Term
| Describe the steps leading to the formation of the neural tube. |
|
Definition
-neural plate formed
-plate begins to bend, and the neural groove is formed with neural folds on the sides
-the folds come together at the top and form the neural tube (hollow, filled with fluid) |
|
|
Term
| What is located just above the neural tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some tissues that are derived from neural crest? |
|
Definition
-dorsal root ganglia
-sensory ganglia
-autonomic ganglia
-adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of cell bodies outside of the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of cell bodies inside of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What are the vesicle pouches in the developing brain, from cranial to caudal? |
|
Definition
-prosencephalon
-mesencephalon
-rhombencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the vesicle pouches in the secondary stage, from cranial to caudal? |
|
Definition
-telencephalon
-diencephalon
-mesencephalon
-metencephalon
-myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| The prosencephalon gives rise to which structures in the adult brain? |
|
Definition
-telencephalon
-diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| The mesencephalon gives rise to which structures in the adult brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rhombencephalon gives rise to which structures in the adult brain? |
|
Definition
-metencephalon
-myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Which ventricle is in the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the left and right lateral ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ventricle is in the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the mesencephalic duct located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the mesencephalic aqueduct connect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the fourth ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the 4th ventricle located? |
|
Definition
under the cerebellum
-rostral portion is over the metencephalon
-caudal portion is over the myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the lateral aperture of the 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
-foramen of Luschka
-opens ventricular system into the subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| What is the median aperture of the 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
-foramen of Magendie
-only in primates
-CSF flows along the midline to syterna magna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of the neural tube to close during development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three brain flexures? |
|
Definition
-midbrain flexure
-pontine flexure
-cervical flexure |
|
|
Term
| Where is the midbrain flexure located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pontine flexure located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the cervical flexure located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the cervical flexure? |
|
Definition
| -degree of flexure depends on species (ie biped vs quadruped) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three divisions of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
-central nervous sys
-peripheral nervous sys
-autonomic nervous sys |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in the PNS? |
|
Definition
| ganglia and cell processes |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the ANS? |
|
Definition
| features of PNS and CNS, plus motor system to viscera of the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the spinal cord, from outside to middle? |
|
Definition
-marginal layer (white matter)
-mantle layer (gray matter)
-germinal layer (ependymal cells) |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the spinal cord lines the ventricular system and central canal of spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| germinal layer (ependymal cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is the sulcus limitans? |
|
Definition
-"limiting groove"
-lies along the midpoint of the neural tube
-separates alar plate from basal plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-above the sulcus limitans
-sensory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-below the sulcus limitans
-motor |
|
|
Term
| Where is gray/white matter located in the brain? |
|
Definition
-gray matter = cortical (surface) and subcortical (embedded in white)
-white matter is under cortical |
|
|
Term
| Where is gray/white matter located in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
-gray matter = under the surface (columns/horns)
-white matter = surface bundles (fasciculus/funiculus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell processes, axons, myelin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small bundle of white matter in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large bundle of white matter in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is part of the gray matter in the PNS? |
|
Definition
-dorsal root ganglia
-autonomic ganglia
-ganglia of sensory cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is part of the white matter in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the trapezoid body located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the caudal half of the rhomboid fossa located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the transverse fibers of the pons located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the cerebellum located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain are the cerebellar peduncles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the rostral half of the rhomboid fossa located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the cerebellar peduncles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the crus cerebri located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the corpora quadrigemina located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What comprises the corpora quadrigemina? |
|
Definition
-rostral colliculus
-caudal colliculus |
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the tectum located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the tegmentum located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the mesencephalic aqueduct located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the mesencephalic aqueduct? |
|
Definition
-topographic landmark between tectum and tegmentum
-connects third and 4th ventricles
-located in the mesencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the five divisions of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
-thalamus
-epithalamus
-metathalamus
-subthalamus
-hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the optic chiasm located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the mamillary body located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the optic tract located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain are the geniculate bodies located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which division of the brain is the third ventricle located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rostral limit of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the caudal limit of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the metathalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the geniculate bodies. |
|
Definition
-lateral = site of termination of optic tract; located more dorsal
-medial = located more ventral |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
-cerebrum
-lateral ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
-coordinate the internal environment based on external stimuli
-regulate involuntary activities of visceral systems
-stress response |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| What is the central controller in the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the rostral hypothalamus do? |
|
Definition
| regulates parasympathetic division |
|
|
Term
| What does the caudal hypothalamus do? |
|
Definition
| regulates sympathetic division |
|
|
Term
| What are the target structures for the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands |
|
|
Term
| How may neurons are involved in the ANS? |
|
Definition
| two, which synapse in ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What types on ganglia are in the ANS? |
|
Definition
four types!
