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Neuroanatomy
brain
62
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
07/20/2015

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Term
Gyri
Definition
hills found on outer surface of cerebral cortex
Term
Sulci
Definition
valleys found on outer surface of cerebral cortex
Term
Function of Gyri/Sulci
Definition
Folding increases surface area and therefore increases potential for neural networks
lower mammals have smoother surfaces
Term
Parts of the Brain house in the
ROSTRAL FOSSA
Definition
Telecephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Cranial nerves: I and II (optic chiasm)
Ventricles: Lateral ventricles, Third ventricle, Mesoncephalic aqueduct
Term
Parts of the Brain house in the
CAUDAL FOSSA
Definition
Metencephaon
Myencephalon (Medulla oblongata which is: Majority of cranial nerves, III-XII)
Fourth ventricle (choroid plexus)
Term
Major Anatomical Divisions
Definition
Term
Prosencephalon
Definition
forebrain
includes: Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Term
Prosencephalon
Definition
forebrain
includes: Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Term
Telencephalon
Definition
Cerebrum
Term
Telencephalon
Definition
Cerebrum
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, olfactory
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, olfactory
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Term
Thalamus
Definition
All sensory information aside from olfaction converges in thalamus
Split into clusters of cells (nuclei) receiving sensory input and corresponding to various parts of cerebral cortex
Term
Thalamus
Definition
All sensory information aside from olfaction converges in thalamus
Split into clusters of cells (nuclei) receiving sensory input and corresponding to various parts of cerebral cortex
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
controls ANS and neuroendocrine secretion
essential for HOMEOSTASIS
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
controls ANS and neuroendocrine secretion
essential for HOMEOSTASIS
Term
3 layers of Meninges
Definition
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
Term
Falx cerebri
Definition
Dura matter folds into Longitudinal fissure between hemispheres
Term
Tentorium cerebelli
Definition
dura mater folds into Transverse fissure between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum
Term
Diaphragma sellae
Definition
Dura mater Around the stalk of the pituitary
Term
Cisternae magna
Definition
Enlargement of the subarachnoid space: increased distance between pia and arachnoid
Space between caudal surface of cerebellum and dorsal surface of brain stem
Term
Neurotransmitters related to Seizures
Definition
Glutamate, aspartate – primary excitory transmitter
GABA, glycine - primary inhibitory transmitter
Term
Extracranial causes of sezuire
Definition
Disturbances of homeostasis or metabolism affecting the function of body and brain
Metabolic
Toxic
Hypoglycaemia: Pancreatic tumour (insulinoma) or Physiological hypoglycaemia (Working dogs after excessive exercise, Stressed puppies)
Hepatic encephalopathy: Portosystemic shuts small animals or Toxaemias larger animals
Electrolyte imbalances: Hypernatraemia (“salt poisoning” pigs), Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesamia (“grass staggers” cattle)
Hypoxia: Anaesthetic accidents
Hyperlipidaemia: Inherited condition Miniature Schnauzer
Hyperthermia: Heat stroke
Term
Intracranial causes of seizure
Definition
Structural – focal or generalised
Brain tumours
Head trauma
Congenital: hydrocephalus
Functional – generalised (can be focal)
Inflammatory disease
Immune mediated
Infectious
Term
The Cells of Nervous tissue
Definition
Neurons (nerve cells)
Neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia)
Ependymal (specialized epithelium)
Term
Neuron
Definition
Cell Body (has dendrites)
Axon
Axon Terminal

