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Neuro Test TwoTTUHSC
Neuro Test TwoTTUHSC
622
Anatomy
Professional
10/29/2013

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Term
Touch Receptor types: _______.
Definition
Merkel
Meissner
Pacinian
Term
Touch Afferent Axon Type?
Definition
ABeta
Term
Pain & Temp receptor type?
Definition
Free nerve endings
Term
Pain Temp Axon Type?
Definition
Adelta & C
Term
Propioception axon type?
Definition
Aalpha
Term
Largest axon type?
Definition
Aalpha (Propioception)
Term
Which diameter fibers have the lowest threshold?
Definition
Large
Term
Local aesthetics first block?
Definition
first block unmyelinated fibers, then lightly myelinated, then heavily myelinated (Rapidly adapting
Term
Rapidly adapting fiber types: _______.
Definition
ABeta and ADelta fibers
Term
Slowly adapting fiber types: _______.
Definition
Adelta and C fibers
Term
Nociceptors can show _______ aka _____ coding.
Definition
afterdischarge

duration coding
Term
Directional Coding is an important aspect of ________.
Definition
proprioception
Term
______ is a mechanoreceptor in epidermis for Light discriminative touch and crude touch; I.D form and texture.
Definition
Merkel cell
Term
______ is a mechanoreceptor in dermis for Light discriminative touch; I.D. motion detection and grip control.
Definition
Meissners corpuscle
Term
______ is a mechanoreceptor in dermis for Pressure, coarse touch, vibration, tension.
Definition
Pacinian Corpuscles
Term
Fine discriminative touch & proprioception are conveyed by _____ diameter fibers.
Definition
Large
Term
___________ are conveyed by small diameter fibers.
Definition
Crude touch, pressure, pain & temperature
Term
Dorsal column/medial lemniscus has _____ diameter fibers.
Definition
Large
Term
Anterolateral system has _____ diameter fibers.
Definition
Small
Term
______ is a more precise indicator of location of spinal injury.
Definition
Pain
Term
Overlap with dermatomes is more extensive for ________.
Definition
for discriminative touch,
proprioception and
vibration
Term
Fiber types found in the PNS for the Dorsal Column system and what they carry.
Definition
Aalpha = Proprioception only
Abeta = Proprioception, vibration, fine touch
Term
Dorsal Column receptors are ____ adapting and found in muscle, joint, hair & skin.
Definition
Fast
Term
The CNS component of the Dorsal Column/ Medial Lemniscal System: __________.
Definition
Fasciculus gracilis & Fasciculus cuneatus & their respective nuclei

Medial lemniscus

Spinocervical tract (SCT) & Postsynaptic-Posterior Column System
Term
DC/ML location in the internal capsule?
Definition
Posterior limb
Term
Projections from Primary Somatosensory cortex go to _______ at brodmann area _____.
Definition
Somatosensory Secondary (SSII) Brodmann Area 40
Term
Projections from Primary Somatosensory (SSI) and Somatosensory Secondary (SSII) go to _______ at brodmann area _____.
Definition
Parietal sensory association cortex (Brodmann areas 5 and 7)
Term
Parietal lobe lesions (esp. right) produce _________, because of their disruption of the __________ cortex.
Definition
contralateral sensory neglect syndrome

Parietal sensory association cortex (Brodmann areas 5 and 7)
Term
Contralateral sensory neglect syndrome SYMPTOMS: ___________.
Definition
bumping into objects on side opposite to lesion
not grooming side of body opposite to lesion
not eating food on side opposite to lesion
Will only draw one side of a picture
Term
Contralateral sensory neglect syndrome ignore which side?
Definition
opposite of the lesion
Term
Primary sensory cortex (SSI) Brodmann’s areas: __________.
Definition
3,1,2
Term
OTHER DC/ML Primary Afferent Paths: Large fibers (Aalpaha or Abeta) enter dorsal horn a small percentage ________ & then ________ or ___________.
Definition
make synaptic contact in the dorsal horn grey matter

a)then ascend via dorsal columns. This pathway is called the Postsynaptic-Posterior (Dorsal) column
b)Or ascend via spinocervicothalamic tract
Term
Spinocervicothalamic tract synapses in the dorsal horn and then ascends via _____ and synapses in ________.
Definition
posterior region of the lateral funiculus

lateral cervical nucleus (LCerNu)
Term
After the Spinocervicothalamic tract has synapsed in the lateral cervical nucleus (LCerNu), it then ________ and ascends via the _______ to synapse finally in ______.
Definition
crosses via ant commissure

Medial Lemniscus

ascends to contralateral VPL (Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus of Thalamus)
Term
Physiological Significance of the Spinocervicothalamic tract & Postsynaptic-Posterior (Dorsal) column?
Definition
pathologic pain In cases of intractable pain –Following surgical procedures
Term
Subconscious Proprioception is provided by the __________ tract.
Definition
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Term
Spinocerebellar Tracts, Leg proprioceptors components: _______.
Definition
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Nucleus Dorsalis of Clark

cerebellum
Term
Spinocerebellar Tracts for lower body, Proprioceptive afferents entering at ______ levels bifurcate and synapse on _______.
Definition
L2-C8

Clark’s nucleus
Term
Spinocerebellar Tracts for lower body entering below L2 ascend via _______ and then synapse on __________.
Definition
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Clark’s nucleus
Term
For Spinocerebellar Tracts for lower body, after synapsing on Clark’s nucleus, the secondary ascend (ipsilatteraly/contrallateraly) via _________ to the ____ from which it enters the cerebellum via the ______.
Definition
Secondary afferents then ascend ipsilaterally via dorsal spinocerebellar tract to medulla &
Enter cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle
Term
Spinocerebellar Tracts Arm proprioceptors components: ___________.
Definition
External cuneate nucleus

cuneocerebellar tract

cerebellum
Term
Lesion of Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) causes?
Definition
Ipsilateral loss of unconscious coordination (ataxia)
Term
______ EXISTS AT RELAY POINTS.
Definition
DESCENDING CONTROL
Term
Somatosensory information from the face is gathered through the _______ system.
Definition
TRIGEMINAL LEMNISCAL SYSTEM
Term
TRIGEMINAL LEMNISCAL SYSTEM is the counterpart of ______ for the face.
Definition
DC / ML
Term
TRIGEMINAL LEMNISCAL SYSTEM caries modalities of: _______ for the face.
Definition
fine discriminative touch, proprioception and vibration for the face
Term
The Trigeminal Lemniscal system is composed of afferents from: _______.
Definition
CN V: – Ophthalmic
– Maxillary
– Mandibular
Term
CN V (Trigeminal) is located where?
Definition
Lateral Mid Pons
Term
Sensory roots of CNV exit:
–V1-___________
–V2-_____________
–V3-____________

Motor Root: _______.
Definition
V1- Superior orbital fissure
V2- Foramen Rotundum
V3- Foramen Ovale

Motor Root- Foramen Ovale
Term
The Trigeminal Lemniscal system has _____ adapting fibers: _______.
Definition
fast

Aalpha

Abeta
Term
The Aalpha fibers of the Trigeminal Lemniscal system are involved in: _______.
Definition
not cutaneous and involved in proprioception, reflex loop involved in mastication
Term
The Abeta fibers of the Trigeminal Lemniscal system are involved in: _______.
Definition
conscious proprioception and tactile sensations, vibration
Term
Nuclei that make up the Trigeminal Lemniscal system: _______.
Definition
Chief sensory nucleus of CN V

Rostral part of the spinal nucleus of CN V and spinal tract

Mesencephalic nucleus of CN V

Motor nucleus of CN V
Term
Which nucleus of the Trigeminal Lemniscal system is involved in jaw movement?
Definition
Motor nucleus of CN V
Term
For the Trigeminal Lemniscal system, incoming primary sensory afferents can synapse ________.
Definition
Chief sensory nucleus

descend via spinal tract and synapse at the rostral 2/3 of the spinal nucleus.
Term
For the Trigeminal Lemniscal system, Secondary afferents cross the midline of the _____ and group together on the contralateral side as the ________.
Definition
pons

trigeminal lemniscus
Term
The trigeminal lemniscus ascends in close proximity with _______.
Definition
medial lemniscus
Term
The trigeminal lemniscus synapses on the _______ on the ipsilateral/contralateral side.
Definition
Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) thalamus

