Term
| The neural crest later develops into the central nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurotubules and neurofilaments are not unique to neural cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The mandible is the upper jawbone |
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Definition
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Term
| The desmocranium is a group of facial bones that were cartilage before ossification |
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Definition
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Term
| Synapses may occur where axons meet dendrites, cell bodies, or other axons |
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Definition
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Term
| Rostral is opposite of posterior |
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Definition
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Term
| The ethmoid bone is bat shaped. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| The central nervous system consists of ____ and ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| The PNS myelin is produced by ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the blood brain barrier? At least two details. |
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Definition
| Protects brain from "foreign substances" in blood. Maintains a constant environment for the brain. Can be broken down by hypertension, trauma, and infection. |
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Term
| Name two types of glial cells and their functions |
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Definition
Schwann cells: Myelin sheath formation in PNS
Satellite cells: Protect and nourish PNS |
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Term
| What is the collective name for the chemicals released at the synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 6 bones of the cranial skeleton |
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Definition
| Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital |
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Term
| What is the name given to our cheekbones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two of the bones that must fuse correctly to prevent cleft palate |
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Definition
| Maxilla and palatine bone |
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Term
| The autonomic nervous system can be divided into two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic. Which of these deals with emergency situations (i.e. the fight or flight response) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two muscles of mastication |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the difference between sulci and gyri |
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Definition
Sulci: inward fold seen in brain
Gyri: outward fold of brain |
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Term
| Describe what a synapse is. |
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Definition
| A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Name two types of neurons. |
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Definition
| Bipolar neuron and mutlipolar neuron with short axon |
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Term
| Name a prominent suture of the skull. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two main divisions of the PNS |
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Definition
| Somatic nervous system and the Autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| What is a paranasal sinus? |
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Definition
| Any of the paired sinuses in the bones of the face adjacent to the nasal cavity that are lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the lining of the nasal cavities. |
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Term
| Describe myelin and it's function |
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Definition
| Myelin is the layer around the axon of a neuron that increases the speed at which impulses are conducted. |
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Term
| Describe two difference between the CNS and PNS |
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Definition
CNS: Brain and spinal cord, can be damaged by MS
PNS: Everywhere else, schwann cells myelinate |
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Term
| Describe the difference between afferent and efferent |
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Definition
Afferent are fibers going into the CNS
Efferent are fibers leaving the CNS |
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Term
| What is hydrocephalus and how does it impact the shape of the skull? |
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Definition
| Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid before sutures ossify. Expanded neurocranium. |
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Term
| What is hydrocephalus and how does it impact the shape of the skull? |
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Definition
| Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid before sutures ossify. Expanded neurocranium. |
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Term
| What is cell proliferation? |
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Definition
| Increase in cell number by division |
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Term
| What gland in the endocrine system is known as the master gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three muscles of facial expression and describe how each contributes to a facial expression. |
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Definition
Risorius: laughing muscle
Mentalis: pulls skin of chin upwards
Nasalis: narrows nostrils |
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Term
| What are the three parts of the brainstem? |
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Definition
| Medulla, pons, and midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| The growth and development of nervous tissue |
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Term
| Why does MS affect the CNS and not the PNS? |
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Definition
| Because the myelin in CNS can be damaged but because the PNS myelin is produced by schwann cells it can't. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a neuron is not stimulated but just sitting without an impulse to carry or transmit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gateway for ions to pass through the cell membrane |
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Term
| The outer layer of tough collagenous tissue is the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The space between the arachnoid and pia mater is the ____ space. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three structures of the limbic system. |
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Definition
| Amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus |
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Term
| What is the primary function of CSF? |
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Definition
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Term
| what procedure is used to examine CSF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure, located in the ventricles, produces cerebrospinal fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to the hippocampus may result in what difficulty? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid filled spaces in the brain connected by ducts |