-prevertebral
-paravertebral
-terminal
-named |
|
|
Term
| What types of nerve fibers are in the ANS? |
|
Definition
-preganglionic = first fiber in chain
-postganglionic = second fiber in chain |
|
|
Term
| What are the target structures for the somatic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many neurons/ganglia are involved in the somatic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| one excitatory neuron, no ganglia present |
|
|
Term
| What types of nerve fibers are in the somatic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the length of the nerve fibers in the sympathetic nervous system. |
|
Definition
-first fiber is short
-second fiber is long |
|
|
Term
| Describe the length of the nerve fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system. |
|
Definition
-first fiber is long
-second fiber is short |
|
|
Term
| Describe the preganglionic nerve fiber in the sympathetic nervous system. |
|
Definition
-short
-thoracolumbar origin in the lateral horn |
|
|
Term
| Describe the postganglionic nerve fiber in the sympathetic nervous system. |
|
Definition
-long
-may me paravertebral or prevertebral |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the paravertebral ganglion |
|
Definition
-lies next to vertebral bodies
-includes sympathetic trunk ganglia, and cervical ganglia (middle, cranial, cervicothoracic) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the prevertebral ganglion. |
|
Definition
-found in the abdominal cavity or elsewhere
-include celiac, caudal mesenteric, cranial mesenteric, aortic, renal, and adrenal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What is the ramus communicans? |
|
Definition
| -made up on the first and second nerve fiber bundles that enter/exit the ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Describe peripheral innervation of the sympathetic nervous system. |
|
Definition
-sudomotor = sweat glands
-pilomotor = arrector pili muscles
-vasomotor = vascular smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are the named sympathetic preganglionic nerves? |
|
Definition
-major splanchnic nerves
-minor splanchnic nerves
-lumbar splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the named sympathetic postganglionic nerves? |
|
Definition
-hypogastric nerve
-vertebral nerve |
|
|
Term
| List features of the sympathetic innervation of the head. |
|
Definition
-thoracolumbar spinal cord
-ramus communicans
-sympathetic chain
-cervicothoracic ganglion
-middle cervical ganglion
-vagosympathetic trunk
-cranial cervical ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| rest, recover, conservation |
|
|
Term
| What is the preganglionic origin of parasympathetic innervation? |
|
Definition
craniosacral origin
-cranial = CN III, VII, IX, X
-sacral = lateral horn |
|
|
Term
| What are the cranial postganglionic cell bodies in the parasympathetic nervous system (named vs terminal)? |
|
Definition
-named = CN III, VII, IX
-terminal (in wall of an organ) = CN X |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic pre/postganglionic cell body for CN III? |
|
Definition
| Edinger Westpal => ciliary ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic pre/postganglionic cell body for CN VII? |
|
Definition
-rostral salivatory => mandibular ganglion
-lacrimal => pterygopalatine ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic pre/postganglionic cell body for CN IX? |
|
Definition
| caudal salivatory => otic ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic pre/postganglionic cell body for CN X? |
|
Definition
| dorsal vagal nucleus => terminal ganglia (organ walls) |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic postganglionic cell body for sacral neurons? |
|
Definition
NAMED terminal ganglia (organ walls)
-example: pelvic ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord terminate in different species? |
|
Definition
-canine = L5
-equine = S1/2
-bovine = L6
-feline = L6 |
|
|
Term
| What is the cervical intumescence? |
|
Definition
-at the level of C6-T2
-an enlargement of the cord because of the brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the lumbar intumescence? |
|
Definition
-at the level of L5-S1
-an enlargement of the cord because of all the cell bodies packed in to innervate the pelvic limb |
|
|
Term
| What is the conus medullaris? |
|
Definition
| where the spinal cord terminates and the connective tissues that support it continue |
|
|
Term
| What is the filum terminale? |
|
Definition
-anchors the cord in the canal
-made up on pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-collection of lumbar and sacral nerves
-fill the vertebral canal after the spinal cord terminates |
|
|
Term
| What topographic regions of the spinal cord comprise the white matter? |
|
Definition
-dorsal funiculus
-ventral funiculus
-lateral funiculus |
|
|
Term
| What topographic regions of the spinal cord comprise the gray matter? |
|
Definition
-dorsal horn
-ventral horn
-lateral horn |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional arrangement of the spinal cord in the alar portion? |
|
Definition
-alar = dorsal
-sensory afferent |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional arrangement of the spinal cord in the basal portion? |
|
Definition
-basal = ventral
-motor efferent |
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions of the ventral myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
-pyaraminds
-pyramidal decussation
-olive
-trapezoid body |
|
|
Term
| What are the pyramids? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
-involved in the pyramidal motor pathway
-located in ventral myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the pyramidal decussation? |
|
Definition
-area of crossing
-75% of fibers cross to descend as lateral corticospinal tract