Contralateral (crosses before at mid pons)
Term
What synapses on the VPL?
Definition
Medial Lemniscus
Term
The somatosensory cortex receives input from the VPM via?
Definition
Internal capsule, posterior limb
Term
Large diameter primary afferents of CN V carrying primarily subconscious proprioception have cell bodies that reside in the ________ nucleus of CN V.
Definition
mesencephalic
Term
Large diameter primary afferents of CN V carrying primarily subconscious proprioception have cell bodies that reside in the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V. Only ______ in CNS.
Definition
primary afferent
Term
The cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V make synaptic contact on the _____ neurons in the ______ nucleus.
Definition
motorneurons

motor nucleus of CN V
Term
The synaptic connection between the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V cell body and the motor nucleus of CN V is involved in __________.
Definition
reflex control of mastication, the jaw jerk refelx
Term
CN V Motor fibers run _______ and ______ to trigeminal ganglion on their way to peripheral muscles, but their cell bodies are located in the ________ of the fifth nerve.
Definition
inferior and medial

motor nucleus
Term
CN V muscles: ________.
Definition
Temporalis

Pterygoids

Masseter
Term
Descending control of the trigeminal lemniscus pathway occurs at: ________.
Definition
chief sensory nucleus

spinal nucleus

VPM
Term
Trigeminal lemniscus produces ipsilateral symptoms when lesioned _______.
Definition
at level of entrance to CN V and caudally (spinal tract & nucleus descends)
Term
Crude touch, pressure, nociception (pain) and thermal sensations for the body carried by the ________.
Definition
Anterolateral system
Term
The Anterolateral system is made up of: __________.
Definition
spinothalamic, spinoreticular and spinomesencephalic tracts
Term
Nociception- ________.
Definition
The neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli
Term
Nociception four processes: _______.
Definition
1.Detection of noxious stimuli

2.Transduction

3. Transmission

4. Perception & Modulation
Term
Detection of noxious stimuli is accomplished by activation of ____________ that can detect: __________ changes above a set _______.
Definition
Activation of nociceptors, (also called pain receptors), that can detect mechanical, thermal or chemical changes above a set threshold.
Term
Transduction of Nociception, is the _____ activity produced by stimuli that have the potential to _______.
Definition
afferent activity

damage tissue
Term
Transmission
•Once stimulated, a nociceptive sensory unit transmits a signal along the spinal cord, to the brain conveying exposure to noxious stimuli (labeled line).
Definition
Yup
Term
Nociceptors are _____ adapting touch, ______, and _______ free nerve endings composed of only: _______ fibers.
Definition
slowly adapting touch, pain, and thermal receptors

Adelta and C
Term
Specific Type of Nociceptor, __________.
Definition
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels
Term
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channel example, ________.
Definition
TRPV1 Receptor aka: Vanilloid receptor, VR-1, or capsaicin receptor
Term
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels are ___ionic channels that lead to _______ and _______.
Definition
cationinc

depolarization and firing of action potentials
Term
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels are found on the ends of ____ & _____ fiber type endings
Definition
C and Adelta
Term
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels are activated by?
Definition
Polymodal (heat and capsaicin (chemical))
Term
Being a polymodal receptor can result in ______ for Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels.
Definition
Synergestic activation by different types of stimuli on same receptor
Term
TRPV1 Receptor responds to _______.
Definition
capsaicin (ingredient in hot chilies), heat and low pH
Term
Pain can be divided into 2 parts: __________.
Definition
A first sharp pain
A prolonged, diffuse continued pain
Term
What fibers convey the first pain, the sharp pain?
Definition
Adelta
Term
What fibers convey the second diffuse prolonged pain?
Definition
C
Term
Anterolateral System components: _______.
Definition
Spinothalamic tract (STT)

Spinoreticular tract (SRT)

Spinomesencephalic tract (SMT)
Term
Spinothalamic tract (STT) aka _______.
Definition
neospinothalamic
Term
Spinoreticular tract (SRT) & Spinomesencephalic tract (SMT) aka _______.
Definition
paleospinothalamic
Term
Direct pathway for ALS?
Definition
Spinothalamic tract (STT) (neospinothalamic)
Term
Indirect pathway for ALS?
Definition
Spinoreticular tract (SRT) & Spinomesencephalic tract (SMT) aka paleospinothalamic
Term
Integrity of anterolateral system is tested clinically by assessing the function of the _______.
Definition
STT (Spinothalamic tract)
Term
Clinical Sig. SRT is involved with: ________.
Definition
persistent and chronic pain
Term
Clinical Sig. SMT is involved with: ________.
Definition
endogenous pain suppression mechanisms
Term
ALS tracts travel up and down the cord along the ________ before synapsing _______
Definition
dorsolateral fasciculus of Lissauer (Lissauer’s tract)

Dorsal horn.
Term
The three tracts of the ALS differ: ________.
Definition
Relay sites

Sensory modality conveyed (e.g. temperature, crude touch, fast or slow pain)

somatotopic organization
Term
Small diameter primary afferents (Adelta and C fibers) of the ALS (STT) enter the dorsal horn and do one of three things: ________.
Definition
Synapse immediately

Travel 2-3 segments up or down the cord in Lissauer’s tract

Synapse in dorsal horn (Lamina II, Substantia gelatinosa, SG)
Term
Small diameter primary afferents of the ALS (primarily ____ fibers) synapse in dorsal horn (Lamina II, Substantia gelatinosa, SG)
Definition
C
Term
After the C fibers of the ALS synapse on the Substantia gelatinosa, the Secondary Neurons then _________.
Definition
Travel up and down 2-3 levels via Lissauer’s tract or within the SG and then synapse in the dorsal horn
Term
After the C fibers of the ALS synapse in the dorsal horn, the Tertiary neuron then ________.
Definition
3o afferents cross to form STT on contralateral side
Term
Lissauer’s tract is located where?
Definition
Tip of the Dorsal Horn
Term
Lissauer’s tract is a subdivision of the propriospinal tract (aka, spinospinal tract) that allows __________.
Definition
communication between spinal segments
Term
The STT of the ALS terminates in the _______.
Definition
Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus
Term
STT Collaterals can terminate in: _____.
Definition
PAG (midbrain)

Reticular Formation (pons)
Term
Projections from the VPL of the ALS terminate in _______.
Definition
Postcentral Gyrus SS
Term
Do SRT neurons cross in spinal cord?
Definition
Yes
Term
After SRT neurons cross in the spinal cord, both secondary and tertiary neurons ascend via the _______ and terminate within the _______ and _______ nuclei.
Definition
ascend via the central tegmental tract, terminate within the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus.
Term
The SRT tract includes collateral from _____.
Definition
TT
Term
SMT terminates in the ______ or ______.
Definition
PAG!!! and Superior Colliculus
Term
The termination of SMT in the PAG is involved in ______.
Definition
Pain suppression
Term
STT has primarily _____ fibers and allows for __________ and ________. It is involved in _____ pain.
Definition
allows localization & quantitation

fast (first) “pain”
Term
The collateral branches of STT use ____ fibers.
Definition
C
Term
The indirect ALS pathways refers to: _______.
Definition
Collaterals from STT

SMT and SRT
Term
The Paleospinothalamic System or indirect path is involved in ______ pain.
Definition
“second” pain

Poor localization and quantitation; Nonspecific without somatotopic map
Term
Paleospinothalamic System or indirect path is involved in the _____ aspect of pain.
Definition
Emotional
Term
_______ is the counterpart of the ALS for the face.
Definition
Ventral trigeminalthalamic tract
Term
Adelta fibers of the Ventral trigeminalthalamic tract convey _______.
Definition
crude touch, pain (fast) and temp
Term
C fibers of the Ventral trigeminalthalamic system convey _______.
Definition
pain (slow), temperature
Term
Ventral Trigeminalthalamic System CNS components: __________.
Definition
Descending tract of CN V

Caudal spinal nucleus of CN V (nucleus caudalis)
Term
Ventral Trigeminalthalamic System primary afferents enter and synapse in ______, secondary afferents then ascend to the ______ through the ______ tract.
Definition
CN V spinal Nucleus
(Caudalis)

VPM

Ventral Trigeminothalamic tract
Term
Ventral trigeminalthalamic tract travels with _______.
Definition
spinothalamic tract
Term
________ and trigeminal lemniscal tracts travel together.
Definition
medial lemniscus
Term
Ventral Trigeminalthalamic System lesion affects ______ side when below caudal pons, affecting _______ or _______.
Definition
ipsilateral

Spinal tract of CN V or Peripheral n.
Term
Ventral Trigeminalthalamic System lesion affects ______ side when above caudal pons, affecting _______.
Definition
contralateral

VTTract
Term
The Ventral Trigeminalthalamic Tract travels in the ______ of the internal capsule.
Definition
Posterior Limb
Term
The Ventral Trigeminalthalamic Tract terminates in the ________.
Definition
Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus
Term
Auditory canal Eustachian tube) clinical significance?
Definition
A common source of middle ear infections and a real problem when scuba diving, if it becomes obstructed.
Term
Two skeletal muscles of the middle ear and their functions?
Definition
Two small skeletal muscles, the tensor tympani and the stapedius, that when contracted act to dampen the amplitude of excessively loud sounds.
Term
The cochlear duct, containing the _______, where what happens?
Definition
Organ of Corti

sound waves are transduced into neural signals
Term
CN VIII runs up the middle of the cochela, and sends branches out to the ______ of the _______.
Definition
hair cells

Organ of Corti
Term
The apex of the cochlea is tuned for?
Definition
High frequency
Term
Only the _____ hair cells act directly in a sensory manner. The ____ hair cells may help “fine-tune” the frequency-detection ability of the ________.
Definition
inner

outer

basilar membrane
Term
Depolarization of stereocillia occurs in what direction?
Definition
Towards the kinocilium (the apex/vertex) of the stereocillia
Term
Tip link connects?
Definition
The tip links bind the wall of one stereocilium to the K+ channel of the adjacent stereocilium
Term
The ______ secretes endolymph.
Definition
Stria Vascularis
Term
Endolymph [K+]/ Perilymphm [K+]
Definition
Endloymph High

