Term
| Number of nerve cells in adult brain |
|
Definition
| Upwards of one trillion nerve cells. One hundred billion are neurons. The rest are supporting neuroglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve tissue in the CNS composed of neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axon. General term given to tissue in CNS ric in neuronal cell bodies. Found in cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerve tissue in CNS composed of bundles of myelinated axons. Axons entering and exiting the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Weight of human adult brain |
|
Definition
| 3 pounds (1.36 kilograms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control of the opposite side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 divisions of nervous system |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral NS (Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, para/sympathetic nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from brain stem and mostly innervate the head. Ten have cell bodies in brain stem. Six are involved in speech and swallowing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connect to CNS. Thirty pairs, each of which are both sensory and motor. |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic (visceral) nervous system |
|
Definition
| Involuntary control. Neurons that innervate internal organs, blood vessels, glands. ie contraction of heart muscles, relaxation or contraction of smooth muscles lining intestines.) |
|
|
Term
| Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| Autonomic (visceral) and somatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Voluntary control. Spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints, and muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Somatic or visceral sensory axons that carry nerve impulses from the sense organs into the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons emerging from CNS (motor neurons) to innervate the muscles |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic Nervous System - Two Divisions |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prepares body for fight or flight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps return the body to normal homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Typical sympathetic response |
|
Definition
| Pupils dilate, muscle vasculature dilates, the heart rate increases, and digestive system is put on hold |
|
|
Term
| Typical parasympathetic functions |
|
Definition
| "rest and digest" responses including slowing the heart, constricting the pupils, stimulating the gut and salivary glands. |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral Cortex definition and three elements |
|
Definition
forms 1 to 3 millimeter layer hat wraps surface of brain.
Sulci - small grooves
Fissures - Large grooves
Gyri - Bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures |
|
|
Term
| Six layers of cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
Molecular Layer - Most Superior
External Granular Layer
External or Medial pyramidal layer
Internal Granular Layer
Ganglionic Layer
Fusiform layer or multiform layer |
|
|
Term
| Lobes of the cerebral hemisphere (5) |
|
Definition
| Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in front of central sulcus. Concerned with reasoning, planing, parts of speech and movement (motor cortex), emotions, and problem-solving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located behind the central sulcus. Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located below the lateral fissure. Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory (hippocampus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal and temporal love. Concerned with many aspects of vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Telencephalon and diencephalon. Composed of cerebrum, thalamus (sensory relay to cerebral cortex) hypothalamus (regulates sleep and wake cycles and metabolism. Limbic system includes hippocampus and amygdala. Important in regulation of visceral motor activity and emotional expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metenchephalon and meyelencephalon. Suppors vital body processes. Composed of cerebellum, pons, and medulla. |
|
|
Term
| Limbic system also called... |
|
Definition
| rhinencephalon. Dedicated to processing olfactory stimuli. Involved with emotion and memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relay Station of brain. Processes al sensory information but smell. Projects motor info to cortex. Plays a role in memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located directly below thalamus. Responsible for autonomic, emotional, endocrine, and somatic functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caudate - Eye movements, cognitive functions. Lenticular Nucleus (Putamen - motor control, Globus Pallidus) |
|
|
Term
| Disorders of the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
Parkinsonism - Lesion in part of lenticular nucleus, aprosodia.
Huntington's Disease - Lesion to cuadate and putamen.
Subcortical aphasia - Lesion to left caudate |
|
|
Term
| Hemispheric Specialization in left hemisphere |
|
Definition
Superior at all expressive/receptive language functions.
Superior at mathematical abilities. |
|
|
Term
| Hemispheric Specialization - Right Hemisphere |
|
Definition
Substantial receptive vocabulary, deficient understanding of word order and grammatical structure.
Prosodic information - Aprosodia or impairment of prosody.
Superior visual spatial and facial recognition abilities. |
|
|
Term
| Franz Joseph Gall - Founder of phrenology |
|
Definition
Established a direct link between the morphology of the skull and the human character. One of the first to consider:
the brain as the home of all mental activities.
The moral and intellectual facilities are innate.