-25% continue ipsilaterally into the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is the olive? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-site of synapse in the extra pyramidal motor system
-located in the ventral myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the trapezoid body? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-part of the auditory system
-located in the ventral myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions of the dorsal myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
-fasciculus gracilis
-fasciculus cuneatus
-spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve
-obex |
|
|
Term
| What is the fasciculus gracilis? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-conscious proprioception from the pelvic limb
-lies along the dorsal midline of the myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the fasciculus cuneatus? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-conscious proprioception from the thoracic limb
-lies lateral to the fasciculus gracilis on the dorsal surface of the myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-pain and temperature sensation from the head and face
-lies lateral to the fasciculus cuneatus on the dorsal surface of the myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the obex? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-landmark at the caudal angle of the fourth ventricle
-dorsal surface of the myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| List the components of the ventricular system in the myelencephalon. |
|
Definition
-fourth ventricle
-caudal medullary velum
-sulcus limitans
-dorsal median sulcus |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the fourth ventricle is associated with the myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the caudal medullary velum? |
|
Definition
-thing layer of ependyma and pia mater
-forms the roof over the open part of the ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What is the sulcus limitans? |
|
Definition
| groove in the lateral wall of the ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What is the dorsal median sulcus? |
|
Definition
| continuation from the spinal cord in the midline of the ventricular floor |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are associated with the myelencephalon? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
-six through twelve
-ventral surface |
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions of the ventral metencephalon? |
|
Definition
-transverse fibers of the pons
-longitudinal fibers of the pons |
|
|
Term
| What are the transverse fibers of the pons? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
-pyramidal motor fibers going into the cerebellum
-becomes the middle cerebellar peduncle
-found in the ventral metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the longitudinal fibers of the pons? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
-pyramidal motor fibers going through the brainstem into the spinal cord
-located deep to the transverse fibers of the pons, in the ventral metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions of the dorsal metencephalon? |
|
Definition
-cerebellum
-cerebellar peduncles |
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebellum? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-coordinates, integrates, regulates motor activity with sensory infomation
-found in the dorsal metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the cerebellar peduncles? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
-connect the cerebellum to the brainstem
-middle, caudal, rostral pairs
-found in the dorsal metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| List the features of the ventricular system in the myelencephalon. |
|
Definition
-fourth ventricle (rostral)
-rostral medullary velum |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are associated with the metencephalon? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions associated with the ventral mesencephalon? |
|
Definition
-crus cerebri
-interpeduncular fossa |
|
|
Term
| What is the crus cerebri? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-descending pyramidal motor pathway
-ventral metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the interpeduncular fossa? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-space between the left and right crus cerebri
-ventral metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions associated with the dorsal mesencephalon? |
|
Definition
-corpora quadrigemina
--rostral and caudal colliculi |
|
|
Term
| What is the corpora quadrigemina? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-site of information synapse
-dorsal surface of the mesencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the corpora quadrigemina? |
|
Definition
-rostral colliculus
-caudal colliculus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the rostral colliculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the caudal colliculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions of the ventricular system in the mesencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mesencephalic aqueduct? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-interconnects the third and fourth ventricles
-mesencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the cranial nerves associated with the mesencephalon? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
-CN III = ventral
-CN IV = dorsal |
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions of the ventral diencephalon? |
|
Definition
-mammillary bodies
-tuber cinereum
-optic chiasm
-optic tract |
|
|
Term
| What are the mammillary bodies? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