Perilymph Low
Term
The high concentration of K+ in the endolymph is critical for the proper _______ in response to ______.
Definition
depolarization

shearing of the stereocilia
Term
When the stereocilia are sheared toward the kinocilium, the tip links are stretched, the K+ channels open, the membrane is depolarized, voltage-gated Ca++ channels open, and neurotransmitter is secreted.
Definition
YUP
Term
Upward deflection of the basilar membrane ___________.
Definition
shears the stereocilia toward the kinocilium, depolarization, a neural signal is generated.
Term
When the basilar membrane deflects downward ___________.
Definition
the channels close and the cell becomes hyperpolarized.
Term
The vestibular apparatus consists of: ________.
Definition
otolith organs (the saccule and the utricle) and the semicircular ducts.
Term
The macula senses ________.
Definition
changes in linear movement
Term
The macula is found where?
Definition
Both the saccule and the utricle
Term
The hair cells are embedded in a _______ instead of a tectorial membrane and have _________.
Definition
gelatinous glycoprotein layer

Otoliths lie scattered along the top of the macula
Term
Hair cells in the macula are oriented?
Definition
half and half opposite to one another
Term
The saccular macula is oriented in the _______ plane, while the utricular macula is located in the _______ plane.
Definition
vertical

horizontal
Term
The ______ of each semicircular duct possesses a motion-sensing apparatus called the ______.
Definition
ampullae

crista ampullaris
Term
The crista ampullaris bridges the two sides of the ampulla completely, thus ________.
Definition
blocking endolymph flow around it
Term
The hair cells of the crista ampullaris are shorter/longer than in the other motion-sensing apparatus, and are encased in a gelatinous mass called the _______.
Definition
longer

cupula
Term
The hair cells of the crista ampullaris are oriented _______ to the flow of endolymph.
Definition
perpendicularly
Term
Endolymph in the ampullae occurs in the ______ direction of angular acceleration.
Definition
Opposite
Term
The cupula is displaced towards or away from the angular acceleration?
Definition
away
Term
The Auditory System must be tuned for speech ____kHz
Definition
“vocalizations”-centered around 3kHz
Term
Outer ear components: ________.
Definition
pinna, concha, and external auditory meatus
Term
Where is wax secreted in the outer ear?
Definition
deepest layer of the meatus
Term
The outer ear amplifies and focuses sound energy on the ______.
Definition
tympanic membrane
Term
High-frequency sounds coming from ______ sources are transmitted more efficiently than from ______ elevations.
Definition
elevated

lower
Term
Are sound waves amplified in the middle ear?
Definition
Yes
Term
The middle ear is where ________ occurs, which means that _____________.
Definition
"impedance matching"

sound pressure (at a particular frequency) in the air is turned into fluid pressure in the inner ear (at the same frequency)
Term
Components of middle ear?
Definition
ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

Tympanic Membrane
Term
The ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) connect the tympanic membrane with ________.
Definition
oval window
Term
Attachment series of the TM to the Oval window?
Definition
Tm -> Malleus -> Incus -> Stapes -> Oval Window
Term
Because the tympanic membrane is much larger than the oval window, sound wave amplitudes are magnified (many-fold) by the __________.
Definition
ossicles
Term
Muscles of the middle ear and their CN: _________.
Definition
Tensor Tympani CN V

stapedius CN VII
Term
Contraction of the Tensor Tympani & Stapedius does what? and what is the name of the mechanism?
Definition
Reduces flexibility of ossicles and their ability to amplify sound

"attenuation reflex"
Term
Auditory canal (eustachian tube) connects ______ & _______ and does what?
Definition
Middle ear and nasopharynx

equalizes pressure of middle ear with enviornment
Term
Clinical correlate: Bell's Palsy and the ear?
Definition
Clinical correlation: Bell's Palsy. Affects CN VII; causes flaccid paralysis of the innervated muscles. Not only is there no protection against loud sounds, but even soft sounds can be "ear-splitting" (called "hyperacusis").
Term
What is the actual sound detecting structure and where is it found?
Definition
cochlear duct (= the scala media) and the Organ of Corti (the actual sound-detecting structure within the cochlear duct)
Term
There are three, parallel chambers within the cochlea: ___________.
Definition
scala vestibuli, the scala media (or cochlear duct), and the scala tympani
Term
The membrane separating the scala vestibuli from the scala media is called the ______.
Definition
vestibular membrane
Term
The membrane separating the scala media from the scala tympani is called the __________.
Definition
basilar membrane
Term
Which cochelar membrane plays a critical role in hearing?
Definition
basilar membrane
Term
The __________ is in contact with the oval window, so it is the first chamber (scala) to receive sound waves.
Definition
scala vestibuli
Term
The sound waves generated by the vibrations of the oval window continue through the scala vestibuli and then through an opening at the apex called the ___________, and continue back down the cochlea in the __________.
Definition
helicotrema

scala tympani
Term
As the sound waves progress through the scala vestibuli, the sound waves do what?
Definition
deflect the basilar membrane, causing it to vibrate
Term
Because the basilar membrane is ______at the base of the cochlea and more ________ at its apex, the basilar membrane has distinct acoustical properties along its length.
Definition
stiffer

flexible
Term
The basilar membrane is _______ organized.
Definition
tonotopically
Term
______-frequency sounds resonate maximally at the base of the cochlea
Definition
high
Term
_____ -frequency sounds resonate at the apex.
Definition
low
Term
Different ______ are detected at specific places along the basilar membrane.
Definition
tones
Term
The Organ of Corti consists of: __________.
Definition
Hair Cells

Supporting Cells
Term
Hair cells do what?
Definition
transduce vibrational energy into neural signals
Term
The Organ of Corti lies in the ______ and is activated by __________.
Definition
scala media

deflections of the basilar membrane
Term
The Organ of Corti possesses _____ rows of outer hair cells and _____ row of inner hair cells, and extends the entire length of the cochlea.
Definition
three

one
Term
Stereocilia are plasma membrane extensions that are filled with ________.
Definition
actin microfilaments
Term
The tips of the stereocilia in the Organ of Corti are embedded in a _____-rich structure called the _______.
Definition
GAG

tectorial membrane
Term
Tip links are linked to ______ channels.
Definition
mechanically gated K+ channels
Term
membranous labyrinth of the cochlea?
Definition
(scala media or cochlear duct)
Term
bony labyrinth of the cochlea?
Definition
scala vestibuli, scala tympani
Term
Perilymph is found where in the cochlea?
Definition
scala vestibuli and scala tympani
Term
Perilymph is K+ ____ and Na + _____.
Definition
K+ poor

Na+ Rich
Term
Endolymph is found where in the cochlea?
Definition
scala media
Term
Endolymph is K+ ____ and Na + _____.
Definition
K+ rich

Na+ poor
Term
Endolymph is secreted by ______, located in the ________.
Definition
stria vascularis, a well-vascularized, stratified epithelium located in the outer wall of the s. media
Term
When the basilar membrane is deflected _______, the Organ of Corti also ______, imposing shear on the stereocilia.
Definition
upward

rises
Term
The synaptic clef at the Organ of Corti is between ______ and ______.
Definition
The hair cells and the dendrites of the bipolar spiral ganglion
Term
The outer hair cells are innervated (mostly) with _______ from CN ____.
Definition
efferents

VIII
Term
It is thought that they might function to "fine-tune" the frequency-resolving power of the cochlea by either stiffening or relaxing the tectorial membrane.
Definition
Yup
Term
Ototoxic drugs: __________.
Definition
Certain antibiotics (gentamycin, kanamycin).

Ethacrynic acid

Cisplatin
Term
Certain antibiotics (gentamycin, kanamycin) can be ototoxic bc they ______.
Definition
act directly on hair cells
Term
Ethacrynic acid is a _____ drug that is ototoxic bc ________.
Definition
A diuretic used to treat high blood pressure. Poisons the stria vascularis; endolymph production is compromised
Term
Cisplatin can be ototoxic bc _______.
Definition
synergize with antibiotics
Term
Age-related hearing loss (________) is due to __________.
Definition
Presbyacusis

Fine vasculature becomes compromised by plaque buildup.
Term
Hair cells express several ______ isoforms (________ etc.) that play important roles in sound detection.
Definition
myosin

XV, VIIa,
Term
Mutant forms of VIIa isoform of myosin have been associated with ________, a ____________.
Definition
Usher syndrome

multi-symptomatic disorder that can also lead to blindness and instability in walking.
Term
Various members of the ________ are mutated in non-syndromic deafness.
Definition
connexin family of gap junctional proteins (Cx26, Cx30, Cx32, etc.)
Term
For the vestibular system volume contained within the membranous labyrinth is filled with _______, while the space between the bone and the membranous labyrinth is filled with _______.
Definition
endolymph

perilymph
Term
Two major parts of the vestibular system?
Definition
Otolith organs. (The utricle and the saccule.)

