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Neuro
Pg.s 32-36 Q&A's
66
Anatomy
Professional
02/11/2011

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Term
what is the definition of proprioception?
Definition
sensing movements and position of the body parts
Term
what tests are used to evaluate proprioception? example?
Definition
postural reactions ( proprioceptive placing reaction: placing animal's weight on its dorsal paw should result in immediate adjustment to normal placement)
Term
what does loss of proprioception tell you clinically?
Definition
doesn't localize the lesion, but sensitive indication of a nero problem anywhere along the proprioceptive pathway: peripheral nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, cerebrum or cerebellum
Term
define paralysis
Definition
complete loss of motor activity
Term
define paresis
Definition
weakness, partial loss of the voluntary motor activity
Term
what are the suffixes - paresis and -plegia used to describe?
Definition
paresis and paralysis, respectively
Term
differentiate flaccid and spastic paresis or paralysis
Definition
flaccid: decreased or no tone in muscles
spastic: increased tone/hypertonicity
Term
define ataxia
Definition
lack of coordinated movements with or without spasticity or paresis
Term
what can cause ataxia?
Definition
lesions of the entire nervous system may cause ataxia. altho not specific, it shows up frequently and is indicative of a nervous system problem
Term
define intention tremor and what it indicates
Definition
a tremor (small, rapid, alternating movements at rest) that becomes wrose with initiation of a movement and disappears at rest; indicated cerebellar disease
Term
define nystagmus
Definition
involuntary movement of the eyes in either a rotatory, vertical or horizontal direction
Term
how does nystagmus at rest appear and what does it indicate?
Definition
eyes move to the side of the lesion and snap back. abnormality, usually indicates vestibular dysfunction
Term
define dysmetria and what it indicates
Definition
improper measuring of distance in muscular activity, too short or too long (goose stepping) - cerebellar disease
Term
what is a CSF tap and where is it done?
Definition
removal of the CSF from the subarachnoid space in the cisterna magna or lumbar cistern
Term
what is epidural anesthesia, where is it commonly given?
Definition
anesthetize the spinal nerves in the area, through the lumbosacral opening (L7-S1) into the epidural space
Term
how do you screen for neurological problems?
Definition
observing: mental attitude.consciousness and behavior, seizures
stance and head position
gait and strength
proprioceptive positioning
Term
why is mental attitude/consciousness, behavior and seizures observed in a neuroscreening test?
Definition
screen for cerebrum and brain stem problems
Term
what is the affect of UMNs damage on LMNs?
Definition
LMNs increase their activity
Term
to where do LMN signs localize the lesion?
Definition
peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or segment of brain stem the LMN arises from
Term
define flaccid paresis or paraysis:
define spastic paresis or paralysis:
Definition
flaccid: decreased or no tone with paresis or paralysis due to lesions of LMNs
spastic: extra tone (hypertonicity) with paresis or paralysis due to lesions of UMNs
Term
what does pointing your thumb down in LMN damage indicate?
Definition
everything decreased or disappears
Term
list 4 LMN disease signs (thumbs down)
Definition
decreased or absent tone (hypotonia to atonia)
decreased to absent reflexes (hypo to areflexia)
flaccis paralysis
rapid atrophy (neurogenic atrophy) 1 week
Term
list 4 UMN disease signs (thumbs up)
Definition
normal to increased muscle tone
normal to increased reflexes (hypereflexia)
spastic paresis to paralysis
slow (disuse) atrophy
Term
list how the reflexes are checked for the limbs and how is it performed?
Definition
withdrawal reflex - pinch the toe; normal response = withdrawal of the limb
Term
how is tone evaluated?
Definition
palpate the muscles of the limbs
Term
localize the lesion: flaccid paralysis, absent reflexes and tone, and rapid atrophy to the pelvic limbs with normal thoracic limbs
Definition
L4-S1 spinal cord lesion (area 4) (LMN signs to pelvic limbs, normal thoracic limbs)
Term
localize the lesion: spastic paresis, increased reflexes and tone to the left pelvic limb and flaccid paralysis, decreased reflexes and tone to the left thoracic limb
Definition
unilateral C6-T1 (area 2) on the left (LMN: left thoracic and UMN: left pelvic)
Term
localize the lesion: spastic paresis, increased reflexes and increased tone to all limbs
Definition
lesion cranial to area 1 (C6)
Term
localize the lesion: spastic paresis, increased reflexes and tone to the pelvic limbs, and normal thoracic limbs
Definition
T3-L3 area 3 (UMN: P limbs normal plus or minus Shiff-Sherington)
Term
list presenting signs to transection of the spinal cord at the following areas:
14a. C1-5 spinal cord
Definition
all 4 limbs. umn thumbs up. no lmn signs to any limb
Term
cervical enlargement C6-T2
Definition
pelvic limb. umn thumb up
thoracic limb. lmn thumb down
Term
T3-L3
Definition
pelvic limb umn thumb up
thoracic limb no effect - plus minus shiff sherington
Term
L4-S1
Definition
pelvic limb lmn thumb down
thoracic limb no effect
Term
what causes a coma?