-site of synapse for emotions and CNS
-on the floor of the hypothalamus in the ventral diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the tuber cinereum? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-site of attachment for the pituitary gland
-found in the ventral diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the optic chiasm? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-site of decussation for vision
-found in the ventral diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the optic tract? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-visual pathway
-found in the ventral diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions of the dorsal diencephalon? |
|
Definition
-lateral geniculate body
-medial geniculate body |
|
|
Term
| What is the lateral geniculate body? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-site of synapse in the visual pathway
-termination of optic tract
-found in the dorsal diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the medial geniculate body? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-site of synapse for the auditory pathway
-found in the dorsal diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the regions of the ventricular system in the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
-third ventricle
-interthalamic adhesion |
|
|
Term
| What is the third ventricle? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-wraps around the interthalamic adhesion
-located in the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the interthalamic adhesion? |
|
Definition
-cut surface of the thalamus as seen on the midline
-serves as a landmark |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are associated with the diencephalon? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
-cranial nerve two (optic nerve)
-passes the optic chiasm in the ventral diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions of the ventral telencephalon? |
|
Definition
-olfactory bulb
-piriform lobe |
|
|
Term
| What is the olfactory bulb? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-site of synapse in the olfactory pathway
-located in the ventral telencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the piriform lobe? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-olfactory cortex
-found in the ventral telencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic regions of the dorsal telencephalon? |
|
Definition
-gyrus/ridges
-sulcus/grooves
-cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| What are the regions of the ventricular system in the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
-lateral ventricles
-interventricular foramen |
|
|
Term
| What is the interventricular foramen? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
-connection between lateral ventricles
-also connects to the third ventricle
-located in the telencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerves are associated with the telencephalon? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
-CN I (olfactory)
-ventral |
|
|
Term
| What are the white matter fiber systems in the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
-projection fibers
-association fibers
-commissural fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the projection fibers of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
-pass between the cerebrum and the brain stem
-ascending and descending |
|
|
Term
| What are the association fibers of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
-long = interlobar, pass b/w lobes
-short = intralobar, pass b/w gyri |
|
|
Term
| What are the commissural fibers of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are conscious pathways relayed? |
|
Definition
| sensory cortex of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| Where are unconscious pathways relayed? |
|
Definition
| participate in reflex arcs and transmit info to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-respond to movement, pressure, stretch
-located in muscle tendons and joints
-made of muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-awareness of body movement (kinesthesia)
-can be conscious (detect changes at rest) or unconscious (detect changes while in motion) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of conscious proprioception? |
|
Definition
-fasciculus gracilis (pelvic limb)
-fasciculus cuneatus (thoracic limb) |
|
|
Term
| Describe conscious proprioception in the fasciculus gracilis. |
|
Definition
1st neuron - DRG, ascends to form fasciculus gracilis
2nd neuron - crosses midline as deep arcuate fibers, ascends to VCL of thalamus to form medial meniscus
3rd neuron - axon from VCL contributes to internal capsule (IC) and terminates in sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Describe conscious proprioception in the fasciculus cuneatus. |
|
Definition
1st neuron - DRG, ascends to form fasciculus cuneatus
2nd neuron - crosses midline as deep arcuate fibers, ascends to VCL to form medial meniscus
3rd neuron - axon from VCL contributes to internal capsule (IC) and terminates in sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of unconscious proprioception? |
|
Definition
-dorsal spinocerebellar tract (pelvic limb)
-ventral spinocerebellar tract (pelvic limb)
-cuneocerebellar tract (thoracic limb)
-rostral spinocerebellar tract (thoracic limb) |
|
|
Term
| Describe unconscoius proprioception in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT). |
|
Definition
1st neuron - DRG
2nd neuron - dorsal gray column in Clark's Nucleus in the lumbar region, ascend in lateral funciculus forming DSCT; pass through superficial arcuate fibers, enter caudal cerebellar peduncle, terminates in cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Describe the unconscious proprioception in the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT). |
