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neuro
neuro
90
Anatomy
Graduate
01/29/2011

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Term
reflexive
Definition
stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus
Term
what neurons r invloved in a reflexive movement control?
Definition
-sensory neurons
-motor neurons
-inter neurons
Term
reflexes can occur at four different levels?
Definition
-spinal
-brainstem
-midbrain
-cortex
Term
_______movement control is with conscious intention to move
Definition
vouluntary
Term
________ is reflexive movement control at the spinal cord level
Definition
stretch reflex (DTR)
Term
the stretch reflex (DTR)excites the muscle spindle which sends a message on a _____ afferents to an aplha motor neuron
Definition
1a
Term
the stretch reflex results in excitation of________ and _______ and inhibition of the antagonist
Definition
agonist and synergist
Term
the stretch reflex results in excitation of________ and _______ and inhibition of the antagonist
Definition
agonist and synergist
Term
inhibition of the agonist is also known as_________ and_________
Definition
reciprocal innnervation and reciprical inhibition
Term
muscle spindle information also goes to suprasoinal regions via______
Definition
long loop reflex pathway
-this is present following the initial stretch
Term
reflexive control at the spinal level is
Definition
-flexor withdrawal
Term
flexor withdrawal is
Definition
when there is noxious stimulus to the skin causing protective withdrawal of the limb through the excitation of flexor muscles
Term
flexor withdrawal results in ipsilateral excitation of ________ muscles and inhibition of ipsilateral________ ______ muscles
Definition
-flexor
-antagonist extensor
Term
reflexive control of movemnet at the spinal level--cross extension typically occurs in conjunction with the ________ ________
Definition
flexor withdrawal
Term
in crossed extension withdrawal reflex ______ neurons to opposite leg excite extensor muscles and iinhibit flexor muscles
Definition
commisural
Term
when on leg flexes in the ______ _____ reflex, the other leg extends to maintain support of the body
Definition
flexor withdrawal
Term
reflexive control of movement at the spinal cord level is_________ _________ this results in inhibtion of agonist muscle and excitation of the antagonist muscle
Definition
autogenic inhibition
Term
reflexive control of movement at the spinal cord level is_________ _________ this results in inhibtion of agonist muscle and excitation of the antagonist muscle
Definition
autogenic inhibition
Term
reflexive control of movement at the spinal cord level is_________ _________ this results in inhibtion of agonist muscle and excitation of the antagonist muscle
Definition
autogenic inhibition
Term
reflexive control of movement at the spinal cord level is_________ _________ this results in inhibtion of agonist muscle and excitation of the antagonist muscle
Definition
autogenic inhibition
Term
autogenic inhibition is stimulated by contraction or muscle pulling on the _____ exciting the ______ _______ ______. these send signals to alpha motor neuron via 1b sensory neurons
Definition
tendon
(gto) golgi tendon organ
Term
the golgi tendon organ(GTO) has three functions
Definition
-protect the muscle
-regulation of muscle force(tension)
-clasp-knife phenomenon reflex
Term
clasp knife phenomenon reflex is mediated by the ____ through _______ inhibtion.
Definition
-GTO
-autogenic

clasp knife reflex is a sudden drop in resisitance when passive range is done slowly on spastic patients
Term
reflexive control of movement at the spinal level examples are ________ and _________
Definition
-babinski
-hoffman
Term
babinski reflex is
Definition
when you stroke foot firmly
+ reults is when the great toe flexes toward the top of the foot and some splaying of the toes..means UMN
-normal response is when the toes plantarflexes
Term
hoffman reflex is
Definition
when u tap or flick the terminal phalanx of the 3 or 4 digit
-normal causes the finger to rebound into slight extension
+ response is flexion of the terminal phalanx of thumb
Term
childhood reflexive control of movments at the brainstem level (5)
Definition
-ATNR, ASYMETRIC TONIC NECK REFLEX
-STNR, SYMETRIC "" ""
- TONIC LABYRINTHINE REFLEXES
- ASSOCIATED REACTIONS
- POSITIVE SUPPORTING REACTIONS
Term
childhood reflexive control of movement at midbrain level (5)
Definition
-neck righting reaction
-body righting reaction
-labyrinthine righting reaction
-optical righting reaction
-protective extension
Term
voluntary control of movement has 2 pathways
Definition
parallel pathways
heirarchial organization
Term
in parallel pathways the _____
exerts it influence over muscles in a variety of descending routes
Definition
motor cortex
Term
heirarchial organizations the _____ can ifluence the pricessing ot he side loops of the motor heirarchy. the ____ and ______ form side loops with the cotical motorareas
Definition
-cortex
-basal ganglia and cerebellum
Term
heirarchy
Definition
decision
motor planning areas
control circuits
descending motor pathways
spinal interneurons
lower motor neurons
skeletal muscles
Term
MI-primary motor cortex(area4)
(5)
Definition
-recieves input from sensory modailities
-sends output via CST, pyramidal system
-monosynaptic connect to alpha MN
-polysynaptic connct to gamma MN to control muscle spindle length
-bil innnervation to face and trunk muscles
Term
all of the neurons that control the biceps muscle must be located together
is this a myth or not??