Definition
complete disconnection of the reticular activation system from the cerebral cortex, usually due to a severe brain stem lesion
Term
list 3 primary deficits that may be seen with lesions to the cerebrum?
Definition
seizures, behavior and mentation abnormalities, depression, abnormal posture with normal gait, blind with normal pupillary reflexes, compulsive pacing, head pressing, proprioception deficits
Term
unilateral cerebral lesions will cause ____ signs
Definition
contralateral - opposite side
Term
how is brain stem disease characterized?
Definition
abnormal gait and abnormal posture and cranial nerve deficits, decreased mental stes, proprioception deficits and weakness
Term
what is the range of decreased levels of consciousness due to brainstem lesions?
Definition
depression to coma
Term
what is the best evidence of brainstem lesions?
Definition
multiple dysfunction of cranial nerves 3-12
Term
when should brain stem disease be suspected?
Definition
if cranial nerves abnormalities and umn paresis, or decreased consciousness
Term
how does a cerebellar lesion present?
Definition
uncoordinated without paresis - no weakness, proprioceptive deficits, vestibular signs
Term
what do vestibular system lesions affect?
Definition
the ability to control posture in relationship to gravity and eye movements in relationship to head movements
Term
what are signs of vestibular disease?
Definition
head tilt, nystagmus, asymmetric ataxia with possible circling
Term
what is the primary diagnostic concern with vestibular disease?
Definition
DIFFERENTIATION PERIPHERAL (NO PARESIS OR DEPRESSION) FROM CENTRAL (PARESIS AND DEPRESSION) VESTIBULAR DISEASE
Term
what is the first deficit to show with a neurological deficit?
Definition
proprioceptive positioning
Term
what does BAR stand for?
Definition
bright, alert, responsive
Term
what does multiple dysfunction of cranial nerves indicate?
Definition
brain stem lesion
Term
what could cause a dropped jaw?
Definition
paralysis of trigeminal nerve - cn5
Term
how is the auriculopalpebral nerve manipulated clinically? in what species?
Definition
blocked to paralyze eyelids for eye procedures; large animals
Term
how is facial nerve commonly injured in the horse?
Definition
lying on a halter buckle during surgery - buccal on buckle
Term
what cranial nerves are associated with the following complaints...

blindness
Definition
optic nerve cn2
Term
anisocoria (unequal pupil size)
Definition
sympathetic, parasympathetic (3)
Term
stabismus(uncontrolled deviation of the eye)
Definition
oculomotor, torchlear and abducent
Term
dropped jaw and head atrophy
increased or decreased facial sensation
Definition
trigeminal
Term
facial paralysis
Definition
facial
Term
deafness and or loss of balance
Definition
vestibulocochlear damage
Term
dysphagia (difficult swallowing)
Definition
glossopharyngeal and vagus
Term
megaesophagus
Definition
vagus
Term
laryngeal paralysis
Definition
vagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve
Term
paralysis of the tongue
Definition
hypoglossal
Term
paralysis of which nerve results in a weak tongue?
Definition
hypoglossal nerve
Term
how the facial/trigeminal reflex arc chcked?
Definition
prick the face, pulling away indicated intact trigeminal nerve, twitch of face muscles indicates intact facial nerve
Term
what cranail nerve problem can be seen with middle ear infections?
Definition
paralysis of the facial nerve and resulting dry eye
Term
what procedure can be used to facilitate the exam of the eye? how?
Definition
auriculopalpebral nerve- facial branch block, eliminated blinking and closing of the eye (rare in dog, common in horses)
Term
what are signs of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Definition
laryngeal paralysis/hemiplegia: failure of the glottic cleft to open. seen in horses ("roarers") and dogs. high pitched, whistling on inspiration and exercise intolerance occur
Term
discuss the clinical significance of the accessory nerve
Definition
little clinical significance
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