Term
| Bundle of axons in CNS, PNS |
|
Definition
| Tract (CNS), Ganglion (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| The epineurium surrounds which components (4 total) |
|
Definition
Nerve Fasicle (immediately by Peri)
Vasa Nervosa
Fatty Tissue
Lymphatics |
|
|
Term
Afferent Fibers project ___ ______
Efferent Fibers project ___ ______ |
|
Definition
Afferent FROM dermatome
Efferent TO myotome |
|
|
Term
The Dorsal root contains ____
The Ventral root contains ____ |
|
Definition
Dorsal: Afferent (incoming)
Ventral: Efferent (outgoing) |
|
|
Term
The dorsal ramus contains _____
The ventral ramus contains _____ |
|
Definition
| BOTH contain mixed afferent/efferent |
|
|
Term
| Which is larger: ventral or dorsal rami |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Information from an organ is generally.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Information on the location in space of a limb is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent fibers innervating a secretory gland or smooth muscle are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the SOMATIC nervous system, there is a two neuron rule. T/F |
|
Definition
| False, only 1 neuron travels from CNS to either muscle (GSE) or from muscle (GSA) |
|
|
Term
| A specific area of skin supplied BY a somatic afferent is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous nerves carry information from.. |
|
Definition
| Exteroceptors (i.e. pacinian, meissner, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimuli that damage tissue, cause pain |
|
|
Term
| Compared to pain and temperature neurons, neurons concerned with proprioception travel in the spinal cord CLOSER/FURTHER from the Dorsal Root |
|
Definition
| Once entering the dorsal root (..all aff) temp/pain neurons travel more ventral, and decussate immediately compared to proprioception |
|
|
Term
| Contraction of skeletal muscle is a result of stimuli by |
|
Definition
| LOWER MOTOR neurons (in spinal cord or brainstem) |
|
|
Term
| Each muscle fiber is innervated by _____(ONE or MANY) neurons while an afferent somatic neuron contains stimuli from _____ (ONE or MANY ) muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An IRRITATIVE nerve injury involves what type of trauma and inflammation |
|
Definition
| Acute or chronic mechanical trauma or inflammation (ex: pain, parasthesia, muscle spasm) |
|
|
Term
| A DESTRUCTIVE nerve injury results from... |
|
Definition
Trauma or Neuropathy
such as MS or Paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Referred Pain is what kind of fiber component |
|
Definition
| It is a GSA fiber, although it originates as GVA |
|
|
Term
| The ANS is ultimately controlled by: |
|
Definition
| CNS (Limbic -> Medulla -> Spinal Cord) |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic Axons of the Sympathetic side are (SHORT/LONG) |
|
Definition
Short
(such that the second neuron is still relatively close to the CNS) |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic axons of the Parasympathetic side are (SHORT/LONG) |
|
Definition
Long
(such that the post-gang neuron is close to the target) |
|
|
Term
| Preganglion Parasympathetic neurons are located in ____ and ______ |
|
Definition
Brain stem nuclei (cranio)
Ventral horns of S2-4 (sacral) |
|
|
Term
| From the brainstem, which CN's carry preganglionic parasympathetic neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic axons leave from S2-S4 spinal nerves at _____ and form the _____ |
|
Definition
Ventral roots
Pelvic splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| Examples of the source of visceral afferent neurons include: |
|
Definition
carotid sinus (mmHg)
carotid body (pH)
pH chemoreceptors in stomach |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division leave from _____ spinal nerves and head for the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic trunks lie in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four potential fates for preganglionic sympathetic fibers |
|
Definition
1- enter chain and synapse at close gang.
2,3- travel up/down chain to synapse
4- pass through without syanpse
(synapse elsewhere) |
|
|
Term
| Which rami communicantes are restricted to T1-L2 Spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White rami communicantes convey: |
|
Definition
| preganglionic sympathetic fibers to sympathetic chain (ONLY T1-L2 level) |
|
|
Term
| Gray rami communicantes convey: |
|
Definition
post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers BACK to spinal nerves, to go to body wall
Exist at each spinal nerve level |
|
|
Term
| Which body wall structures receive sympathetic innervation |
|
Definition
sweat glands
erector pili
vascular smooth muscle (NOT coronaries) |
|
|
Term
| Postganglionic axons from the cervical ganglia leave sympathetic trunks to create |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Direct visceral sympathetic branches also carry visceral afferent branches |
|
Definition
| True. The basis for referred pain |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic sympathetic fibers destined for the abdomen travel along... |
|
Definition
| Thoracic splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| An exception to thoracic splanchnic nerves always synapsing on a prevertebral ganglion is: |
|
Definition
| The adrenal medulla...synapses directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vision, sound, equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SVE fibers innervate:
Which CN's? |
|
Definition
skeletal muscle derived from pharyngeal arches.