Definition
myth
Term
________ appears to control individual movements of individual body parts or sequences of movements and direction and distance of movement
Definition
MI-primary motor cortex
Term
primary motor cortex controls ______ and ______ of movement and is for _______ movement
Definition
force and speed
simple movement
Term
premotor area and supplemental area(sma)
both send projections to _____ and_____.
These help perform _______ movment.
Definition
-primary motor cortex, (area4) and spinal cord
-complex mvmt
Term
monkeys with a ______ lesion cannot figure out how to reach for food behind a clear plexiglass wall
Definition
premotor cortex or area 6
Term
premotor cortex area 6 receives input from _______ and___________. primary output to _______, ______, and indirect output to bg and cerebellum.
Definition
cerbellum and posterior parietal cortex
MI area4 and to trunk muscles
Term
premotor cortex functions
Definition
-movements activted by external stimuli
-visually guided sequencing
-"motor set"
-sensitive to behavioral cortex
-signals correct and incorrect actions
Term
sma (area 6)recieves inout from putamen in bg.involved in learning the_____ of mvmts and involved in mvmts that are ______. resonds to mentally rehearsed movements sequences of mvmts. helps with transformation of kinematic to _____information
Definition
-sequences
-intiated internlly
-dynamic
Term
prefrontal cortex does 4 things
Definition
-strategic planning/decision to move
-motivation
-adaptive, changing strategy to move
-appropriate actions for behavior context
Term
posterior parital cortex does 3 things
Definition
-mvmts accurate to objects in external space
- processing spatial relationships
-building a represnetation of external space
Term
cerebellum inputs from these areas
Definition
-mi, sma, premotor area
-includes gto, muscle spindle,touch receptors,visual, vestibular and auditory system
Term
more than 1/2 of all of the neurons are in the ______.
Definition
cerebellum
Term
cerebellum outputs comparatoract to compare the "________" to current sensory information
Definition
-efference copy, copy of motor program from MI,SMA and premotor
Term
cerebellum-flocculonodular lobe aka vestibulocerebellum control the axial muscles for _________. dysfucntion results in 3 things.
Definition
-equllibrium
3 thing r
-ataxic gt,wide based stance,nystagmus
Term
cerbellum-vermis and intermediate hemispheres aka spinocerebellum functions in organized______,output to _________________, involved in the _____.
Definition
-in a fracture somatography
-output to brainstem reticular formation,vestibular nuclei,thalamus, motor cortex, and red nuclei in midbrain
-integration of sensory input w motor commands to produce adaptive motor co-ordintaion
Term
spinocerebellum compares effernce copy of motor program to incoming sensory data and modulates muscle tone via gamma motor. this controls______ and_____.
Definition
ongoing movement and gt ataxia
Term
cerebellum lateral hemispheres aka cerebrocerebellum has both motor and non motor functions,inputs from pontine nuclei and outputs to 4 things?