Semicircular ducts.
Term
Otolith organs sense?
Definition
linear accelerations of the head, as well as the static position of the head, relative to gravity.
Term
Otolith organs (utricle and the saccule) each possess a specialized structure called the ______, which detects _______.
Definition
macula

directional flow of endolymph
Term
Hair cells of the macula are innervated by?
Definition
CN VIII
Term
The macula has a ____ instead of the tectorial membrane.
Definition
thick glycoprotein layer with otoliths on top
Term
otoliths do what?
Definition
amplify slight shifts in the flow of endolymph to induce bending of the stereocilia
Term
otoliths are produced by?
Definition
supporting cells of the epithelium
Term
Macular hair cells are _______.
Definition
half and half oriented in opposite directions
Term
The saccular macula is oriented _______.
Definition
vertically
Term
utricular macula is oriented ________.
Definition
horizontally
Term
The saccular macula is oriented vertically (and detects vertical motion), while the utricular macula is oriented horizontally (and detects horizontal motion).
Definition
No shit
Term
Semicircular ducts respond primarily to _______.
Definition
rotational movement
Term
Expanded poriton of the Semicircular ducts?
Definition
Ampulla
Term
The Ampulla of the Semicircular ducts contains?
Definition
crista ampullaris
Term
crista ampullaris hair cells are embedded in?
Definition
cupula
Term
cupula extends and blocks?
Definition
endolymph flow
Term
The Crista ampullaris are oriented _____ to the flow of endolymph.
Definition
perpendicular
Term
When movement occurs in the plane of one of the ducts, inertia drives endolymph against one side of the crista but not the other.
Definition
Yup
Term
If cupula displacement is in the correct direction (with respect to the orientation of the stereocilia) then the hair cells are depolarized. If the displacement is in any other direction, nothing occurs
Definition
Yup
Term
If displacement does not depolarize the crista in one ear, it will depolarize the mirror-image crista in the other ear.
Definition
Yup
Term
Sensitive to ____ - _____ dBs
Definition
0-120
Term
_____ dBs ruptures the eardrum, ____ dBs is potentially damaging.
Definition
160

90
Term
Level at which sustained exposure may result in hearing loss _______.
Definition
90 - 95dB
Term
Pain begins ____dB.
Definition
125dB
Term
Even short term exposure can cause permanent damage - Loudest recommended exposure WITH hearing protection ____ dB.
Definition
140dB
Term
______ (age-related sensorineural loss)
Definition
Presbycusis
Term
Loss of hearing and balance due to Slow progressive degradation, is particularly at ____ frequencies.
Definition
high
Term
40% of hair cells are lost by age of ____.
Definition
65
Term
Testing hearing in infants: ______.
Definition
OAE – otoacoustic emission test
ABR – Auditory Brainstem Response
BAER – Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response
Term
The OAE (otoacoustic emission) test is completed using a probe that can generate a click, that also contains a microphone for recording the normal evoked emission. The test is simple to complete in a sleepy infant and determines inner ear related hearing problems.
Definition
Yup
Term
The ABR (auditory brainstem response) test involves the use of external electrodes which can detect _____ & ________.
Definition
CN VIII and brainstem responses
Term
The ABR (Auditory Brainstem Response) or BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) measures responses in brain waves that are stimulated by a clicking sound to evaluate the central auditory pathways of the brainstem.
Definition
Yup
Term
_____ test checks for lateralization of hearing.
Definition
Weber Test
Term
Weber Test conduction deafness- __________.
Definition
Sound lateralizes (heard best) in affected ear
Term
Weber Test: _______ deafness- sound lateralizes (heard best) in good ear.
Definition
sensorineural deafness
Term
Rinne test: conduction deafness- ______ conduction is louder than ______ conduction.
Definition
bone conduction is louder than air conduction
Term
Rinne test: sensorineural deafness- __________.
Definition
air conduction is greater than bone conduction in both ears and decreased in affected ear?
Term
Middle Ear Muscles: ________.
Definition
Tensor tympani & Stapedius*
Term
Tensor tympani is associated with _____ ossicle and ______ nerve.
Definition
Tensor tympani

Trigeminal
Term
Stapedius is associated with _____ ossicle and ______ nerve.
Definition
Stapes

CN VII
Term
Middle Ear Muscles contract sharpen reception of around _____ Hz.
Definition
2000 Hz
Term
Pressure wave seen in 3 chambers starting with scala _____- scala ______, then out scala _______.
Definition
vestibuli

media

tympani
Term
The wave along the Basilar Membrane • Does not go to the helicotrema unless it is a _____ freq sound.
Definition
low
Term
Frequencies of sound are _______ arrayed along the length of the basilar membrane
Definition
tonotopically
Term
1 IHC connected to 10 auditory fibers = __________.
Definition
convergence of input
Term
1 auditory fiber innervates 10 OHCs = _______.
Definition
divergence of input
Term
The fibers at the base which pick up high frequency are stiff/flexible?
Definition
Stiff
Term
The fibers at the apex which pick up low frequency are stiff/flexible?
Definition
Flexible
Term
Inner hair cells provide the ______.
Definition
provide CNS auditory input
Term
Hair cells are ______receptors
Definition
mechano
Term
Hair cells are _______ transducers.
Definition
electromechanical
Term
Vertical movement of the basilar membrane is translated into a shearing force that bends the stereocilia of the hair cells. The pivot point of the basilar membrane is offset from the pivot point of the tectorial membrane, so that when the basilar membrane is displaced, the tectorial membrane moves across the tops of the hair cells, bending the stereocilia.
Definition
Yup
Term
Depolarization of the hair cell occurs in response to the shearing of the cilia in the direction of the ________(Kinocilium).
Definition
stria vascularis
Term
The influx of calcium causes the release of transmitter from the basal portion of the hair cell onto the ___ nerve afferent ending.
Definition
CN VIII
Term
Endolymph bathes the ____ part of the hair cell.
Definition
Top
Term
An unusual feature is that in the hair cell, potassium serves both to depolarize and hyperpolarize the cell. The basal and apical surfaces of the hair cell are separated by tight junctions, allowing separate extracellular ionic environments at these two surfaces
Definition
Yup
Term
The cilia of the hair cell protrudes into the endolymph (resembles intracellular fluid that is high in K and low in Na), whereas the basal portion of the hair cell is surrounded by perilymph (resembles extracellular fluid that is high in Na and low in K) which is also present in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.
Definition
Yup
Term
The hair cell shearing in two directions generates ______ receptor potentials (depolarizing and hyperpolarizing) in response to a ______ sound stimuli.
Definition
sinusoidal

sinusoidal
Term
The hair cell shearing in two directions generates sinusoidal receptor potentials (depolarizing and hyperpolarizing) in response to a sinusoidal sound stimuli. This preserves the temporal information present in the original signal up to 3 kHz. At higher frequencies, the hair-cell potential responds with a DC offset that produces a tonic depolarization of the soma, augmenting transmitter release and thus exciting auditory nerve terminals.
Definition
Yup
Term
Remember hair cells do not develop _______.
Definition
action potentials
Term
Each Nerve Fiber and hair cell has a Characteristic ______.
Definition
Frequency
Term
This weakest response is the lowest threshold of the tuning curve and is called the ___________.
Definition
characteristic frequency
Term
Since the tonographical order of the characteristic frequency of neurons is retained throughout the system, information about frequency is also preserved.
Definition
Yup
Term
Olivocochlear Input allows for Descending _______ of auditory inputs into the CNS.
Definition
Inhibition
Term
______ (Loudness)
Definition
Intensity
Term
_______ (Pitch)
Definition
Frequency
Term
The olivocochlear input terminates on _______ or ________ leading to a decreased auditory sensitivity.
Definition
the hair cell or on the afferent fibers of IHC
Term
The olivocochlear input causes ___________.
Definition
OHCs to contract from the tectorial membrane and thus decrease their response to auditory input.
Term
In addition to the superior olive, the _______ and ________ also send input to hair cells.
Definition
medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex
Term
Intensity (Loudness) depends on _______
Definition
Degree of movement of basilar membrane
Term
Degree of movement of basilar membrane Which determines intensity of the movement of __________.
Definition
hair cells
Term
For Pitch at _____ frequencies, according to the _____ theory, there is a _______ correlation between _______ and ________. Corresponding to ____ coding.
Definition
low frequencies (up to ~ 3kHz)

