Term
| what is the definition of proprioception? |
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Definition
| sensing movements and position of the body parts |
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Term
| what tests are used to evaluate proprioception? example? |
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Definition
| postural reactions ( proprioceptive placing reaction: placing animal's weight on its dorsal paw should result in immediate adjustment to normal placement) |
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Term
| what does loss of proprioception tell you clinically? |
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Definition
| doesn't localize the lesion, but sensitive indication of a nero problem anywhere along the proprioceptive pathway: peripheral nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, cerebrum or cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| complete loss of motor activity |
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Term
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Definition
| weakness, partial loss of the voluntary motor activity |
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Term
| what are the suffixes - paresis and -plegia used to describe? |
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Definition
| paresis and paralysis, respectively |
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Term
| differentiate flaccid and spastic paresis or paralysis |
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Definition
flaccid: decreased or no tone in muscles
spastic: increased tone/hypertonicity |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of coordinated movements with or without spasticity or paresis |
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Term
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Definition
| lesions of the entire nervous system may cause ataxia. altho not specific, it shows up frequently and is indicative of a nervous system problem |
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Term
| define intention tremor and what it indicates |
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Definition
| a tremor (small, rapid, alternating movements at rest) that becomes wrose with initiation of a movement and disappears at rest; indicated cerebellar disease |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary movement of the eyes in either a rotatory, vertical or horizontal direction |
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Term
| how does nystagmus at rest appear and what does it indicate? |
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Definition
| eyes move to the side of the lesion and snap back. abnormality, usually indicates vestibular dysfunction |
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Term
| define dysmetria and what it indicates |
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Definition
| improper measuring of distance in muscular activity, too short or too long (goose stepping) - cerebellar disease |
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Term
| what is a CSF tap and where is it done? |
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Definition
| removal of the CSF from the subarachnoid space in the cisterna magna or lumbar cistern |
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Term
| what is epidural anesthesia, where is it commonly given? |
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Definition
| anesthetize the spinal nerves in the area, through the lumbosacral opening (L7-S1) into the epidural space |
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Term
| how do you screen for neurological problems? |
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Definition
observing: mental attitude.consciousness and behavior, seizures
stance and head position
gait and strength
proprioceptive positioning |
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Term
| why is mental attitude/consciousness, behavior and seizures observed in a neuroscreening test? |
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Definition
| screen for cerebrum and brain stem problems |
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Term
| what is the affect of UMNs damage on LMNs? |
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Definition
| LMNs increase their activity |
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Term
| to where do LMN signs localize the lesion? |
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Definition
| peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or segment of brain stem the LMN arises from |
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Term
define flaccid paresis or paraysis:
define spastic paresis or paralysis: |
|
Definition
flaccid: decreased or no tone with paresis or paralysis due to lesions of LMNs
spastic: extra tone (hypertonicity) with paresis or paralysis due to lesions of UMNs |
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Term
| what does pointing your thumb down in LMN damage indicate? |
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Definition
| everything decreased or disappears |
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Term
| list 4 LMN disease signs (thumbs down) |
|
Definition
decreased or absent tone (hypotonia to atonia)
decreased to absent reflexes (hypo to areflexia)
flaccis paralysis
rapid atrophy (neurogenic atrophy) 1 week |
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|
Term
| list 4 UMN disease signs (thumbs up) |
|
Definition
normal to increased muscle tone
normal to increased reflexes (hypereflexia)
spastic paresis to paralysis
slow (disuse) atrophy |
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Term
| list how the reflexes are checked for the limbs and how is it performed? |
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Definition
| withdrawal reflex - pinch the toe; normal response = withdrawal of the limb |
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Term
|
Definition
| palpate the muscles of the limbs |
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Term
| localize the lesion: flaccid paralysis, absent reflexes and tone, and rapid atrophy to the pelvic limbs with normal thoracic limbs |
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Definition
| L4-S1 spinal cord lesion (area 4) (LMN signs to pelvic limbs, normal thoracic limbs) |
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Term
| localize the lesion: spastic paresis, increased reflexes and tone to the left pelvic limb and flaccid paralysis, decreased reflexes and tone to the left thoracic limb |