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Term
| Name the four structures of the diencephalon |
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Definition
| Thalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the diencephalon located? |
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Definition
| Between the cerebrum and the brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretion of melatonin and regulation of motor pathway and emotions. |
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Term
| Primary function of the pituitary gland |
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Definition
| Protection and regulation |
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Term
| Name two nuclei groups in the thalamus and describe two functions for these groups |
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Definition
Anterior group: Memory and emotion
Posterior group: Relay of visual signals to occipital lobe and auditory signals to temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name a disorder that can result from damage to the hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| Name one structure of the subthalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe why the midbrain is often described as the colorful part of the brain |
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Definition
| Because it contains the red nucleus and the substantia nigra |
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Term
| Name a disorder commonly associated with the midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two primary structures of the metencephalon |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the ventricle system is located in the metencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two cranial nerves that are located in the pons |
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Definition
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Term
| Name a white matter tract that travels through the pons |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two functions that may be compromised due to damage to the pons |
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Definition
| Taste and bladder control |
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Term
| Name two types of fibers in the cerebellum |
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Definition
| parallel fibers and climbing fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Jerky, uncoordinated, inaccurate movements |
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Term
| Name three major arteries that make up the Circle of Willis |
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Definition
| posterior cerebral artery, anterior, and middle cerebral artery |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between an ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke |
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Definition
Ischemic (clots) : result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain
Hemorrhagic (bleeds): occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures. |
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Term
| Describe blood flow from the heart to the brain |
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Definition
| Aorta > Subclavian > Vertebral > Basilar > Brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulging of blood vessel wall that is weak |
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Term
| Describe what causes Parkinson's and name two symptoms |
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Definition
| Caused by impairment of dopamine producing nerve cells in the substantia nigra. Tremors and instability are both symptoms. |
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Term
| What are Broadmann's areas? |
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Definition
| Areas of the neocortex that are organized by color and function |
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Term
| What is decussation and where does it occur? |
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Definition
| An intersection of crossing of two tracts that occurs in nerve fibers |
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Term
| Describe the cauda equine |
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Definition
| Horse's tail-A collection of nerves at the base of the spinal cord that send and receive messages between the lower limbs and the pelvic organs |
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Term
| What kind of neurons do the dorsal and ventral roots contain? (different) |
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Definition
Dorsal: sensory neurons
Ventral: motor neurons |
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Term
| What is meant by dermatomes? |
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Definition
| Sensory innervation of the skin |
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Term
| Name and describe a disorder that can result from damage to the spinal cord |
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Definition
| Spastic paralysis: motor neurons in the primary motor cortex are damaged causing uncontrolled muscle movements |
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Term
| Describe how impulses travel and the neurons that activate when picking up a cup of coffee |
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Definition
PARIETAL CORTEX: sees cup with respect to hand
MOTOR CORTEX: moves arm
BRAINSTEM MOTOR CENTER: maintains balance while reaching
SPINAL CORD: sensory info (if the cup is too hot to pick up)
CEREBELLUM: coordination of multi-joint movements, lifting cup to mouth
BASAL GANGLIA: Stability of the movements and response to the coffee |
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Term
| What disorder can result from excessive alcohol abuse? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is the primary motor cortex located? |
|
Definition
| Percentral gyrus of frontal lob |
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Term
| Name one of the spinal tracts that control motor movement |
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Definition
| Ventromedial corticospinal tract: controls muscles of trunk, head, proximal limbs |
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Term
| What region of the brain controls linguistic functions? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scale model of human body |
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Term
|
Definition
| Different tone frequencies are transmitted separately along specific parts of the structure |
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Term
| Name three somatosensory systems |
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Definition
| Proprioceptive, interoceptive, exteroceptive |
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Term
Which cranial nerves are sensory only?
Motor only?
Both? |
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Definition
Sensory: I, II, VIII
Motor: III, IV, VI, XI, XII
Both: V, VII, IX, X |
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Term
| Which cranial nerves are sensory for taste? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Branches of the Trigeminal nerves |
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Definition
| Opthlamic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve |
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|
Term
| Cranial nerves involved in swallowing |
|
Definition
Facial: VII
Glossopharyngeal: IX
Vagus: X
Hypoglossal: XII |
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