|
Definition
1st neuron - DRG
2nd neuron - dorsal gray column, crosses midline into ventral white commissure; ascends in lateral funiculus forming VSCT, goes to rostral cerebellar peduncle, and then crosses back again to terminate into the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Describe the unconscious proprioception in the cuneocerebellar tract. |
|
Definition
1st neuron - DRG, ascends into most lateral part of fasciculus cuneatus forming the cuneocerebellar tract
2nd neuron - lateral cuneate nucleus, axons ascend to caudal cerebellar peduncle, terminates in cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Describe the unconscious proprioception in the rostral spinocerebellar tract (RSCT). |
|
Definition
1st neuron - DRG
2nd neuron - dorsal gray column, ascends as RSCT, enters caudal and rostral cerebellar peduncles, then terminates in cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Which pathways of proprioception are contralateral? |
|
Definition
| fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-GSA for pain, temperature, and pressure
-involved in reflex arcs (spinal and cranial) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the spinothalamic tract. |
|
Definition
-GSA nociception
-pain pathway goes up both sides
1st neuron - DRG
2nd neuron - dorsal horn, axons cross, ascend to ventrolateral funiculus
3rd neuron - in VCL, contributes to IC |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cranial reflex arc. |
|
Definition
1st neuron - trigeminal ganglion, ascends for form spinal tract of trigeminal
2nd neuron - pontine sensory nucleus or spinal nucleus of trigeminal
3rd neuron = cranial nerve ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve is associated with the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve is associated with facial expression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve is associated with the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve is associated with the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the reflex relay pathway. |
|
Definition
1st neuron - trigenminal ganglion
2nd neuron - pontine or spinal nucleus; axons cross and ascend as trigeminal lemniscus
3rd neuron - VCM, contribute to IC |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the pontine nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the spinal nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an upper motor neuron? |
|
Definition
-neurons contained within the CNS that regulate other neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord
-regulate lower motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| What are the two upper motor neuron divisions? |
|
Definition
-pyramidal motor system
-extrapyramidal motor system |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pyramidal motor system. |
|
Definition
-uninterrupted
-regulates highly skilled motor activity
-cell bodies located in pre- and post- cruciate gyri
-axons pass through to form bundles |
|
|
Term
| Describe the extrapyramidal motor system. |
|
Definition
-stereotyped movements, posture, muscle tone
-includes scattered areas of brain that aren't part of the pyramidal motor system |
|
|
Term
| What are the three tracts within the pyramidal system? |
|
Definition
-corticopontine fibers
-corticonuclear fibers
-corticospinal fibers |
|
|
Term
| Where are the corticopontine fibers? |
|
Definition
-pontine nucleus, synapse in sensory nucleus of pons
-forms middle cerebellar peduncle, transverse fibers of the pons |
|
|
Term
| What do the corticonuclear fibers do? |
|
Definition
| regulate LMN of specific cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where are corticospinal fibers located? |
|
Definition
-75% cross at pyramidal decussation = lateral corticospinal fibers
-25% stay ipsilateral = ventral corticospinal fibers
-located in lateral and ventral funicili |
|
|
Term
| What is an important telencephalic structure in the extrapyramidal motor system? Describe its role. |
|
Definition
Corpus Striatum!
-responsible for initiating movement, helps facilitate appropriate movemment, inhibits inappropriate movement |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the corpus striatum? |
|
Definition
-external capsule (white matter)
-lentiform nucleus (putamen-afferent and pallidum-efferent)
-internal capsule
-caudal nucleus (afferent) |
|
|
Term
| What are some diencephalic nuclei for extrapyramidal centers? |
|
Definition
-zona incerta
-endopeduncular nucleus
-subthalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What are some mesencephalic nuclei for the extramyramidal centers? |
|
Definition
-substatia nigra (dopamine - Parkinson's)
-tegmental nucleus
-red nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the red nucleus. |
|
Definition
-afferent from motor cortex to extrapyramidal nuclei
-efferent to rubrospinal tract in lateral funiculus |
|
|
Term
| What are some rhomencephalic nuclei? |
|
Definition
-reticular formation
-olivary nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts to the reticular formation and what are their roles? |
|
Definition
pontine reticular formation = excitatory
-axons form pontine reticulospinal tract
-aka ventral reticulospinal tract
medullary retucular formation = inhibitory
-axons form medullary reticulospinal tract
-aka lateral reticulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| What is the olivary nucleus? What does it do? |
|
Definition
-is a rhomencephalic nucleus for the extrapyramidal motor system
-recieves info from Xpyr structures
-sends this info to cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical conditions associated with loss of LMN inhibition (that is, a UMN deficiency)? |
|
Definition