volley theory

One-to one correlation

Frequency and 8th nerve firing

temporal coding
Term
receptor potentials of certain hair cells and their associated auditory nerve fibers can follow stimuli of up to 3 kHz in a one-to-one fashion, corresponding to temporal coding. Such real-time encoding of stimulus frequency by the pattern of action potentials in the auditory nerve is known as the “volley theory” of auditory information transfer.
Definition
Yup
Term
The combined time sequence of events is called volleying and the theory that describes it as a way of carrying information is called the “Volley Theory of Hearing”. This figures illustrates phase locking of an ensemble of auditory nerve fibers to a low frequency pure tone. Each fiber is incapable of responding to every cycle of the stimulus, but collectively they can do so.
Definition
Yup
Term
Place Theory is reliant on the ________ of the cochlea.
Definition
Tonotopic organization
Term
Place principle  This initial work lead to what was called the place principle. Essentially each hair cell and neuron in the cochlea is tuned to respond to a specific frequency. This theory proposes that the brain is able to tell which frequencies are being heard based on which neurons are firing. For example, if a 2000 Hz tone is played the brain identifies it as being 2000 Hz because a specific set of neurons in the cochlea with thresholds tuned to 2000 Hz is firing. The model assumes that most of the work to tell two different frequency tones apart is done by the cochlea.  It was supported by the fact that at their threshold, neurons are tuned to respond to very specific frequencies.
In labeled-line encoding, frequency information is specified by preserving the tonotopy of the cochlea at higher levels in the auditory pathway. Because the auditory nerve fibers associate with the inner hair cells in approximately a one-to-one ratio, each auditory nerve fiber transmits information about only a small part of the audible frequency spectrum. Accordingly, auditory nerve fibers at the apical end of the cochlea respond to low frequencies, and fibers that are innervating the basal region of the cochlea respond to high frequencies. Obeying the labeled line coding for audition means that each 8th nerve fiber labels a specific frequency or line. Hair cell and individual 8th nerve fiber are mutually compatible, i.e., they work together to signal a particular frequency. The brain assesses which frequencies are heard based on which 8th nerve fibers are firing and its relative position on the cochlea.
Definition
yup
Term
The ________ Encodes Sound Localization Through Interaural Intensity Differences
Definition
Lateral Superior Olive
Term
The Medial Superior Olive Detects Localization of Sound Through Interaural _____ Differences
Definition
Time
Term
With the exception of _______ & _______, lesions fail to cause monaural disability
Definition
cochlear nerve & nucleus
Term
Audiotory nerve is formed from the axons of the __________.
Definition
Bipolar spiral ganglion
Term
Auditory Pathway: _______.
Definition
Bipolar cells of spiral ganglion

Medulla Cochlear Nuclei

Pons: Superior Olive

Midbrain: Inferior Colliculus

Diencephalon: Medial Geniculate

Telencephalon: Superior & Transverse temporal, Heschl’s gyrus
Term
Where is the 1st place where input from both ears interact? and what occurs there?
Definition
Pons: Superior Olive

Localization through intensity and time differences
Term
primary auditory cortex is found in ______ gyri in the ________ sulcus in the _______ cortex.
Definition
Heschl’s gyri

the lateral sulcus

Temporal
Term
The _______ of CN VIII is found where?
Definition
Cochlear Nuclei

Medulla/pons behind rim of inferior cerebellar peduncle
Term
The Cochlear Nuclei of CN VIII blood supply?
Definition
AICA
Term
AICA infarct produces?
Definition
ipsilateral hearing loss.
(only vasculature that can)
Term
With decussations occurring at multiple levels, unilateral hearing loss is not seen in lesions _________.
Definition
proximal to the cochlear nuclei
Term
A pontine infarct will produce trouble _______, with respect to hearing.
Definition
Localizing Sounds
Term
The Medial/Lateral Superior Olive Nuclei are found where?
Definition
Pons
Term
Interaural time differences?
Definition
–Medial superior olive
Term
Interaural sound intensity differences?
Definition
Lateral superior olive
Term
In addition to a pontine infarct, what else can cause trouble localizing sound?
Definition
MS
Term
Fibers from the dorsal cochlear nucleus pass dorsal to the inferior cerebellar peduncle, cross the pontine tegmentum, and ascend in the contralateral lateral lemniscus.
Definition
yup
Term
The brainstem is the first point of convergence of the input from the 2 ears, with important points of convergence occurring at the ________ (in the pons) and between the _________ (in the midbrain).
Definition
superior olive

2 inferior colliculi
Term
The Midbrain Auditory Component, _________, is involved in the Acoustic startle reflex, conveyed in the _____ tract.
Definition
Inferior colliculus

tectospinal tract
Term
The acoustic startle reflex pathway begins in the cochlear nuclei, to the tectum and then descends down the tectospinal tract to innervate motor neurons and spinal interneurons.
Definition
Yup
Term
Fiber Tract Associated with Auditory Pathways?
Definition
Lateral lemniscus
Term
For the Auditory Pathways the Lateral lemniscus conveys from ______ to ______.
Definition
Superior Olive (pons) to Inferior Colliculus (midbrain)
Term
Lesions or ischemia of the ________ can cause auditory hallucinations and sounds such as rain on the roof or musical tones (orchestra tuning up) can be heard.
Definition
pontine tegmentum (Superior Olive*, trapezoid body)
Term
Thalamic Auditory Component: __________.
Definition
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Term
Medial Geniculate Nucleus is the relay to ___________.
Definition
Auditory cortex
Term
From the Brachium of inferior colliculus the auditory pathway goes to _______.
Definition
medial geniculate
Term
________ connects the medial geniculate to the auditory cortex.
Definition
Auditory radiation
Term
Brodmann areas ______ primary auditory cortex.
Definition
41 & 42
Term
Brodmann areas 41 & 42 are found at the ______ gyri.
Definition
Superior temporal gyrus and transverse temporal gyrus (Heschel?)
Term
Brodmann areas 41 & 42 at the Superior temporal gyrus and transverse temporal gyrus exhibit?
Definition
Tonotopic representation
Term
Unilateral hearing loss results from Disorders of the: __________.
Definition
–external auditory canal
–middle ear
–Cochlea
–8th nerve
–Cochlear nuclei
Term
When can it no longer be unilateral hearing loss?
Definition
Once the information enters the brainstem, information immediately crosses bilaterally at multiple levels.
Term
Conduction Deafness results from Interruption of sound in what part of the ear?
Definition
external/middle ear
Term
Conduction Deafness can be caused by: ________.
Definition
(Interruption of sound in external/middle ear)

–occlusion of ear canal
–rupture of the tympanic membrane
–otosclerosis
–otitis media
Term
Otosclerosis- ________
Definition
-arthritic ossification of the middle ear bones-
-neogenesis of labyrinthine spongy bone around the oval window
-fixation of the stapes
-most frequent cause of conduction deafness
-microsurgery to make stapes mobile or replace stapes can restore hearing.
Term
Conductive hearing loss treatment?
Definition
Hearing aid, boost sounds to compensate for reduced efficiency of conductive apparatus
Term
Conduction Deafness: _______conduction is OK, ______ conduction is NOT.
Definition
(Outer and Middle Ear Problems)

Bone

Air
Term
Bone conduction is fine in conduction deafness because?
Definition
Bypasses the middle ear
Term
Bone conduction hearing aid: ______.
Definition
Collects sounds from the outside world & transmits to an oscillator onto the mastoid bone, and the inner ear is able to pick up the vibrations and interpret them as sound.
Term
Sensorineural Deafness is Disease of: _________.
Definition
cochlea, cochlear nerve, or central auditory connections
Term
Sensorineural Deafness causes: ________.
Definition
Ototoxic drugs
Prolonged exposure to loud noise
Meniere’s disease
Tumor or infarct
Presbycusis
Term
The most damaging types of sounds are in the _____. frequencies
Definition
high
Term
Meniere’s disease causes: _________.
Definition
nausea, vomiting, vertigo, tinnitus (low pitched roaring or sea shell sound), and progressive deafness.
Term
Tinnitus can be observed with conductive hearing loss that causes a low freq tinnitus; whereas sensorineural hearing loss causes a high freq tinnitus. It may arise because of an epileptic firing of 8th nerve after injury, high doses of salicylates, or trauma. Tinnitus is characterized by either a constant or intermittent ringing, buzzing, clicking, whistling, or chirping sound. Persistent ringing may contribute to mental health issues.
Definition
Yup
Term
Visual Acuity -_________.
Definition
ability to see detail, as measured on eye chart
Term
Dyschromatopsia -_________.
Definition
inability to distinguish colors,
“color blindness"
Term
Peripheral Vision -_________.
Definition
detection of form and movement in outer visual fields
Term
Visual Field Defects: ______.
Definition
Scotoma – small
Anopsia - larger, e.g. Hemianopsia
Term
Agnosia -_________.
Definition
inability to recognize, name objects
Term
Diplopia -_________.
Definition
double vision, perception of two images from a single object
Term
Refractive Errors occur when _______.
Definition
Light not focuses on retina
Term
Refractive Errors the image will be ______.
Definition
Blurred
Term
Refractive Errors examples?
Definition
Emmetropia (normal)

Myopia (Nearsighted)

Hyperopia (farsighted)
Term
Myopic (_____ sighted) _____ lenses needed.
Definition
near

-
Term
Hyperopic (_____ sighted) _____ lenses needed.
Definition
far

+
Term
Astigmatism – Poor focus for?
Definition
near and far
Term
Astigmatism Need special _____ lens
Definition
cylinder
Term
Cataract is opacity of _____.
Definition
lens
Term
Cataracts is a loss of ______, but no specific _____ loss.
Definition
Loss of Visual Acuity, But no specific VF loss
Term
The macula is where _____ vision occurs?
Definition
Sharp detailed
Term
The macula contains the ________.
Definition
Fovea
Term
The macula is a high density of _______.
Definition
Cones
Term
Loss of Photoreceptor Function disorders: ______.
Definition
Macular Degeneration & Retinitis Pigmentosa
Term
Macular Degeneration results in a loss of ______ and is mainly seen in _______.
Definition
Loss of central acuity

