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Neuroanatomy Final
Flashcards for the cumulative final of Neuroanatomy
87
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
12/10/2013

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Term
The neural crest later develops into the central nervous system.
Definition
False
Term
Neurotubules and neurofilaments are not unique to neural cells.
Definition
False
Term
The mandible is the upper jawbone
Definition
False
Term
The desmocranium is a group of facial bones that were cartilage before ossification
Definition
True
Term
Synapses may occur where axons meet dendrites, cell bodies, or other axons
Definition
True
Term
Rostral is opposite of posterior
Definition
True
Term
The ethmoid bone is bat shaped.
Definition
True
Term
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
Definition
31
Term
The central nervous system consists of ____ and ____?
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
Term
The PNS myelin is produced by ____?
Definition
Schwann cells
Term
What is the blood brain barrier? At least two details.
Definition
Protects brain from "foreign substances" in blood. Maintains a constant environment for the brain. Can be broken down by hypertension, trauma, and infection.
Term
Name two types of glial cells and their functions
Definition
Schwann cells: Myelin sheath formation in PNS
Satellite cells: Protect and nourish PNS
Term
What is the collective name for the chemicals released at the synapse?
Definition
Action Potential
Term
Name the 6 bones of the cranial skeleton
Definition
Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Term
What is the name given to our cheekbones?
Definition
Zygomatic bone
Term
Name two of the bones that must fuse correctly to prevent cleft palate
Definition
Maxilla and palatine bone
Term
The autonomic nervous system can be divided into two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic. Which of these deals with emergency situations (i.e. the fight or flight response)
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
Name two muscles of mastication
Definition
Masseter and temporalis
Term
Describe the difference between sulci and gyri
Definition
Sulci: inward fold seen in brain
Gyri: outward fold of brain
Term
Describe what a synapse is.
Definition
A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
Term
Name two types of neurons.
Definition
Bipolar neuron and mutlipolar neuron with short axon
Term
Name a prominent suture of the skull.
Definition
The coronal suture
Term
Name the two main divisions of the PNS
Definition
Somatic nervous system and the Autonomic nervous system
Term
What is a paranasal sinus?
Definition
Any of the paired sinuses in the bones of the face adjacent to the nasal cavity that are lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the lining of the nasal cavities.
Term
Describe myelin and it's function
Definition
Myelin is the layer around the axon of a neuron that increases the speed at which impulses are conducted.
Term
Describe two difference between the CNS and PNS
Definition
CNS: Brain and spinal cord, can be damaged by MS
PNS: Everywhere else, schwann cells myelinate
Term
Describe the difference between afferent and efferent
Definition
Afferent are fibers going into the CNS
Efferent are fibers leaving the CNS
Term
What is hydrocephalus and how does it impact the shape of the skull?
Definition
Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid before sutures ossify. Expanded neurocranium.
Term
What is hydrocephalus and how does it impact the shape of the skull?
Definition
Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid before sutures ossify. Expanded neurocranium.
Term
What is cell proliferation?
Definition
Increase in cell number by division
Term
What gland in the endocrine system is known as the master gland?
Definition
Pituitary glad
Term
Name three muscles of facial expression and describe how each contributes to a facial expression.
Definition
Risorius: laughing muscle
Mentalis: pulls skin of chin upwards
Nasalis: narrows nostrils
Term
What are the three parts of the brainstem?
Definition
Medulla, pons, and midbrain
Term
What is neurogenesis?
Definition
The growth and development of nervous tissue
Term
Why does MS affect the CNS and not the PNS?
Definition
Because the myelin in CNS can be damaged but because the PNS myelin is produced by schwann cells it can't.
Term
What is polarization?
Definition
When a neuron is not stimulated but just sitting without an impulse to carry or transmit.
Term
What is an ion channel?
Definition
A gateway for ions to pass through the cell membrane
Term
The outer layer of tough collagenous tissue is the _____.
Definition
Dura mater
Term
The space between the arachnoid and pia mater is the ____ space.
Definition
Subarachnoid space
Term
Name the three structures of the limbic system.
Definition
Amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus
Term
What is the primary function of CSF?
Definition
Protection
Term
what procedure is used to examine CSF?
Definition
Spinal tap
Term
What structure, located in the ventricles, produces cerebrospinal fluid?
Definition
Choroid plexus
Term
Damage to the hippocampus may result in what difficulty?
Definition
Memory
Term
What are ventricles?
Definition
Fluid filled spaces in the brain connected by ducts
Term
Name the four structures of the diencephalon
Definition
Thalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus
Term
Shape of Thalamus
Definition
Size and shape of walnut
Term
Where is the diencephalon located?