-hyperreflexia
-hypertonus
-spastic paalysis
-slow onset of musclar atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the spinal neurons in the LMN system? |
|
Definition
-ventral horn
-GSE alpha motor neurons (large) to skeletal muscle
-GSE gamma motor neurons (small) to spindle/stretch fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the cranial neurons in the LMN system? |
|
Definition
-GSE voluntary face muscle
-SVE skeletal muscle of branchial origin
-GVE cardiac, glands, smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical conditions associated with lesions in the LMN system? |
|
Definition
-hyporeflexia
-hypotonia
-flaccid paralysis
-quick onset of atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism by which we get cranial nerve nuclei? |
|
Definition
-neurobiotaxis or columnar fragmentation
-a cell body wants to be located near its target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CN III
-rostral colliculus
-medial, dorsal, ventral reticuli; ventral oblique; levator palpebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CN IV
-caudal colliculus; only nerve that emerges on the dorsal side
-dorsal oblique |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CN VI
-caudal cerebellar peduncle
-lateral reticulus; retractor bulbi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CN XII
-obex
-tongue muscles |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of trauma to cranial nerve nuclei? |
|
Definition
-lingual atrophy
-strabismus (pupil placement) |
|
|
Term
| what are the three LMN columns of the brainstem, from medial to lateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of GSE systems? |
|
Definition
| -innervation of extraocular muscles and tongue muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the SVE systems? |
|
Definition
-innervation of skeletal muscle of branchial arch origin
-CN V, VII, IX, X, XI |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the GVE systems? |
|
Definition
| -visceral motor system, autonomic innervation |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin, innervation, and signs associated with the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
-CN V
-motor nucleus of trigeminal in metencephalon at level of rostral cerebellar peduncle
-muscles of mastication
-inability to chew ("dropped jaw" |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin, innervation, and signs associated with the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
-CN VII
-motor nucleus of facial nerve in myelencephalon hafway between trapezoid body and olive
-muscles of facial expression
-droopy face |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin, innervation, and signs associated with the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves? |
|
Definition
-CN IX, X, XI
-nucleus ambiguus (caudal portion of brain stem)
-muscles associated with swallowing
-dysphagia |
|
|
Term
| What is the special innervation of the accessory nerve? What are signs associated with its damage? |
|
Definition
-internal root to larynx with vagus (signs similar to problems with damage to 9&10)
-external root to cervical muscles (atrophy of target muscles - trapzius) |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are associated with the GVE system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the hypothalamus are involved in the ANS? |
|
Definition
-rostral = parasympathetic
-caudal = sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the GVE system are involved in the ANS? |
|
Definition
-craniosacral component = parasympathetic LMNs
-thoracolumber component = sympathetic LMNs |
|
|
Term
| List some prevertebral ganglia associated with LMNs. |
|
Definition
-celiac
-cranial mesenteric
-caudal mesenteric
-other (aortic, adrenal, renal) |
|
|
Term
| List some paravertebral ganglia associated with LMNs. |
|
Definition
-sympathetic chain ganglia (thoracolumbar)
-cervical ganglia (middle, cranial, caudal) |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway of sympathetic innervation in the head? Target? signs? |
|
Definition
-thoracolumbar spinal cord ... synapses in cranial cervical ganglion
-periorbita, third eyelid, dilator muscles, glands
-horner's syndrome! |
|
|
Term
| What is Horner's Syndrome? |
|
Definition
-LMN disease that affects the sympathetic pathway
-enophthalmos = sunken eye
-protrusion of third eyelid
-constricted pupil
-ptosis = droopy eyelid |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic origin of CN III? |
|
Definition
| PNS III aka Edinger Westphal |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic origin of CN VII? |
|
Definition
| PNS VII aka rostral salivatory, lacrimal |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic origin of CN IX? |
|
Definition
| PNS IX aka caudal salivatory |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic origin of CN X? |
|
Definition
| PNS X aka dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
| Where is the parasympathetic synapse of the second order neuron for CN III? |
|
Definition
ciliary ganglion
-pupil constriction, therefore a lesion causes dilation |
|
|
Term
| Where is the parasympathetic synapse of the second order neuron for CN VII? |
|
Definition
mandibular (lesion = dry eye)
pterygopalatine (lesion = dry eye) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the parasympathetic synapse of the second order neuron for CN IX? |
|
Definition
| otic ganglion (lseion = decreased salivary prouction) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the parasympathetic synapse of the second order neuron for CN X? |
|
Definition
| terminal ganglia in visceral wall (intestines, cardiac, glands) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the first and second order neurons in the sacral components of the parasympathetic GVE system. |