Older age group
Term
Retinitis Pigmentosa results in a loss of __________.
Definition
Loss of Night Vision Loss of Peripheral Vision
Term
Optic Nerve Diseases: ___________.
Definition
Papilledema

Glaucoma

Optic Neuritis/ Optic Atrophy
Term
Papilledema visual loss is caused by ________ due to high intracranial pressure.
Definition
Optic Nerve Head (Disc)
Term
Glaucoma exhibits increased _________ as there is a loss of the _______ tissue that comprise the _________.
Definition
Increased cupping of the disc as there is loss of the rim neuro-retinal tissue (ganglion cell axons) that comprise the nerve tissue of the optic nerve.
Term
Rods are distributed along the _______.
Definition
Peripheral retina
Term
Dyschromatopsias Sign of _____ or ______ disease.
Definition
macular disease or optic nerve disease
Term
Neural Pathway for vision: _______.
Definition
Photoreceptors, Ganglion Cells, Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, Lateral Genticulate Nucleus, Optic radiations, occipital cortex
Term
Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus are involved in _______.
Definition
vision
Term
Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons to the Hypothalamus are involved in _______.
Definition
Circadian Rhythms
Term
Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons to the Superior Colliculus are involved in _______.
Definition
Coordination of head and eye movements
Term
Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons to the Pretectum are involved in _______.
Definition
Pupillary Light Reflex
Term
Mixing of pathways from two eyes first occurs in the _______.
Definition
striate cortex
Term
Binocular Vision gives us ______ aka depth perception
Definition
Stereopsis
Term
Strabismus- _______.
Definition
Misalignment of ocular axes
Term
Strabismus results in ________.
Definition
Binocular Diplopia
Term
Fibers representing the inferior retinal quadrants (_____ visual field) run in ______ lobe.
Definition
Superior

Temporal (Meyer's Loop)
Term
Fibers representing the superior retinal quadrants (_____ visual field) run in ______ lobe.
Definition
inferior

Parietal
Term
After occipital lobe can travel the dorsal pathway through the _____ lobe or through the ventral pathway through the _____ lobe.
Definition
Dorsal Pathway Parietal Lobe

Ventral Pathway Temporal Lobe
Term
The ventral pathway (temporal lobe) is involved in?
Definition
Object recognition
Term
The dorsal pathway (parietal lobe) is involved in?
Definition
Spatial vision
Term
The Extrastriate Visual Areas form the ______ cortex and are involved in: Spatial vision and movement, Object recognition, color appreciation
Definition
Association cortex
Term
The superior eye fields is in the _______ quadrant of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
Definition
inferior
Term
The inferior eye fields is in the _______ quadrant of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
Definition
superior
Term
The Central (Macular) vision is in the _______ quadrant of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
Definition
posterior
Term
Peripheral vision is in the _______ quadrant of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
Definition
anterior
Term
Retinal Lesions causes: _________.
Definition
Macular Degeneration
Vascular Disease
Term
Optic Nerve Lesions causes: _________.
Definition
Optic Neuritis, Glaucoma
Term
Lesions of the Optic Chiasm and Beyond (Posterior) causes: _________.
Definition
Tumors, Strokes, Trauma, etc.
Term
A temporal lesion of the optic radiations will?
Definition
Knock out Temporal bottom quadrant of contralateral side

Nasal bottom quadrant ipsilateral side
Term
Left Homonymous Hemianopsia- _________.
Definition
Left side of both visual fields gone (temporal of left eye and nasal of right)
Term
Bitemporal Hemianopsia- ________.
Definition
Lateral knocked out both eyes. Pituitary tumor on optic chiasm
Term
Macular Degeneration results in _____ visual field loss.
Definition
Central field loss
Term
Unilateral vision loss is problem with _______.
Definition
Eyes
Term
Unilateral causes of visual field loss?
Definition
Unilateral
1.Retinal Disease, Degenerative, Ischemic
2. Optic Nerve Disease, Glaucoma, Optic Neuritis, Ischemia
Term
Glacuoma causes uni/bilateral vision loss?
Definition
uni
Term
CN II functions?
Definition
Optic Nerve: Vision and Pupil Reflex
Term
CN III functions?
Definition
Oculomotor: MR, IR, IO, SR, Levator muscles
Term
CN IV functions?
Definition
Trochlear: SO muscle
Term
CN V functions?
Definition
Trigeminal: Facial and Eye Sensation
Term
CN VI functions?
Definition
Abducens: LR muscle
Term
CN VII functions?
Definition
Facial: Facial Muscles including Orbicularis; Lacrimation
Term
Superior Oblique innervation?
Definition
IV
Term
Superior Rectus innervation?
Definition
III
Term
Levator innervation?
Definition
III
Term
Lateral Rectus innervation?
Definition
VI Abducens
Term
Orbicularis Muscles innervation?
Definition
VII
Term
Inferior Rectus innervation?
Definition
III
Term
Medial Rectus innervation?
Definition
III
Term
Inferior Oblique innervation?
Definition
III
Term
______ close eyelids.
Definition
Protractors
Term
Protractors: ________ and CN ____.
Definition
Orbicularis Muscle

CN VII
Term
______ open eyelids.
Definition
Retractors
Term
Retractors: ________ and CN ____.
Definition
Levator Muscle

CN III
Term
Medial Rectus primary action?
Definition
Adduction
Term
Lateral Rectus primary action?
Definition
Abduction
Term
Superior Rectus primary action?
Definition
Elevation**
Term
Inferior Rectus primary action?
Definition
Depression**
Term
Superior Oblique primary action?
Definition
Intorsion
Term
Inferior Oblique primary action?
Definition
Extorsion
Term
_______– refer to single eye movements
Definition
Ductions
Term
_______ – refers to movements of both eyes
Definition
Versions
Term
Fixation is keeping eye ________.
Definition
steady on a visual target
Term
Fixation involves maintaining image on ________ of a ______ target.
Definition
Maintaining image on fovea of a stationary target
Term
Fixation requires good _____ vision.
Definition
foveal
Term
Vestibular System Contribution aka _____.
Definition
VOR (Vestibular Occular Reflex)
Term
VOR (Vestibular Occular Reflex) involves maintaining _________.
Definition
Fixation with head movements
Term
Saccades are ______ movements.
Definition
Re-fixational
Term
Rapid eye movements to fixate on a stationary object within the patient’s visual field
Definition
Saccades
Term
Smooth Pursuit- _______.
Definition
Maintain stable eye tracking of a slowly moving object
Term
_________ (Normal Nystagmus)
Definition
Optokinetic Nystagmus
Term
Optokinetic Nystagmus Normal Nystagmus- ________.
Definition
Following fast moving objects
Term
INO (_________)
Definition
InterNuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Term
InterNuclear Ophthalmoplegia is lesion to ______ producing a _______ deficit.
Definition
Lesion to MLF – producing Ipsalateral adduction deficit
Term
InterNuclear Ophthalmoplegia cause old people?
Definition
Ischemia
Term
InterNuclear Ophthalmoplegia cause young people?
Definition
Demyelination (MS)
Term
Gaze Palsy caused by lesions to _______.
Definition
PPRF or CN VI Nucleus
Term
Left Gaze Palsy from lesion to _____ or _______.
Definition
lesion in left PPRF or Left Sixth nerve nucleus
Term
The PPRF synapses on _______ and _______, which supply which muscles respectively (ex. right PPRF).
Definition
Right Abducens nucleus (Right Lateral rectus)

Left Medial Longitudinal Fasciciulus (Left Medial Rectus)
Term
Pathologic Nystagmus is an inability to _________.
Definition
Inability to hold fixation with one or both eyes
Term
Pathologic Nystagmus is characterized by ___________.
Definition
Rhythmic beating of one or both eyes
Term
Seventh Nerve Palsy- Inability to _______, with _____ ocular motility deficits.
Definition
Inability to close eyelids
No ocular motility deficit
Term
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO)- _______ deficit.
Definition
Ipsalateral adduction deficit
Term
Sixth Nerve Palsy – _______ deficit.
Definition
Ipsalateral abduction deficit
Term
Third Nerve Palsy – _______ deficit.
Definition
Ipsalateral adduction deficit and
elevation deficit and depression deficit and ptosis
Term
Nystagmus- inability to maintain ______ with a _____ of the eyes
Definition
fixation

beating
Term
Checking Cranial Nerves: CN II: ______.
Definition
Check VA and VF
Term
Checking Cranial Nerves: CN III, IV, VI: ______.
Definition
Ocular Ductions
Term
Checking Cranial Nerves: CN V: ______.
Definition
Facial Sensation
Term
Checking Cranial Nerves: CN VII: ______.
Definition
Facial Muscle (close eyes and smile)
Term
Congenital corneal dystrophy is _____ of the cornea caused by aberrant _______.
Definition
Non-inflammatory clouding of the cornea

