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neurolinguistis
quiz two
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/19/2011

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Term
Atom
Definition
The building blocks of matter. Made up of protons(positively charged) neutrons and electrons.
Term
Electrons
Definition
Negative. In the outer shells. Only a certain amount of electrons can be found in any shell. all shell except the first can hold 8. an atom is most stable when the outer is full
Term
ions
Definition
these are charged atoms, meaning there are either more electrons then protons or less electrons than protons, leaving the atom with a postivie or negative charge. In water an ion will disassociate and the molecule will separate into individually charged ions.
Term
potential
Definition
This refers to the potential difference between two charges, at two locations. There charges can potentially cause movements resulting in an electrical charge, Since nature tends towrs equilibrium, these charges will flow until they are equal. The attraction between negative and positive creates teh potential for an electric charge.
Term
current
Definition
The flow of electric charges
Term
Resting potential
Definition
charges are available but unable to move towards each other without some introduction of change. There is a store of potential energy avaiablee.
Term
voltage
Definition
electrical differences in charges moving across a membrane so that there is an alteration in the overall charge. this is the measurement of electrical current.
Term
electricity
Definition
The actual flow of electrons from a body that contains a higher charge to a lower charge
Term
action potential
Definition
An abrupt change in the flow of electrons. a large change in polarity of the membrane, but a very breif one, results.
Term
polarized state
Definition
when there is a separation between negative and positive charges and equilibrium is not possible.
Term
depolarized state
Definition
equlibrium is possible, and so there is a movement from a positive to a negative or less positive charge, this can cause an action potential to be released if the change in polarity is great enough.
Term
Concentration gradient
Definition
Describes the relative difference in the concentration of a substance in two spatial locations
Term
refractory period
Definition
a period during action potential , or depolarization, during which a new response cannot be elicited
Term
nerve impulse
Definition
a full action potential moves across an entire axon
Term
nuetron
Definition
no charge and is in the nucleus
Term
proton
Definition
Positive charge and is in the nucleus
Term
atom shells
Definition
inner most holds two the rest can hold eight and it is most stable when the outer is full
Term
genes
Definition
are codes for biochemical actions and reactions.The DNA sequences of which they are composed determine the pattern of amino acids in every protien made by the body.
Term
Homozygous
Definition
Both members are identical( alleles would be both dominant or recessive like BB or bb)
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Both members on the autosome are different
Term
dominant inheritance
Definition
Affected parent is Dd, non effected parent is dd, possible combinations Dd or dd, meaning 50% chance will be affected. this type of inheritence generally occurs later in life.
Term
Recessive inheritance
Definition
Both parents carry recessive trait Dd and Dd but do not have the disease. There is a 25% chance there child will have the disease(dd) ad an additonal 50% chance they will just carry is. This type occurs early in life.
Term
co-dominant
Definition
here the two genetic pulls create a third , intermediate alternative( mulatto, child with wavy hair who has one parent with curls and anothr with straight)
Term
sex or X- linked inheritance
Definition
Women have one x but men have two so no matter what men will display the full syndrome on an x linked disease. if it is dominant or recessive only applies to females. Males can only trasmit this disease to there daughter/ Generally women pass it on ( color blindness, baldness)
Term
multifactoral genetics
Definition
some disease are housed in one specific gene other have sever loci. this is the case here. This causes variation in the presentation of the disease.
Term
sponataneous mutations
Definition
occurs during meiosis causes chromosomal or genetic alterations, which will affect development and will be inherited by progeny. occur in isolated populations, that do not commigle.
Term
Myelin
Definition
A fatty lipoprotien sheath produced by oligodendrocytes. It is found wrapped around the axons, it protects the axon and speeds the conduction of nerve mpulses.
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
provide the structural matrix surrounding and supporting neuron cell bodies in the CNS
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
produce and maintain the myelin sheath
Term
Microglia
Definition
perform scavenger functions, and media the brain's immune response to injury or infection
Term
Ependymal
Definition
cells are found lining the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord and are responsible for the production of CSF
Term
amino acid trasmitters
Definition
most common type of transmittter in the brain
Term
Dopamine
Definition
The primary neurotransmitter for action of skeletal/smooth muscles
Term
opioids
Definition
endorphins-painkillers
Term
Neurohypophyseals
Definition
oxytocins-positive feelings,lactations
Term
secretins
Definition
growth hormon factos
Term
insulin
Definition
insulin generators
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
substance that fills the cell in between the organelles.
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
interruptions in the myelin sheath - this is where the action potential occurs
Term
Synaptic vesicles
Definition
organelles consisting of a membrane structure that encloses a quantum of neruotransmitter.
Term
Absolute refractory period
Definition
- the period of unresponsiveness during the passage of an AP across a nerve cell membrane, when that part of the membrane becomes incapable of responding to another stimulus. Lasts approximately 0.8 ms.
Term
Cation vs. Anion
Definition
- cations are positively charged particles, anions are negatively charged.
Term
Saltatory transmission
Definition
propagation of an action potential at successive nodes of Ranvier; saltatory means "jumping" or "dancing"
Term
Activation system
Definition
Neural pathways that coordinate brain activity through a single neurotransmitter; cell bodies are located in a nucleus in the brainstem and axons are distributed through a wide region of the brain.
Term
Graded potential
Definition
small voltage fluctuation in the cell membrane restricted to the vicinity on the axon where ion concentrations change to cause a brief increase (hyperpolarization) or decrease (depolarization) in electrical charge across the cell membrane
Term
Filopodia
Definition
process at the end of a developing axon that reaches out to search for a potential target or to sample the intercellular environment.
Term
growth cone
Definition
growin tip of an axon
Term
Ventricular zone
Definition
the cells divide. From here they migrate up to the marginal zone to receive DNA, and then come back down to the ventricular zone to divide again
Term
Cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs)
Definition
a chemical molecule to which specific cells can adhere, thus aiding in migration.
Term
Fetus
Definition
embryonic and before birth Month 3-9
Term
Zygote
Definition
cell that results from union of sperm and egg in fertilization Day 2-7
Term
Embryo
Definition
first three months following conception Day 8-60
Term
Marginal zone
Definition
cell reaches up from ventricular zone through the cell nucleus to the marginal zone, where it receives its DNA
Term
Tropic factors
Definition
a class of compounds that signal cells to develop in particular ways
Term
Neurotrophic factors
Definition
a chemical compound that acts to support growth and differentiation in developing neurons and may act to keep certain neurons alive in adulthood.
Term
'From inside out" cortical maturation
Definition
the inner, deeper layers of the cortex develop first, and the cells migrate to the outer layers through the inner layers.
Term
meiosis vs mitosis
Definition
one egg and one sperm turns into two cells. When this doubles and doubles and doubles its mitosis
Term
blastocyst
Definition
hallowed out ball in the zygote stage.
Term
Action potential/depolarization
Definition
- buildup of electrical current in the neuron. Depolarization means that the inside of the cell has become less negative than at rest relative to the outside of the cell. A large, brief reversal in the polarity of an axon.
Term
Depolarization vs. Polarization -
Definition
depolarization means the difference in charges becomes less, polarization means the difference in charges increases.
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