5, 7, 9, 10 |
|
|
Term
| Lower motor neurons which give rise to efferent fibers in CN's originate in: |
|
Definition
| Motor group of the cranial nerve nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Primary sensory neurons which give rise to afferent fibers of cranial nerves are located in: |
|
Definition
| Ganglia OUTSIDE of CNS. Secondary neurons in the dorsal gray of brain stem |
|
|
Term
| CN I carries what fiber type(s) |
|
Definition
| SVA olfaction, from olfactory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Where is the olfactory mucosa limited to in Homo Sapiens? |
|
Definition
| Upper lateral wall of nasal cavity and at top of nasal septum |
|
|
Term
| Secondary olfactory neurons are located in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most fibers from CNI project to a CNS structure referred to as |
|
Definition
| Rhinenecephalon (Nose Brain) |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory neurons are vulnerable to which type of injuries? |
|
Definition
| Rapid accel/decel of cranium...since they travel through dura, meninges, subarach space, AND arach mater |
|
|
Term
| CNII transmits which fiber type(s) |
|
Definition
| SSA (vision from rods/cones of retina) |
|
|
Term
| Why are both CNI and CNII not truly nerves? |
|
Definition
| They (olfactory tract/bulb and optic tract) are secondary neurons covered in myelin |
|
|
Term
| Which fibers might be vulnerable to lesions of the pituitary |
|
Definition
| CNII fibers, near optic chiasm |
|
|
Term
| What are the first neuronal cells in the visual pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary neurons of the visual pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The optic tract is covered with which of the following:
1- pia
2- CSF
3- dura
4- arachnoid |
|
Definition
| ALL! Since it's a CNS tract it has all 3 meningeal layers, and is baaathed in CSF |
|
|
Term
| An opthalmoscopic examination reveals how many arties in the optic fundus? |
|
Definition
| 1 (technically 4 branches of central retinal artery can be seen) |
|
|
Term
| Axons in each optic tract terminate where? |
|
Definition
Lateral geniculate ganglion of Hypo.
BUT, some go to midbrain, for reflex maintenance of balance, eye position, pupil size |
|
|
Term
| Glaucoma is an example of a chiasmatic lesion T/F |
|
Definition
| False, glaucoma is the result of a PREchiasmatic lesion |
|
|
Term
| The RIGHT visual field is carried by the ___ optic tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of CNII lesion could cause tunnel vision |
|
Definition
| chiasmatic (elimination of the decussating temporal fields leaves only nasal field fibers) |
|
|
Term
| A lesion of ONE post-chiasmatic optic tract could produce what symptoms |
|
Definition
| Loss of the contralateral visual field (i.e. You would have nasal field of one side, and temporal field of the other) |
|
|
Term
| CN VIII conveys what fiber type(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which osteo feature transmits CNVIII |
|
Definition
Int. Acoustic Meatus
ALSO transmits VII |
|
|
Term
| CNVII and CNVIII arise from |
|
Definition
Inferior Pontine Sulcus
(lies b/w pons and medulla) |
|
|
Term
| The Brain stem is composed of what components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major neuro feature lies between the vestibular and cochlear systems |
|
Definition
| CN VII, right before it bends at the geniculate ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What bone contains the organs of hearing and balance? |
|
Definition
Temporal bone
(Cochlea and Vestibular system) |
|
|
Term
| The external auditory meatus is made up of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membranous labyrinth contains which type of fluid and what feature(s) |
|
Definition
Endolymph
Sacuule and Utricle |
|
|
Term
| The membranous labyrinth is contained within __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is contained between the bony and membranous labyrinths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibers from the spiral canals of the cochlea are part of the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stapes moves in and out of the _____ and generates pressures within the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hair cells of the cochlea detect changes in the movement of ____ |
|
Definition
| ENDOlymph (which itself is attenuated by perilymph) |
|
|
Term
| Sound information projects into the cortex specifically in the ___ |
|
Definition
Temporal lobe
(...along the lateral sulcus) |
|
|
Term
| Initial processing of sound information is carried out where? |
|
Definition
The brainstem.