GAG synthesis
Term
Blockage of aqueous humor drainage can result in ______.
Definition
glaucoma
Term
The Suspensory Ligament (or ______ fibers) connects the ______ with the _________.
Definition
zonule

lens with the ciliary processes
Term
The ora serrata: ___________.
Definition
The anterior boundary of the neural retina.
Term
The ________ lies just outside of the retina.
Definition
choroid
Term
The _____ is the innermost layer of the eye.
Definition
retina
Term
The pigment epithelium is a single row of epithelium (with microvilli) that is somewhat loosely tied to the rest of the retina. The microvilli surround the outer segments of the ______ and ______.
Definition
rods and cones.
Term
The outer segments of Rods and Cones contain ______ containing _______.
Definition
membrane discs

visual pigments.
Term
The __________ phagocytose the worn-out discs of the rods and cones.
Definition
pigment epithelial cells
Term
The pigment epithelial cells have _____ that surround rods/cones.
Definition
microvilli
Term
Rods and cones are surrounded by supportive cells called _____ cells, which form ________ with the photoreceptor cells.
Definition
Muller

adhering junctions
Term
The optic disc: __________.
Definition
All of the accumulated axons from the ganglion cell layer
Term
For optimal translucency, the ______ layer of the cornea must be kept relatively dehydrated. This is accomplished by _______ in the ________.
Definition
stromal

sodium pumps

endothelial cells
Term
Malfunction of the ________ results in stromal edema.
Definition
sodium pumps of the endothelial cells

(cornea)
Term
Corneal dystrophies is defined as ____ of the cornea.
Definition
bilateral noninflammatory clouding of the cornea.
Term
Corneal dystrophies must appear by when?
Definition
By 20
Term
Corneal dystrophies result from a defect in the synthesis of ________ or ______, which are common.
Definition
error in the synthesis of keratan sulfate or decorin, common glycosaminoglycans
Term
Corneal degenerations example: ________.
Definition
Keratopathies
Term
Keratopathies are caused by abnormal _______ or degeneration of ____________.
Definition
calcium deposition in Bowman's layer, or degeneration of collagen in the stroma due to excessive UV exposure.
Term
Corneal transplants are very effective, due in part to the __________.
Definition
avascular nature of the stroma.
Term
Sclera Covers the entire surface of the eye, except for the _______.
Definition
cornea
Term
A structure of the Scleara called the _______ marks the site of exit of the optic nerve.
Definition
lamina cribrosa
Term
Sclera is site of?
Definition
eye muscle insert
Term
The cornea-sclera junction is called the _______ & is the site of __________.
Definition
limbus

corneal "stem cells"
Term
Aqueous humor secreted by ________.
Definition
secreted by the ciliary processes.
Term
Faulty drainage of aqueous humor (blockage of ______ or ________) leads to glaucoma.
Definition
trabecular meshwork or canal
Term
iv. Drainage pattern: posterior chamber to the anterior chamber (through the pupil), anterior chamber to the trabecular meshwork, located in the limbus, trabecular meshwork to the Canal of Schlemm.
v. From the Canal of Schlemm, the aqueous humor drains into a plexus of episcleral veins that delivers it back into the bloodstream.
Definition
Yup
Term
Constrictor pupillae innervation?
Definition
parasympathetic control (CN III)
Term
Dilator pupillae innervation?
Definition
sympathetic control, via the superior cervical ganglion.
Term
Pathology for lens?
Definition
Cataracts
Term
Ciliary body is an extension of ______.
Definition
Uveal tract
Term
Ciliary body contraction causes _____ tension on the ___________.
Definition
decreased tension on the zonule fibers of the lens
Term
Ciliary body contraction results in decreased tension on the zonule fibers of the lens, allowing the lens to round up (its _____ state). This ______ focal length and accommodates for _______ vision.
Definition
relaxed

shortens

near
Term
Ciliary body innervation?
Definition
parasympathetic control (CN III)
Term
Ciliary processes secrete into?
Definition
posterior chamber
Term
Ora serrata?
Definition
junction between the neural and non neural retina
Term
At the Ora serrata, the neural retina _______.
Definition
reduces to two layers
Term
Choroid is found where?
Definition
Just outside the retina
Term
Choroid function?
Definition
pigmented cells to trap scattered light and vascularization (nutrition)
Term
Pigmented Epithelium attaches to _______.
Definition
Choroid
Term
A potential space between the Pigmented Epithelium and Choroid is called?
Definition
retinal detachment
Term
Pigmented Epithelium function?
Definition
Microvilli to engulf discs
Term
The Pigmented Epithelium stores and releases _______ for the __________.
Definition
vitamin A

photoreceptor cells
Term
______ results from the Pigmented Epithelium’s inability to phagocytose worn-out discs.
Definition
Hereditary retinal dystrophy
Term
Rods are not found in?
Definition
fovea
Term
In the _______, there are only cones.
Definition
fovea centralis
Term
External limiting membrane represents?
Definition
desmosome-like junctions between the photoreceptor cells and the surrounding supporting cells, called Muller cells.
Term
Outer nuclear layer is comprised of?
Definition
photoreceptor cells somas
Term
Outer plexiform layer is where?
Definition
synapses among the axons of photoreceptor cells, bipolar neurons and horizontal cells occur.
Term
Horizontal cells are ________.
Definition
association neurons involved in the local processing of visual information.
Term
Inner nuclear layer are somas of: ______.
Definition
Somas and nuclei of (mostly) bipolar cells, plus the nuclei of Muller cells and other associational cells
Term
Bipolar cells are the main link between the _____ & _______>
Definition
photoreceptor cells and the ganglion cells
Term
Inner plexiform layer is area of synapses among: _________.
Definition
bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells
Term
Amacrine cells are also associational neurons involved in the local integration and processing of visual information.
Definition
Yah dude
Term
____ only output cells of the retina.
Definition
Ganglion Cells
Term
Ganglion Cells receive input from _____ in the eye.
Definition
bipolar cells
Term
Become myelinated as the optic nerve once they’ve exited the eye via the ________.
Definition
lamina cribrosa
Term
The macula Contains the ________.
Definition
fovea centralis
Term
The macula Contains the fovea centralis, a _____________.
Definition
depression in the retina that is composed entirely of cones.
Term
The macula is located ________ to the optic disc.
Definition
laterally (temporally)
Term
The macula is area of _____ vision.
Definition
acute
Term
Macular degeneration is a common cause of blindness in _____ individuals.
Definition
older
Term
optic disc is the site of?
Definition
emergence of the accumulated, unmyelinated axons of the ganglion cells, to become myelinated as the optic nerve.
Term
Where does vasculature enter eye?
Definition
optic disk
Term
Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) allows visual ________.
Definition
fixation while the head is moving
Term
What part of the vestibular system is plastic?
Definition
Central Processor
Term
Transduction by _______ for the vestibular system.
Definition
Hair Cells
Term
Transmission by __________ for the vestibular system.
Definition
Bipolar Neurons
Term
Central processor components of vestibular system: __________.
Definition
Vestibular nuclei and Cerebellum receive inputs from
vestibular portion of 8th cranial nerve
Term
Vestibular hair cell stereocilia are bathed in ______ (high [___]), whereas the cell body of hair cells are bathed in ______ (high [___]).
Definition
endolymph high K+

perilymph high Na+
Term
Hair cells do not __________.
Definition
generate action potentials
Term
Hair cells -> __________
Definition
bipolar cells
Term
______ is the primary afferent of the vestibular system.
Definition
bipolar cells
Term
Superior division of Vestibular Ganglia -> ___________.
Definition
Anterior and Horizontal canals, Utricle, part of Saccule
Term
Inferior division of Vestibular Ganglia -> ________.
Definition
Posterior canal, part of Saccule
Term
Maculae is found in?
Definition
Saccule and Utricle
Term
Saccule ("little sack or bag") and Utricle ("small sack") are dilations of the _______ labyrinth, connected to each other by thin tubes.
Definition
membranous
Term
Saccule and Utricle have _____ membrane for their hair cells.
Definition
Otolithic
Term
The otolithic membrane will be displaced by: __________.
Definition
–Pull of gravity (static)
–Linear acceleration and deceleration (kinetic) of the head (translational movements)
Term
Inertial lag causes otolithic membrane to move in the ______ direction of acceleration / deceleration.
Definition
opposite
Term
For example, upward acceleration (ascending elevator) -> stereocilia bend ______.
Definition
downward
Term
Saccule and Utricle are functionally referred to as the _______.
Definition
static labyrinth
Term
In utricle _____ firing rate to (tilt) gravity changes.
Definition
Sustained
Term
_______ ("thin band") separates hair cell planes in utricles.
Definition
Striola
Term
Saccule, orientation of hair cells is ______ the striola.
Definition
away from
Term
Utricle, orientation is _______ the striola.
Definition
towards
Term
Saccule senses motion primarily in the _______ plane.
Definition
sagittal plane (up-down)
Term
Utricle senses motion primarily in the _______ plane.
Definition
horizontal plane (forward-backward)
Term
When the head is upright, many hair cells in macula of saccule are oriented vertically, whereas many hair cells in macula of utricle are oriented horizontally (mnemonic: the saccule stands).
Definition
No shit sherlock
Term
Semicircular Canals hair cell organs?
Definition
Crista ampullaris
Term
Crista ampullaris found where?
Definition
Ampulla
Term
Crista ampullaris embedded in ______.
Definition
Cupula
Term
In the Semicircular Canals, endolymph flows in ____ direction of head motion and cupulla bends in _____ direction.
Definition
Opposite