|
Definition
-origin = sacral part of spinal cord, gives rise to pelvic nerves
-synapse = pelvic ganglion or terminal ganglia in visceral wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CN 3, 4, 6, 12
Spinal nerves alpha, gamma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nerves are GVE? (autonomic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does CN III GSE go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does CN III GVE go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does CN VII SVE go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does CN VII GVE go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucles of pharynx, larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucles of pharynx, larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ext root = cervical muscles
-int root = blends with CN IX, X |
|
|
Term
| Where does CN XII GSE go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the bony labyrinth? |
|
Definition
-semicircular canals
-vestibule
-cochlea |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
-bony labyrinth
-membranous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
| What fills the bony labyrinth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fills the membranous labyrinth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the membranous labyrinth? |
|
Definition
-semicircular duct
-utricle and saccule
-cochlear duct |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the body labyrinth is where nerves attach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the inner ear is responsible for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the membranous labyrinth is used in dynamic equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the membranous labyrinth is used in linear motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relative location of the utricle and saccule in the inner ear? |
|
Definition
utricle = uppermost
saccule = ventral |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the enlargement seen on the bony and membranous labyrinths at the end of the seemicircular canals/ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-receptors in vestibular system (special somatic afferent)
-have kinocilium and modified microvilli
-located in cristae ampullares and maculae |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hair cells in the cristae ampullares. |
|
Definition
-embedded in pupula in each ampulla of semicircular ducts
-function in dynamic equilibrium and rotary movement |
|
|
Term
| Describe the hair cells in the maculae. |
|
Definition
-embedded in otolithic membrane of each utricle and saccule
-function in static equilibrium and line acceleration |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the area where the vestibular nerve enters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is CN VIII? Describe it. |
|
Definition
-Vestibular ganglion
-takes into from outside in
-bipolar sensory neuron |
|
|
Term
| Describe vestibular primary fibers. |
|
Definition
-axons come from vestibular ganglion, travel to
1. vestibular nuclei in brain stem
OR
2. fastigial nucleus in cerebellum
-These are the fibers that are affected in peripheral vestibular disease |
|
|
Term
| Describe vestibular secondary fibers. |
|
Definition
-axons from vestibular nuclei of the brainstem go to their targets of distribution
-These are the fibers that are affected in central vestibular disease |
|
|
Term
| Name the vestibular nuclei and where their fibers come from. |
|
Definition
-rostral = extraocular motor nuclei
-caudal = cerebellum
-lateral = forms vestibulospinal tract to regulate muscle tone and balance
-medial = forms merdial vestibulospinal tract to regular muscle tone in cervical muscles and thoracic limb |
|
|
Term
| Where are the vestibular nuclei located? |
|
Definition
| near the peduncles and obex |
|
|
Term
| What are the three areas where vestibular nuclei can project to? |
|
Definition
-spinal cord
-brainstem
-cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What are the two areas in the spinal cord that are associated with vestibular nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describes the lateral VST. |
|
Definition
-increases ipsilateral extensor tone
-decreases contralateral extensor tone
(all levels of the spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -helps coordinate activity of the limbs and trunk with movememnt of the head (cervical) |
|
|
Term
| What is the vomition center? |
|
Definition
-part of the vestibular nuclei projection into brainstem
-site of collateral fiber synpase |
|
|
Term
| What is the vestibulomesencephalic tract? |
|
Definition
-projection of vestibular nuclei into brainstem
-extraocular nuclei to regulate conjugate eye movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the projection of vestibular nuclei into the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
-vestibulocerebellar tract
-goes to fastigial nucleus and flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum for balance |
|
|
Term
| What is the medial longitudinal fasciculus? |
|
Definition
-formed by contribution of fibers from all vestibular nuclei
-has an ascending and descending branch |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ascending branch of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. |
|
Definition
| forms the vestibulomesencephalic tract and goes to the extraocular LMN nuclei for conjugate eye movement |
|
|
Term
| Describe the descending branch of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. |
|
Definition
| contributes to the formation of the medial vestibulospinal tract to regulate extensor tone |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of vestibular disease? |
|
Definition
-head tilt
