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Neurology
Neurology
59
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
12/08/2011

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Term
Number of nerve cells in adult brain
Definition
Upwards of one trillion nerve cells. One hundred billion are neurons. The rest are supporting neuroglia
Term
Grey matter
Definition
nerve tissue in the CNS composed of neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axon. General term given to tissue in CNS ric in neuronal cell bodies. Found in cerebral cortex.
Term
White Matter
Definition
Nerve tissue in CNS composed of bundles of myelinated axons. Axons entering and exiting the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum
Term
Weight of human adult brain
Definition
3 pounds (1.36 kilograms)
Term
Contralateral control
Definition
control of the opposite side
Term
Ipsilateral control
Definition
Control of the same side
Term
2 divisions of nervous system
Definition
Central Nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral NS (Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, para/sympathetic nerves
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from brain stem and mostly innervate the head. Ten have cell bodies in brain stem. Six are involved in speech and swallowing.
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
Connect to CNS. Thirty pairs, each of which are both sensory and motor.
Term
Autonomic (visceral) nervous system
Definition
Involuntary control. Neurons that innervate internal organs, blood vessels, glands. ie contraction of heart muscles, relaxation or contraction of smooth muscles lining intestines.)
Term
Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system
Definition
Autonomic (visceral) and somatic
Term
Somatic
Definition
Voluntary control. Spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints, and muscles.
Term
Afferent axons
Definition
Somatic or visceral sensory axons that carry nerve impulses from the sense organs into the CNS
Term
Efferent
Definition
Axons emerging from CNS (motor neurons) to innervate the muscles
Term
Autonomic Nervous System - Two Divisions
Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
Sympathetic
Definition
Prepares body for fight or flight
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
Helps return the body to normal homeostasis
Term
Typical sympathetic response
Definition
Pupils dilate, muscle vasculature dilates, the heart rate increases, and digestive system is put on hold
Term
Typical parasympathetic functions
Definition
"rest and digest" responses including slowing the heart, constricting the pupils, stimulating the gut and salivary glands.
Term
Cerebral Cortex definition and three elements
Definition
forms 1 to 3 millimeter layer hat wraps surface of brain.
Sulci - small grooves
Fissures - Large grooves
Gyri - Bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures
Term
Six layers of cerebral cortex
Definition
Molecular Layer - Most Superior
External Granular Layer
External or Medial pyramidal layer
Internal Granular Layer
Ganglionic Layer
Fusiform layer or multiform layer
Term
Lobes of the cerebral hemisphere (5)
Definition
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Cerebellum
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
Located in front of central sulcus. Concerned with reasoning, planing, parts of speech and movement (motor cortex), emotions, and problem-solving.
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
Located behind the central sulcus. Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain.
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
Located below the lateral fissure. Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory (hippocampus)
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
Located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal and temporal love. Concerned with many aspects of vision.
Term
Forebrain (encephalon)
Definition
Telencephalon and diencephalon. Composed of cerebrum, thalamus (sensory relay to cerebral cortex) hypothalamus (regulates sleep and wake cycles and metabolism. Limbic system includes hippocampus and amygdala. Important in regulation of visceral motor activity and emotional expression
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Mesencephalon
Term
Hindbrain
Definition
Metenchephalon and meyelencephalon. Suppors vital body processes. Composed of cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
Term
Limbic system also called...
Definition
rhinencephalon. Dedicated to processing olfactory stimuli. Involved with emotion and memory.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Relay Station of brain. Processes al sensory information but smell. Projects motor info to cortex. Plays a role in memory.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Located directly below thalamus. Responsible for autonomic, emotional, endocrine, and somatic functions.
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
Caudate - Eye movements, cognitive functions. Lenticular Nucleus (Putamen - motor control, Globus Pallidus)
Term
Disorders of the basal ganglia
Definition
Parkinsonism - Lesion in part of lenticular nucleus, aprosodia.
Huntington's Disease - Lesion to cuadate and putamen.
Subcortical aphasia - Lesion to left caudate
Term
Hemispheric Specialization in left hemisphere
Definition
Superior at all expressive/receptive language functions.
Superior at mathematical abilities.
Term
Hemispheric Specialization - Right Hemisphere
Definition
Substantial receptive vocabulary, deficient understanding of word order and grammatical structure.
Prosodic information - Aprosodia or impairment of prosody.
Superior visual spatial and facial recognition abilities.