Definition
-thalamus
-motor
-premotor
-prefrontal cortices
Term
cerebrocerebellum functions in 2 things and with lesion effects this
Definition
-non-motor learning:centralized clock for body fucntions,recall of habits,verbs,timing in perceptual task

-motor learning:eval of sensory feedback, timing of movements, ex grasp begins during reach phase

-with lesion damage effects motor learning timing for example your grasp does not begin until full reach is completed
Term
cerebellum clnincial dysfucntions
Definition
-decreased muscle tone
-static and dynamic bal (gt)
-dysathria
-nystagmus
-dysmetria
-intention tremor
-dysdiadochokinesis
Term
dysarthria
Definition
slurred uncoordinated speech
Term
nystagmus
Definition
visual guidance of mvmts deteriorates, eyes move back and forth
Term
1-hypermetria
2-dysmetria
Definition
1.most common past pointing,overshooting of target
2-the opposite
Term
dysdiadochokinesis
Definition
impaired sequential movements
Term
dopaminergic modulation 3 things
Definition
1-excitatory effect on d1 receptors in direct pathway
2-inhibitory effect on d2 receptors in indirect pathway
3-turns up motor activity
Term
cholinergic modulation 3 things
Definition
1-inhibits dicrect pathway
2-excites the indirect pathway
3-turns down the motor activity
Term
direct and indirrect pathways________each other to maintain normal movement function
Definition
counterbalance
Term
bg_________ the _____ commands
Definition
orchestra the motor commands
Term
bg inputs primarily recieved form the_________. from theses areas
Definition
-caudate and putamen
areas
-sensory cortex
-motor cortex
-association areas
Term
bg outputs go primarily from the globus pallidus and_______.outputs go via the -______ to prefrontal cortex, sma, and premotor cortex(skeletal motor)
Definition
-substantia nigra
-thalamus
Term
bg circuits (4)
Definition
-skeletomotor
-oculomotor
-prefrontal
-limbic
Term
skeletomotor circuit
Definition
prepartion for and execution of mvmt
-selectively activates some mvmts and suppresses others
Term
oculomotor circuit
Definition
-controls saccadic eye mvmts
Term
prefrontal circuits
Definition
-organizing behaviors
-mediating socially apporpiate responses
lesions-made lead to obsessive compulsive behavior
Term
limbic system
Definition
-control of motivated behavior
-involved in procedural learning
Term
bg lesions result in
Definition
problems w actions
-hyperactvity-huntington disease, ocd
-hypoactivity/flat affeck-parkinsons, depression
Term
sx's of parkinsons disease, these can be improved w visual cues
Definition
-resting tremor
-rigidity
-micrographia
-bradykinesia:slow c mvmt
-frozen gait syndrome
Term
have diffiuculty carrying out sequential task with problems in ____ they perform as isolated tasks
Definition
bg.
ex. r huntingtons disease and parkinson
Term
huntingtons disease sx
Definition
macrographia
Term
festinating gt
Definition
short accelerating steps
Term
pts w cerebellar deficits showed improved motor performance w ______
Definition
eyes closed
Term
pts c parkinsons disease can overcome freezing in mvmt initiation w _______
Definition
external sensory cues
Term
primary motor cortex
Definition
simple movement patterns
Term
primary motor cortex
Definition
simple movement patterns
Term
supplemetary motor area
Definition
planning for internally generated mvmt sequences
Term
pre motor area
Definition
planning for visually guided comple mvts
Term
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Definition
motivation, strategy, and adaptation of mvmts
Term
cerebellum
Definition
co-ordination and timing of mvmts
Term
peep c sig ue hemiparesis but little le hemiparesis most likely has a lesion of
Definition
middle cerebral a
Term
peep c paralysis of the r LQ of the face is most likely to have a
Definition
stroke
Term
tonic stretch reflexes are normally ______ in healthy individuals
Definition
absent
Term
menatal rehersal is a technique the requires normal fucntion of the
Definition
supplementary motor area
Term
________ compares the efference copy from the primary motor cortex c incoming sensory feedback info to adjust and regulate mvmts tomake it smooth and co-ordinated
Definition
spino-cerebellum
Term
a central pattern generator is a ex of a neurophysiologically identified
Definition
co-ordinative structure
Term
therapidt whi lets her tbi pt explore the environment to figure out the best method for achieving a functional motor task is applying the _______ theory of motor control
Definition
ecological
Term
anticipatory postural control invlves the activation of the prime over..ex wrist and hand muscles when throwing a baseball
Definition
before
Term
testing the equitest has taught us that the ______ sense is much less dominanat than the __________ or______ sense modulating postural control
Definition
vestibular, visual, somatosensory
Term
stability limits r most likely to be largest in which of the following conditons?
Definition
u stand in attention c feet apart
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