Definition
Between the cerebrum and the brainstem
Term
Functions of epithalamus
Definition
Secretion of melatonin and regulation of motor pathway and emotions.
Term
Primary function of the pituitary gland
Definition
Protection and regulation
Term
Name two nuclei groups in the thalamus and describe two functions for these groups
Definition
Anterior group: Memory and emotion
Posterior group: Relay of visual signals to occipital lobe and auditory signals to temporal lobe
Term
Name a thalamic disorder
Definition
A lesion of the thalamus
Term
Name a disorder that can result from damage to the hypothalamus
Definition
Korsakoff's syndrome
Term
Name one structure of the subthalamus
Definition
Subthalamic nucleus
Term
Describe why the midbrain is often described as the colorful part of the brain
Definition
Because it contains the red nucleus and the substantia nigra
Term
Name a disorder commonly associated with the midbrain
Definition
Parkinsons
Term
What are the two primary structures of the metencephalon
Definition
Pons and cerebellum
Term
What part of the ventricle system is located in the metencephalon?
Definition
The fourth ventricle
Term
Name two cranial nerves that are located in the pons
Definition
V, VI, VII, VIII
Term
Name a white matter tract that travels through the pons
Definition
Lateral lemniscus
Term
Name two functions that may be compromised due to damage to the pons
Definition
Taste and bladder control
Term
Name two types of fibers in the cerebellum
Definition
parallel fibers and climbing fibers
Term
What is ataxia?
Definition
Jerky, uncoordinated, inaccurate movements
Term
Name three major arteries that make up the Circle of Willis
Definition
posterior cerebral artery, anterior, and middle cerebral artery
Term
Describe stenosis
Definition
Narrowing of arteries
Term
What is the difference between an ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
Definition
Ischemic (clots) : result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain
Hemorrhagic (bleeds): occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures.
Term
Describe blood flow from the heart to the brain
Definition
Aorta > Subclavian > Vertebral > Basilar > Brain
Term
What is an aneurysm?
Definition
Bulging of blood vessel wall that is weak
Term
Describe what causes Parkinson's and name two symptoms
Definition
Caused by impairment of dopamine producing nerve cells in the substantia nigra. Tremors and instability are both symptoms.
Term
What are Broadmann's areas?
Definition
Areas of the neocortex that are organized by color and function
Term
What is decussation and where does it occur?
Definition
An intersection of crossing of two tracts that occurs in nerve fibers
Term
Describe the cauda equine
Definition
Horse's tail-A collection of nerves at the base of the spinal cord that send and receive messages between the lower limbs and the pelvic organs
Term
What kind of neurons do the dorsal and ventral roots contain? (different)
Definition
Dorsal: sensory neurons
Ventral: motor neurons
Term
What is meant by dermatomes?
Definition
Sensory innervation of the skin
Term
Name and describe a disorder that can result from damage to the spinal cord
Definition
Spastic paralysis: motor neurons in the primary motor cortex are damaged causing uncontrolled muscle movements
Term
Describe how impulses travel and the neurons that activate when picking up a cup of coffee
Definition
PARIETAL CORTEX: sees cup with respect to hand
MOTOR CORTEX: moves arm
BRAINSTEM MOTOR CENTER: maintains balance while reaching
SPINAL CORD: sensory info (if the cup is too hot to pick up)
CEREBELLUM: coordination of multi-joint movements, lifting cup to mouth
BASAL GANGLIA: Stability of the movements and response to the coffee
Term
What disorder can result from excessive alcohol abuse?
Definition
Korsakoff's syndrome
Term
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Definition
Percentral gyrus of frontal lob
Term
Name one of the spinal tracts that control motor movement
Definition
Ventromedial corticospinal tract: controls muscles of trunk, head, proximal limbs
Term
What region of the brain controls linguistic functions?
Definition
Broco's area
Term
Homunculus
Definition
scale model of human body
Term
Tonotopic
Definition
Different tone frequencies are transmitted separately along specific parts of the structure
Term
Name three somatosensory systems
Definition
Proprioceptive, interoceptive, exteroceptive
Term
Which cranial nerves are sensory only?
Motor only?
Both?
Definition
Sensory: I, II, VIII
Motor: III, IV, VI, XI, XII
Both: V, VII, IX, X
Term
Which cranial nerves are sensory for taste?
Definition
VII, IX, and X
Term
Branches of the Trigeminal nerves
Definition
Opthlamic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
Term
Cranial nerves involved in swallowing
Definition
Facial: VII
Glossopharyngeal: IX
Vagus: X
Hypoglossal: XII
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