Term
Franz Joseph Gall - Founder of phrenology
Definition
Established a direct link between the morphology of the skull and the human character. One of the first to consider:
the brain as the home of all mental activities.
The moral and intellectual facilities are innate.
That their exercise or manifestation depends on organization.
That the brain is the organ of all propensities, sentiments and faculties.
Term
Brodmann identified...
Definition
52 regions characterized by cellular structure and organization.
Term
Roger Sperry theorized that...
Definition
each hemisphere behaves in many respects like a separate brain.
In a classical experiment that supports this contention, SPerry and his colleagues severed the corpus callosum connecting the hemispheres of a cat brain. They then proved that info presented visually to one cerebral hemisphere was not recognizable to the other hemisphere. ie concept of L and R visual fields.
Term
Left Visual Field is processed in the...
Definition
right hemisphere. Right Visual Field is processed in the left hemisphere.
Term
Angiography is...
Definition
used to dye certain areas to detect abnormalities. Used to diagnose diseases of the major cerebral arteries, aneurysms, and inflammation of the blood vessels.
Term
Artificial stimulation of brain
Definition
Neurons in a region can be artificially activated to assess the role of that region in behavior.
Electrical, electromagnetic transcranial, and chemical stimulation.
Term
Brain Imaging Techniques - Static and Dynamic
Definition
Static - Identify the location of a lesion associated with disturbances in speech and language.
Dynamic - Measures of brain blood flow and metabolism in both normal and brain damaged individuals. ie PET and MRI
Term
CT,MRI, PET, fMRI
Definition
Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Term
Computed Tomography
Definition
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scans show physical changes in brain tissue.
High density structures appear light (absorb many xray particles)
Low density structures appear dark (poor absorbers of xray) white and grey matter and the ventricles.
Hemorrhages and aneruysms appear light wheres infarcts, edema, and cystic lesions appear dark.
Term
Strengths and Limitations of the CT
Definition
Moderate accuracy of localization. Readily available.
Limitations include no function information, poor contrast, and the use of xrays.
Term
MRI
Definition
Magnetic field and radio waves to excite hydrogen molecule, resulting info is combined to form an image of tissue.
Term
Strengths and weaknesses of MRI
Definition
High accuracy of ocalization, non-invasive. Provides no function information.
Term
PET
Definition
Images brain activity, not structure. Detects body's metabolic level. Indicates relative activity of different brain regions during mental state.
Term
Strengths and weaknesses of PET
Definition
Direct imaging of metabolism. Invasive, moderate accuracy, poor time resolution (under one minute)
Term
fMRI BOLD Technique
Definition
Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent. Tuning of an MRI machine to detect oxygen level in blood. When ratio of Deoxygenated to oxygenated is higher in a region of the brain, then this area is believed to be involved in some activity.
Detects alterations in brain function or physiology associated with cognitive, motor, and sensory task performance. Higher resolution than PET.
Term
Strengths and limitations of fMRI
Definition
Moerate accuracy of localization, imaging of oxygen usage. Expensive and low resolution.
Term
Electrophysiological Tests - EEG, EVP, EMG
Definition
Diagnostic tests based on the fact that nerve cells and muscle are electrically active tissues.
Term
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Definition
Electrical activity normally generated by brain cells. A graphic representation of the potential differences between two seperate points on the scalp. Allows for comparison to be made between the hemispheres and within one hemisphere from evaluating symmetry in wave patterns, amplitudes, and durations.
Term
Common uses of EEG
Definition
To assess patient with sleep problems, fatigue, epilepsy, dementia, coma, or focal brain abnormalities.
Term
Strengths and limitations of EEG
Definition
Continuous data. Poor confidence in localization, not time locked to stimulus processing.
Term
Event Related Potentials (ERP)
Definition
Electrical activities of the CNS that occur in response to specific controlled sensory stimulation. Recorded using electrodes attached to surface areas over spinal cord, brainstem, cerebral cortex. Low amplitude signals to delineate evoked potentials from background noise.
Term
Evoked potentials can be...
Definition
Auditory, visual, or somatoensory. Used to evaluate electrical conduction of the optic nerve and tract, auditory pathway, and peripheral and central sensory pathways.
Term
Common use and strengths and weaknesses of ERP
Definition
Common use - ABR - Auditory Brainstem Response.
Millisend event timing, non-invasive. But poor confidence in localization, stimuli must be repeated.
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