L/R inputs are analyzed here |
|
|
Term
The main function of the stapedius is to _____
The main function of Tensor tympani is to _____ |
|
Definition
Stap: Mediate loud sounds
TT: Distinguish sounds |
|
|
Term
| The utricle and saccule of the vestib system detect: |
|
Definition
| head position and linear motion in relation to gravity |
|
|
Term
| The ampullae of the semicircular canals of the vestib system detect: |
|
Definition
| changes in angular motion, and rotary acceleration relative to the vertical |
|
|
Term
| Besides what's carried out by CNVIII what other inputs are used to determine the overall body position? |
|
Definition
Visual inputs (head position, mvmt...)
Propioceptive inputs (joint position...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ringing, whistling, booming in the ears |
|
|
Term
| What is Nystagmus, and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| Involuntary movement of the eye, caused by a lesion in semicircular canals (VIII) |
|
|
Term
| CNIII has which fiber type(s) |
|
Definition
| GSE (motor) and GVE (parasymp) |
|
|
Term
| CNIII GVE fibers synapse where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medial aspect of cerebral peduncles of midbrain |
|
|
Term
| CNIV carries ___ fibers to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DORSALLY, below the inferior colliculus of midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve has the longest path? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve has the longest intra-dural path |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CNVI has ___ fibers to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient with an eye positioned inferio-laterally is having problems which which cranial nerve(s) |
|
Definition
| III, since IV and VI are depressing and abducting the eyeball, respectively |
|
|
Term
| CNs VI VII VIII all leave the brain in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Postganglion parasympathetic axons follow the rule that they must |
|
Definition
| ...course along with branches of CN V |
|
|
Term
| What are the three divisions of V1 and their fiber types |
|
Definition
All GSA:
Nasociliary
Frontal
Lacrimal |
|
|
Term
| A septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus would make which nerve(s) vulnerable to compression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Someone suffering from being cross-eyed has a problem with which nerve(s) |
|
Definition
| VI, since the medial rectus muscle is unopposed (Lateral rectus not working) |
|
|
Term
| A palsy of IV would cause: |
|
Definition
vertical diplopia
Superior Oblique isn't depressing and abducting, so eye lies supero-medially |
|
|
Term
| Following a moving object is accomplished via control BELOW/AT/ABOVE brainstem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lens shape is controlled by ___ which is innervated by _____ |
|
Definition
| Ciliary Muscle, Postganglionic axons from the ciliary ganglion (parasymp) |
|
|
Term
| Aniscopia produces ____ and is characterized by a lesion of ____ |
|
Definition
Unequal pupil size
ANS(parasymp) lesion (pupillary constrictor m.) |
|
|
Term
| GVE fibers of III are carried by which division of III |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which specific branch of V carries postganglionic fibers from the ciliary ganglion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of CN III preganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
|
Definition
Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
located in Midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Impairment of near vision could be the result of a lesion of which muscle, and which type of neural pathway |
|
Definition
| ciliary muscle, parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Lesioning of GVE fibers from III would result in which symptoms |
|
Definition
No pupillary light reflex (no constrictor)
Dilated Iris (unopposed dilator, of symp.)
Loss of near vision (no ciliary) |
|
|
Term
| What orbital structures does the sympathetic division innervate |
|
Definition
Pupillary dilator m.
Superior tarsal m. (eyelid)
Opthalmic artery |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of postganglionic sympathetic fibers destined for the orbit? |
|
Definition
| Superior cervical ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic sympathetic fibers destined for the orbit originate where? |
|
Definition
T1-T2
then synapse in sup. cervical ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic sympathetic fibers destined for orbital structures travel through the ciliary ganglion T/F |
|
Definition
| False, POST-ganglionic fibers DO travel through the ciliary ganglion (obviously without synapse) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the opthalmic artery distribute where? |
|
Definition
Forehead
Bridge and Root of nose |
|
|
Term
| Ptosis can be caused by problems with |
|
Definition
III
Sympathetic (sup. tarsal) |
|
|
Term
CN V contains which fiber type(s)?