That their exercise or manifestation depends on organization.
That the brain is the organ of all propensities, sentiments and faculties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 52 regions characterized by cellular structure and organization. |
|
|
Term
| Roger Sperry theorized that... |
|
Definition
each hemisphere behaves in many respects like a separate brain.
In a classical experiment that supports this contention, SPerry and his colleagues severed the corpus callosum connecting the hemispheres of a cat brain. They then proved that info presented visually to one cerebral hemisphere was not recognizable to the other hemisphere. ie concept of L and R visual fields. |
|
|
Term
| Left Visual Field is processed in the... |
|
Definition
| right hemisphere. Right Visual Field is processed in the left hemisphere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to dye certain areas to detect abnormalities. Used to diagnose diseases of the major cerebral arteries, aneurysms, and inflammation of the blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Artificial stimulation of brain |
|
Definition
Neurons in a region can be artificially activated to assess the role of that region in behavior.
Electrical, electromagnetic transcranial, and chemical stimulation. |
|
|
Term
| Brain Imaging Techniques - Static and Dynamic |
|
Definition
Static - Identify the location of a lesion associated with disturbances in speech and language.
Dynamic - Measures of brain blood flow and metabolism in both normal and brain damaged individuals. ie PET and MRI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scans show physical changes in brain tissue.
High density structures appear light (absorb many xray particles)
Low density structures appear dark (poor absorbers of xray) white and grey matter and the ventricles.
Hemorrhages and aneruysms appear light wheres infarcts, edema, and cystic lesions appear dark. |
|
|
Term
| Strengths and Limitations of the CT |
|
Definition
Moderate accuracy of localization. Readily available.
Limitations include no function information, poor contrast, and the use of xrays. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Magnetic field and radio waves to excite hydrogen molecule, resulting info is combined to form an image of tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Strengths and weaknesses of MRI |
|
Definition
| High accuracy of ocalization, non-invasive. Provides no function information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Images brain activity, not structure. Detects body's metabolic level. Indicates relative activity of different brain regions during mental state. |
|
|
Term
| Strengths and weaknesses of PET |
|
Definition
| Direct imaging of metabolism. Invasive, moderate accuracy, poor time resolution (under one minute) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent. Tuning of an MRI machine to detect oxygen level in blood. When ratio of Deoxygenated to oxygenated is higher in a region of the brain, then this area is believed to be involved in some activity.
Detects alterations in brain function or physiology associated with cognitive, motor, and sensory task performance. Higher resolution than PET. |
|
|
Term
| Strengths and limitations of fMRI |
|
Definition
| Moerate accuracy of localization, imaging of oxygen usage. Expensive and low resolution. |
|
|
Term
| Electrophysiological Tests - EEG, EVP, EMG |
|
Definition
| Diagnostic tests based on the fact that nerve cells and muscle are electrically active tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Electroencephalography (EEG) |
|
Definition
| Electrical activity normally generated by brain cells. A graphic representation of the potential differences between two seperate points on the scalp. Allows for comparison to be made between the hemispheres and within one hemisphere from evaluating symmetry in wave patterns, amplitudes, and durations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To assess patient with sleep problems, fatigue, epilepsy, dementia, coma, or focal brain abnormalities. |
|
|
Term
| Strengths and limitations of EEG |
|
Definition
| Continuous data. Poor confidence in localization, not time locked to stimulus processing. |
|
|
Term
| Event Related Potentials (ERP) |
|
Definition
| Electrical activities of the CNS that occur in response to specific controlled sensory stimulation. Recorded using electrodes attached to surface areas over spinal cord, brainstem, cerebral cortex. Low amplitude signals to delineate evoked potentials from background noise. |
|
|
Term
| Evoked potentials can be... |
|
Definition
| Auditory, visual, or somatoensory. Used to evaluate electrical conduction of the optic nerve and tract, auditory pathway, and peripheral and central sensory pathways. |
|
|
Term
| Common use and strengths and weaknesses of ERP |
|
Definition
Common use - ABR - Auditory Brainstem Response.
Millisend event timing, non-invasive. But poor confidence in localization, stimuli must be repeated. |
|
|