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Definition
| unilateral C6-T1 (area 2) on the left (LMN: left thoracic and UMN: left pelvic) |
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|
Term
| localize the lesion: spastic paresis, increased reflexes and increased tone to all limbs |
|
Definition
| lesion cranial to area 1 (C6) |
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Term
| localize the lesion: spastic paresis, increased reflexes and tone to the pelvic limbs, and normal thoracic limbs |
|
Definition
| T3-L3 area 3 (UMN: P limbs normal plus or minus Shiff-Sherington) |
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|
Term
list presenting signs to transection of the spinal cord at the following areas:
14a. C1-5 spinal cord |
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Definition
| all 4 limbs. umn thumbs up. no lmn signs to any limb |
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|
Term
| cervical enlargement C6-T2 |
|
Definition
pelvic limb. umn thumb up
thoracic limb. lmn thumb down |
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|
Term
|
Definition
pelvic limb umn thumb up
thoracic limb no effect - plus minus shiff sherington |
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|
Term
|
Definition
pelvic limb lmn thumb down
thoracic limb no effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| complete disconnection of the reticular activation system from the cerebral cortex, usually due to a severe brain stem lesion |
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Term
| list 3 primary deficits that may be seen with lesions to the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| seizures, behavior and mentation abnormalities, depression, abnormal posture with normal gait, blind with normal pupillary reflexes, compulsive pacing, head pressing, proprioception deficits |
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Term
| unilateral cerebral lesions will cause ____ signs |
|
Definition
| contralateral - opposite side |
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|
Term
| how is brain stem disease characterized? |
|
Definition
| abnormal gait and abnormal posture and cranial nerve deficits, decreased mental stes, proprioception deficits and weakness |
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Term
| what is the range of decreased levels of consciousness due to brainstem lesions? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the best evidence of brainstem lesions? |
|
Definition
| multiple dysfunction of cranial nerves 3-12 |
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|
Term
| when should brain stem disease be suspected? |
|
Definition
| if cranial nerves abnormalities and umn paresis, or decreased consciousness |
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Term
| how does a cerebellar lesion present? |
|
Definition
| uncoordinated without paresis - no weakness, proprioceptive deficits, vestibular signs |
|
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Term
| what do vestibular system lesions affect? |
|
Definition
| the ability to control posture in relationship to gravity and eye movements in relationship to head movements |
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Term
| what are signs of vestibular disease? |
|
Definition
| head tilt, nystagmus, asymmetric ataxia with possible circling |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary diagnostic concern with vestibular disease? |
|
Definition
| DIFFERENTIATION PERIPHERAL (NO PARESIS OR DEPRESSION) FROM CENTRAL (PARESIS AND DEPRESSION) VESTIBULAR DISEASE |
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|
Term
| what is the first deficit to show with a neurological deficit? |
|
Definition
| proprioceptive positioning |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bright, alert, responsive |
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|
Term
| what does multiple dysfunction of cranial nerves indicate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what could cause a dropped jaw? |
|
Definition
| paralysis of trigeminal nerve - cn5 |
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Term
| how is the auriculopalpebral nerve manipulated clinically? in what species? |
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Definition
| blocked to paralyze eyelids for eye procedures; large animals |
|
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Term
| how is facial nerve commonly injured in the horse? |
|
Definition
| lying on a halter buckle during surgery - buccal on buckle |
|
|
Term
what cranial nerves are associated with the following complaints...
blindness |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| anisocoria (unequal pupil size) |
|
Definition
| sympathetic, parasympathetic (3) |
|
|
Term
| stabismus(uncontrolled deviation of the eye) |
|
Definition
| oculomotor, torchlear and abducent |
|
|
Term
dropped jaw and head atrophy
increased or decreased facial sensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deafness and or loss of balance |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| dysphagia (difficult swallowing) |
|
Definition
| glossopharyngeal and vagus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paralysis of which nerve results in a weak tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the facial/trigeminal reflex arc chcked? |
|
Definition
| prick the face, pulling away indicated intact trigeminal nerve, twitch of face muscles indicates intact facial nerve |
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|
Term
| what cranail nerve problem can be seen with middle ear infections? |
|
Definition
| paralysis of the facial nerve and resulting dry eye |
|
|
Term
| what procedure can be used to facilitate the exam of the eye? how? |
|
Definition
| auriculopalpebral nerve- facial branch block, eliminated blinking and closing of the eye (rare in dog, common in horses) |
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|
Term
| what are signs of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| laryngeal paralysis/hemiplegia: failure of the glottic cleft to open. seen in horses ("roarers") and dogs. high pitched, whistling on inspiration and exercise intolerance occur |
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|
Term
| discuss the clinical significance of the accessory nerve |
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Definition
| little clinical significance |
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