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Neuroembryology
Functional Neuroanatomy
33
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
09/08/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
pluripotent
Definition
port-gastrulation: stem cell with the ability to differentiate into any other cell except those of the placenta
Term
Totipotent
Definition
stem cell with the ability to differentiate into any other cell
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
outer germ layer in early development- will become skin and nervous system.
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
midlle germ layer in early development- will become structural components of the human bodies i.e., skeleton , connective tissue, and muscles
Term
endoderm
Definition
inner germ layer in early development, will become internal organs
Term
notochord
Definition
tissue that releases chemical factors into the ectoderm, causing it to thicken and thus beginning the process of neurulation (called head process)
Term
neural plate
Definition
formed from the thickened ectoderm, will form the neural tube (early cns)
Term
neural folds
Definition
portion of ectoderm that surrounds the neural plate in neurulation, will become neural crest cells
Term
neural crest
Definition
formed from neural folds- will become pns
Term
neural groove
Definition

indentation that eventually formw cavity as the neural plate folds into itself, will form cerebral aqueduct/central canal/ventricles.

 

location of midline axis

Term
anterior neuropore
Definition

portion of neural tube that will form brain/cephalic end, closes ast 26 days post fertilization

 

failure to close properly will lead to anencephaly 

Term
posterior neuropore
Definition

portion of neural tube that will form the spinal cord, closes at 24 days post fertilization

 

failure to close will cause spina bifida

Term
somites
Definition

segmented collection of mesodermal cells adjacent to developing neural tube- will form skeleton/muscles/connective tissue 

 

segemented structures reflect our evolution from earlier organisms 

ONTOLOGY RECAPITULATES PHYLOGENY

Term
beginning and end of neurulation
Definition

beginning: thickening of neural plate

 

end: closure of neuropores

Term
dermatome
Definition
nerves throughout the body that connect with individual spinal cord segments-- segmentation because of early segmented somite cells during neurulation
Term
neural tube
Definition
formed from neural plate during neurulation, will form CNS
Term
neural tube cells
Definition

cells of the CNS including:

  • multipolar preganglionic motor neurons of ANS (fight-or-flight)
  • pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons
  • all interneurons (in both sensory and motor processing)
  • oligodendrocytes & astrocytes (may reside in pns or migrate to cns)

 

Term
neural crest cells
Definition

will become cell of PNS including:

  • bipolar sensory neurons (vestibular & auditory systems)
  • arachinoid/pia mater cells (meningial) 
  • chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
  • pseudo-uniplor sensory neurons ( maj type in somatosensory system)
  • microglia
  • schwann cells
  • multipolar postganglionic motor neurons of ans

 

 

Term

Where do neurons develop from?

How do they find their final destination?

Definition

Neurons develop from the neuroepithelium in the ependymal layer of the neural tube,

 

ependymal layer in the lining of theneural tube surrounding central canal

 

They reach their destination with the help of radial glial cells  (which will differentiate into astrocytes) as a guiding scaffold

 

Term
3 zones of neural tube
Definition

1. ependymal (lines ventricles/central canal)

2. mantle (generally becomes grey matter)

3. marginal (generally becomes white matter)

Term
neuronal migration in the spinal cord
Definition

neuroblasts from neurepithelium in ependymal layer migrate to mantle layer (grey matter), where their somas will reside (including interneurons). Future motor neurons will send their axons through the marginal layer (white matter).

 

Future Sensory neurons (with somas outside spinal cord) will send their axons through the marginal layer and then into the mantle layer.

 

 white matter forms outside grey matter in spinal cord

Term
neuronal migration in the cerebrum/cerebellum
Definition

neuroblasts from ependymal layer will migrate through mantle zone into marginal zone, marginal zone will further split into specific layer- somas will reside in outer portion of marginal layer while their axons will be sent into inner marginal layer. Mantle layer will disapear later in development.

 

Grey matter lies outside white in CNS

Term
sulcus limitans
Definition

limiting groove in neural tube (4-6 weeks) that divides (dorsal) alar plate and (ventral) basal plate

 

this division continues up into the brainstem, but does not enter the diencephalon (there are no more motor neurons after this point)

 

replaced by the hypothalamic sulcus that continues into di- and telencephalon and divides dorsal structures (sensory) with ventral structures (motor)

Term
alar plate
Definition

dorsal portion of spinal cord that recieves input from axons of sensory neurons and contains somas of interneurons

remember: pseudo-unipolar sensory neuron somas lie outside cord and are derived from neural crest cells

dorsal=alar=sensory=afferent

Term
basal plate
Definition

central portion of  containing somas of motor neurons that receive input from interneuron axons (originating in alar plate) 

 -ends after mesencephalon where there are no more motor neurons

ventral=basal=motor=efferent

Term

encephalization-->

3 major vesicles at 4 weeks

5 major vesicles at 5 weeks & what they will form

 

Definition

prosencephalon (telencephalon + diencephalon), mesencephalon, rhombencephalon (metencephalon + myelencephalon)

 

telencephalon = cortex + basal ganglia

diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus

mesencephalon = midbrain

metencephalon = pons + cerebellum

myelencephalon = medulla

Term
optic vesicle
Definition
emerges from diencephalon-- will form rudimentary eye and retina (neural retina)
Term
infundibulum
Definition
connects diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)  to pituitary gland
Term
rhinencephalon
Definition
emerges off of telencephalon, will form olfactory bulb
Term
location of ventricles in 5 vesicle stage of encephalization
Definition

lateral ventricles: telencephalon

3rd ventricle: diencephalon

cerebral aqueduct: mesencephalon

4th ventricle: metencephalon + myelencephalon

central canal: spinal cord

Term
flexures in devloping embryo & location
Definition

cervical: divides hindbrain and spinal cord

cephalic: between midbrain and hindbrain

pontine: within hindbrain

 

only cephalic remains in adult brain (causing curved longitudinal axis)

Term
fetal alochol syndrome
Definition
microencephaly and mental retardation resulting from excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy
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