertebral canal |
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Term
| what runs through the cavernous sinus |
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Definition
internal carotid and abducens.
CN 3, 4, 6, and V2 on lateral wall |
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Term
| where is the internal vertebral vein located, how does it connect to the segmental vein, what areas are there to the segmental vein |
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Definition
| intervertebral vein is located in epidural space goes through intervertebral foramina to the segmental vein which has vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar and lateral sacral parts |
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Term
| where are the superificial and deep middle cerebral veins located? what do they drain? |
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Definition
superificial: lateral sulcus, empties into cavernous or sphenoparietal sinus. connected to superior saggital and transverse sinuses via superior and inferior anastomotic veins
deep: deep lateral sulcus
joins anerior cerebral to make basal vein |
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Term
| starting at the straight sinus explain the branches to the dead end |
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Definition
| straight sinus turns into great cerebral vein of galen which terminally divides into internal cerebral veins. basal is a branch off of great cerebral that terminally divides into deep middle cerebral and anterior cerebral |
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Term
| what oes the basal vein drain |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, midbrain, temporal lobe |
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Term
| what does the internal cerebral vein branch to, where are the branches located |
|
Definition
| dorsal medial thalamus: thalmostriate V, chordal V, septal V |
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|
Term
| where does the superolateral superificial cortex blood drain into |
|
Definition
| superior saggital and transverse sinuses |
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|
Term
| where are the superificial veins of the cortex located |
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Definition
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