Specifically what divisions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 CN V nuclei receive sensory inputs for Proprioception, Touch and Pain/Temp: |
|
Definition
Mesencephalic -> Proprioception
Pontine -> Touch
Nuc. of Solitary Tract -> Pain/Temp |
|
|
Term
| Which type(s) of sensory fibers can induce a motor reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SVE fibers of V3 innervate which muscles |
|
Definition
| 8 masticatory muscles of first arch |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the nasociliary nerve |
|
Definition
Ciliary
Ethmoidals
Infratrochlear (Nose ROOT) |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the frontal nerve |
|
Definition
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear (Nose BRIDGE) |
|
|
Term
| V2 exits the cranium at which opening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The maxillary molars are innervated by posterior superior alveolar nerves T/F |
|
Definition
| True, although MB root of 1st molar is NOT |
|
|
Term
| Which CN controls the lower eyelid |
|
Definition
| Inferior Palpebral <-- Infraorbital <-- V2 |
|
|
Term
| What nerve supplies the anterior hard palate. Which foramen does it traverse? |
|
Definition
Nasopalatine of V2
Incisive foramen |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve supplies the posterior portion of the hard palate |
|
Definition
| The greater palatine nerve of V2 |
|
|
Term
| Most of the meninges is innervated by afferent fibers of which CN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the ala of the nose |
|
Definition
| Inferior Palpebral branch of V2 |
|
|
Term
| Where is the location of extensive branching of V2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior and posterior portions of the nasal cavity are innervated by which CN(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vidian nerve is comprised of which nerves |
|
Definition
| Greater Petrosal (VII, parasymp.) and Deep Petrosal (sympathetic) |
|
|
Term
| Placement of anesthetic at the level of a maxillary second molar affects which nerve |
|
Definition
| Posterior Superior alveolar nerves |
|
|
Term
| A block at the level of a maxillary premolar infiltrates which nerve |
|
Definition
| Middle superior alveolar nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where and of what nerve does a block of mucosa and gingiva of anterior hard palate occur |
|
Definition
| Nasopalatine nerve, at the incisive foramen |
|
|
Term
| A block of the greater palatine nerve would affect which regions of the oral cavity |
|
Definition
| lingual gingiva and mucosa of the posterior hard palate |
|
|
Term
| Which division of Trigem contains more than one fiber type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tensor Tympani is innervated by VII T/F |
|
Definition
| False. It is a muscle of mastication innervated by V3 |
|
|
Term
| Tensor veli palatini is innervated by V3 T/F |
|
Definition
| True. It is a muscle of mastication innervated by V3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long Buccal
Auriculo-temporal
Inferior Alveolar
Lingual |
|
|
Term
| The auriculo-temporal branch of V3 surrounds what? |
|
Definition
| The Middle Meningeal Artery (of Maxillary artery) |
|
|
Term
| A condylar neck fracture could affect which nerve? |
|
Definition
Auriculo-temporal (GSA of V3)
Also, the Maxillary artery |
|
|
Term
| Skin and mucosa adjacent to the buccinator m. are innervated by which nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Long Buccal nerve innervates the Buccinator m. T/F |
|
Definition
| False, buccinator is a muscle of facial expression (VII) |
|
|
Term
| Lingual nerve provides sensation to which structure(s) |
|
Definition
Ant. 2/3 tongue
Floor of mouth
Mandibular gingiva |
|
|
Term
| What is the correct order (from CNS) of the path of the SVA function of Chorda Tympani |
|
Definition
Solitary Nucleus
Geniculate Ganglion
Courses with Lingual
Ant. 2/3 tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is the correct order (from CNS) of the path of the GVE function of Chorda Tympani |
|
Definition
Superior Salivatory Nucleus
Geniculate Ganglion
Submandibular Ganglion
Submandibular and Sublingual Glands |
|
|
Term
| A mandibular block produces numbness in the tongue due to which nerve? |
|
Definition
| The lingual nerve (GSA) of V3 |
|
|
Term
| To ensure a complete block of mandibular molars, which nerve should be targetted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blocking the mandibular incisors can be accomplished by which block(s) |
|
Definition
Inferior alveolar(Lingual) block
Mental nerve block |
|
|