-changes in extensor tone (decreased ipsilaterally)
-nystagmus (involuntary oscillation of the eye) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
-coordinate UMN control of LMN
-contraction of the proper muscle at the appropriate time with the correct force |
|
|
Term
| What is the vermis and hemispheres of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
vermis = midline strip
hemispheres = L and R |
|
|
Term
| What is the folia and sulci of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
folium = ridge
sulcus = groove |
|
|
Term
| Where is gray matter found in the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is white matter found in the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| inside, branching (called arbor vitae) |
|
|
Term
| Name the three lobes of the cerebellum. |
|
Definition
-rostral
-caudal
-flocculonodular (seen on central aspect) |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
midline = nodulus
lateral = flocculus |
|
|
Term
| What are the two fissues of the cerebellum? Describe them. |
|
Definition
-primary fissure = separates rostral and caudal lobes
-caudolateral fissue = separates caudal and flocculonodular lobes |
|
|
Term
| What are the three subcortical cerebellar nuclei, from medial to lateral? |
|
Definition
-fastigial
-interpositus
-dentate |
|
|
Term
| What does archicerebellum mean? |
|
Definition
-first
-seen in fish
includes the flocculonodular lobe
-associated with the vestibulocerebellum
-functionally associated with vestibular system |
|
|
Term
| What does paleocerebellum mean? |
|
Definition
-middle
-seen in reptiles
-includes the rostral lobe
-associated with the spinocerebellum
-functionally associated with the extrapyramidal system |
|
|
Term
| What does neocerebellum mean? |
|
Definition
-new
-inclues the caudal lobe
-seen in mammals
-associated with the pontocerebellum
-functionally associated with the pyramidal system |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
-molecular = cell processes and synapses
-pukinje = inhibitory pulses sent when active; cells are planar
-granular = play a role in getting info to the purkinje cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of fibers seen in the cerebellum? Where do they go? |
|
Definition
-climbing = from olivary complex to molecular layer to pukinje dendrites
-mossy = originate in pyramidal motor, or spinal cord, or vestibular system and to go granule cells
-parallel = from granual cells to purkinje cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cerebellar afferent systems? |
|
Definition
-spinocerebellar/vestibulocerebellar tracts (proprioception)
-olivocerebellar tract (extrapyramidal motor info from climbing fibers)
-pontocerebellar tract (pyramidal motor info from mossy fibers) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the path of the cerebellar efferent systems from the pukinje cells. |
|
Definition
-go to deep cerebellar nuclei
-deep cerebellar nuclei go to UMN nuclei in brain stem
-fibers go to rostral cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of cerebellar disease? |
|
Definition
dysmetria
-broad stance
-lack of coordination
-nystagmus, head tilt, strabismus
-problems with rate, range, force |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
| perception, thought, consciousness |
|
|
Term
| Where does the telencephalon develop from? |
|
Definition
| prosencephalon develops into telencephalon and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Describe the topography of the cerebrum. |
|
Definition
-transverse cerebral fissure separates cerebrum from cerebellum
-logitudinal cerebral fissure separates L and R
-lateral rhinal sulcus separates rhinencephalon (smell) from the rest of the cerebrum
-cruciate sulcus denotes the motor area
-precrucite and postcruciate gyri area sites of the pyramidal motor system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased gray matter, decreased sulci, brain looks smooth, decreased mental ability |
|
|
Term
| What are the four lobes of the cerebrum and what do they do? |
|
Definition
-frontal = motor
-parietal = sensory and somesthetic
-temporal = auditory, memory, emotion
-occipital = visual |
|
|
Term
| Describe the white matter fiber system in the cerebrum. |
|
Definition
-projection fibers have ascending and descending tracts
-association fibers can be short (connect b/w gyri) or long (connect lobes)
-commisural fibers cross the midline |
|
|
Term
| What is the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
| -largest commisural fiber of cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| What is the rostral commisure? |
|
Definition
-ventral to corpus callosum
-assocaited with olfactory system |
|
|
Term
| Deascibe the basal ganglia in the cerebrum. |
|
Definition
| -basal nuclei = basal ganglia = corpus striatum |
|
|
Term
| Name the white and gray matter in the corpus striatum. |
|
Definition
nuclei = caudate nucleus (afferent), lenticular nucleus made of putamen (afferent) and pallidum (efferent)
-white matter is intern and extran capsule |
|
|
Term
| What is the rhinencephalon? |
|
Definition
-paleocortex
-olfactory pathway (olfactory bulb, tract, and piriform lobe) |
|
|
Term
| What is the limbic system? |
|
Definition
-fimbria
-hippocampus
-is the emotional and visceral brain
-responsible for fear, rage, pleasure, sexuality, affection, pain, etc |
|
|
Term
| What does the hippocampus do? |
|
Definition
-functions in memory (esp short term)
-historic site for rabies examination |
|
|
Term
| What is the struction/function of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
-gray matter wraps around rostral brain stem like a ring: portions of temporal lobe, fornix, alfactory bulb and tract, mamillary body of hypothalamus
-structures mediate emotional behavior, fight/flight, reproduction/mating |
|
|