Multi/Bi/Uni/Pseudouni-polar
Term
Bipolar neurons
Definition
Olfactory neurons
Term
Unipolar neurons
Definition
sensory neurons (merkle, pacinian, nociceptors)
Term
Multipolar neurons
Definition
Purkinje and pyramidal cells
Term
Grey matter of Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Outer Rim of brain and external nuclei
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, astrocytes
neurons arranged in specific layers
Term
White matter of Cerebral Cortex
Definition
myelinated axons
oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Term
Grey Matter of Spinal Cord
Definition
Internal 'butterfly'
cell bodies and dendrites
sensory input - afferent
interneurons
motor output - efferent

connects to ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) white matter
Term
White matter of Spinal Cord
Definition
outer layer
tracks of myelinated axons
arranged into specific faniculli
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
star shaped morphology
protoplasmic (grey) and fibrous (white)
involved in BBB
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
found mainly in white matter
smaller than astrocytes
produce myelin around axon
Term
Microglia
Definition
ovoid shape
change morphology upon activation
resident immune cells
remove debris, bacteria
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
gaps in myelin sheaths along axon
rich in ion channels
Term
Epineurium
Definition
Thick, tough connective tissue
outer layer
Term
Perineurium
Definition
Tough CT surrounding bundle
Term
Endonurium
Definition
Loose delicate CT
Surrounds each axon
Term
Choriod Plexus
Definition
a network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain. It is derived from the pia mater and produces the cerebrospinal fluid.
Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
in Choroid Plexus
Cuboidal or columnar epithelial
– Line the vesicles of brain and spinal cord
– Ciliated to regulate CSF movement and turnover
Term
Ionotropic Neurotransmitters
Definition
NICOTINIC
Has a ligand binding site
Ligand modulates opening probability and ion flux
E.g GABA
Term
Metabotropic Neurotransmitters
Definition
MUSCARINIC
Has a ligand binding site
Couples to a G-protein
Production of 2nd messenger modulates ion channels
Alters opening probability
e.g acetylcholine
Term
Glutamate
Definition
Simple amino acid
Principal excitatory transmitter in CNS
Glutamate release from presynatic terminal
Term
GABA
Definition
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Relatively abundant in the brain
Generated by the conversion of glutamate by GAD
Term
Biogenic Amines
Definition
removal of carboxy groups of certain amino acids generates biogenic amines
Most act via metabotropic receptors
One class is the catecholamines: Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine
Other groups include: Serotonin
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
Cholinergic neurons important in cognition
Term
Nitric Oxide
Definition
NO
Lipid soluble free radical
No receptor, passes membrane by diffusion
Short acting
Term
Neuropeptides
Definition
Pain relief
Most have G-protein coupled receptors
Powerful analgesic (200 X morphine)
Endorphins and dynorphins also relieve pain
Term
Pyramidal System
Definition
aggregations of upper motor neuron nerve fibres that travel from the cerebral cortex and are involved in control of motor functions of the body
Cortico-spinal
Term
Extrapyramidal System
Definition
a neural network that is part of the motor system causing involuntary movements
Reticulo-spinal
Vestibulo-spinal
Rubro-spinal
Tecto-spinal
Term
Reticulo-spinal tract
Definition
“old” tract, basic instincts (startle reaction), postural, initiates locomotion
Term
Vestibulospinal tract
Definition
Input from vestibular apparatus and cerebellum. Mainly postural acting on extensors
Term
Rubrospinal tract
Definition
Acts mainly on flexors, postural
Term
Tectospinal tract
Definition
Input from vision and hearing, acts on cervical vertebrae, orientates head
Term
Cortico-spinal tract
Definition
Required for fine, skilled movement.
Degree of cross-over varies between species – in dogs it is 100%, in ungulates 50%.
Fibres terminate on inter-neurones in the spinal cord.
Term
Motor Heirarchy
Definition
Limbic System
Basal nuclei
Cerebellum
Motor Cortex
Spinal cord/movement
Term
Motor Cortex
Definition
Stimulation will cause movement
Origin of the pyramidal (corticospinal) tract
New system - lacking in birds and reptiles
Term
Motor Cortex connections
Definition
Out to: Pons, Spinal Cord, Reticular formation, Red nucleus, vestibular nuclei, basal nuclei, Thalamus
In from: Cerebellum, Thalamus
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