Opposite
Term
Semicircular Canals, hair cells have _____ orientation.
Definition
all same unlike in macula of utricle
Term
For the semicircular canals bending of stereocilia towards the kinocilium (towards utricle in _______; away from utricle in _______) activates the hair cells.
Definition
horizontal semicircular canal

other two canals
Term
Crista ampullaris of canals convey kinetic information about __________ of the head.
Definition
angular (rotational) acceleration and deceleratio
Term
Internal Auditory Meatus contents?
Definition
Vestibular and Auditory portion of CN 8

CN VII

Labrynith Artery
Term
Vestibular nuclei is found in the __________.
Definition
brainstem (pons, medulla)
Term
The vestibular portion of cranial nerve 8 innervates: ____________.
Definition
Ipsilateral vestibular nuclei in brainstem (pons & medulla)

Ipsilateral half of vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe, parts of vermis)
Term
Cerebellum is critical for vestibular system __________.
Definition
plasticity
Term
Lesion of vestibulo- cerebellum -> _____________.
Definition
vestibular reflexes (VOR) become uncalibrated and dysfunctional (vestibular lesion- induced nystagmus).
Term
Vestibulo-ocular reflex circuits to ________ and ____________.
Definition
brainstem gaze centers

cranial nerve nuclei 3, 4 and 6
Term
Vestibulospinal projections for ______ reflexes and stabilization of ______.
Definition
postural

head
Term
Vestibular projections to the cerebral cortex provides __________.
Definition
conscious awareness of equilibrium
Term
The Vestibular cortex is made up by: ________.
Definition
Posterior Parietal Area (Brodmann 5)

Region Near Neck Somatosensory
Term
Posterior Parietal Area (Brodmann 5) of the Vestibular Cortex is involved in _______.
Definition
Perception of body orientation
Term
Region Near Neck Somatosensory of the Vestibular Cortex is involved in _______.
Definition
Cervical vertebrae proprioceptor area (head position)
Term
Vestibular Functions: __________ (VOR)
Definition
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
Term
Sensory organ mainly associated with VOR?
Definition
Semicircular Canals
Term
For VOR porjections from the vestibular nuclei go to: ____________.
Definition
Brain stem gaze centers

CN (III, IV, VI Occulomotor, trochlear, and abducens)
Term
When fully operational, VOR gain = ___.
Definition
1
Term
VOR is extremely _______ in nature.
Definition
plastic
Term
VOR is extremely plastic, with gain and sign modulated by the ____________.
Definition
vestibulocerebellum
Term
VOR is based on the principle of _______ for "same plane canals"
Definition
push-pull
Term
For VOR: when there is No head movement -> ______ activity in canals and cranial nerve ____.
Definition
symmetrical

8
Term
Extraoccular Muscle:

Horizontal canal -> __________.
Posterior canal -> ____________
Anterior canal -> ____________
Definition
Horizontal canal -> Medial and Lateral recti
Posterior canal -> Superior oblique
Anterior canal -> Superior rectus
Term
Vestibulospinal Tracts originate in Vestibular nuclei in the _______, primarily the lateral and medial nuclei. Then descend as medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts in _______ of spinal cord.
Definition
medulla

ventral funiculus
Term
lateral vestibular nucleus ipsillateral/contralateral?
Definition
ipsilaterally
Term
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract projects ipsilaterally to the _______ along the __________ to influence excitability of motor neurons that innervate __________.
Definition
ventral horn motor neurons

entire length of the spinal cord

axial and proximal limb extensor muscles (antigravity muscles)
Term
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract primary role is to excite ipsillateral/contralateral ______ muscles and inhibit ______ muscles.
Definition
ipsilateral extensor excite

inhbit ipsilateral flexor muscles
Term
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract receive input predominantly from _______, which convey information about ___________.
Definition
utricle and saccule

gravitational pull and linear acceleration and deceleration
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract travels down the spinal cord with ______ on ______ side.
Definition
bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance)

descending medial longitudinal fasciculus
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract projects bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) to ________ in ______ regions.
Definition
ventral horn motor neurons in cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract controls?
Definition
control head and neck movement
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract receive input predominantly from the ______, which convey information about ________.
Definition
semicircular canals

angular acceleration and deceleration movements of head
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract is responsible for _________ during a loss of balance or a ________ motion of the body, known as the _______ reflex.
Definition
stabilizes the head and neck during rotation of body and keeps head erect during loss of balance

vestibulocollic (vestibulo-cervical) reflex.
Term
Direction of nystagmus = direction of ________.
Definition
saccade
Term
In vestibular-induced nystagmus, vestibular system drives the _____ eye movements.
Definition
slow
Term
Rotationally-Induced Nystagmus: Slow (tracking) component driven by _______ nuclei projecting to the _______ nuclei (i.e., ________ Reflex).
Definition
vestibular

oculomotor

VOR
Term
Rotationally-Induced Nystagmus: Fast (saccade) component driven by _________ and ________ project to ________.
Definition
superior colliculus & frontal eye fields

brainstem lateral gaze center
Term
Fast Eye movement of Rotational Nystagmus is in what direction?
Definition
Same as rotation
Term
Slow Eye movement of Rotational Nystagmus is in what direction?
Definition
Opposite as rotation
Term
Nystagmus during and after rotation was towards the ______ horizontal canal.
Definition
"excited"
Term
For peripheral UVL, direction of nystagmus will be towards ______ horizontal canal & ________ the lesion.
Definition
more active

directed away from
Term
Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL) eyes drift ______ lesion, nystagmus ______ lesion.
Definition
eyes drift towards lesion

nystagmus away from lesion
Term
Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): ______ semicircular canal is unopposed.
Definition
Intact horizontal
Term
Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): Head tilt and body lean _______ lesion
Definition
towards
Term
Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): Head tilt and body lean towards lesion, because of the __________.
Definition
Unopposed action of intact saccule and utricle
Term
Right Horizontal canal lesion = ____ward horizontal nystagmus (i.e., _______ side with UVL lesion)
Definition
left

directed away from lesion
Term
Sensory organ mainly associated with VOR?
Definition
Semicircular Canals
Term
For VOR porjections from the vestibular nuclei go to: ____________.
Definition
Brain stem gaze centers

CN (III, IV, VI Occulomotor, trochlear, and abducens)
Term
When fully operational, VOR gain = ___.
Definition
1
Term
VOR is extremely _______ in nature.
Definition
plastic
Term
VOR is extremely plastic, with gain and sign modulated by the ____________.
Definition
vestibulocerebellum
Term
VOR is based on the principle of _______ for "same plane canals"
Definition
push-pull
Term
For VOR: when there is No head movement -> ______ activity in canals and cranial nerve ____.
Definition
symmetrical

8
Term
Extraoccular Muscle:

Horizontal canal -> __________.
Posterior canal -> ____________
Anterior canal -> ____________
Definition
Horizontal canal -> Medial and Lateral recti
Posterior canal -> Superior oblique
Anterior canal -> Superior rectus
Term
Vestibulospinal Tracts originate in Vestibular nuclei in the _______, primarily the lateral and medial nuclei. Then descend as medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts in _______ of spinal cord.
Definition
medulla

ventral funiculus
Term
lateral vestibular nucleus ipsillateral/contralateral?
Definition
ipsilaterally
Term
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract projects ipsilaterally to the _______ along the __________ to influence excitability of motor neurons that innervate __________.
Definition
ventral horn motor neurons

entire length of the spinal cord

axial and proximal limb extensor muscles (antigravity muscles)
Term
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract primary role is to excite ipsillateral/contralateral ______ muscles and inhibit ______ muscles.
Definition
ipsilateral extensor excite

inhbit ipsilateral flexor muscles
Term
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract receive input predominantly from _______, which convey information about ___________.
Definition
utricle and saccule

gravitational pull and linear acceleration and deceleration
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract travels down the spinal cord with ______ on ______ side.
Definition
bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance)

descending medial longitudinal fasciculus
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract projects bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) to ________ in ______ regions.
Definition
ventral horn motor neurons in cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract controls?
Definition
control head and neck movement
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract receive input predominantly from the ______, which convey information about ________.
Definition
semicircular canals

angular acceleration and deceleration movements of head
Term
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract is responsible for _________ during a loss of balance or a ________ motion of the body, known as the _______ reflex.
Definition
stabilizes the head and neck during rotation of body and keeps head erect during loss of balance

vestibulocollic (vestibulo-cervical) reflex.
Term
Direction of nystagmus = direction of ________.
Definition
saccade
Term
In vestibular-induced nystagmus, vestibular system drives the _____ eye movements.
Definition
slow
Term
Rotationally-Induced Nystagmus: Slow (tracking) component driven by _______ nuclei projecting to the _______ nuclei (i.e., ________ Reflex).
Definition
vestibular

oculomotor

VOR
Term
Rotationally-Induced Nystagmus: Fast (saccade) component driven by _________ and ________ project to ________.
Definition
superior colliculus & frontal eye fields

brainstem lateral gaze center
Term
Fast Eye movement of Rotational Nystagmus is in what direction?
Definition
Same as rotation
Term
Slow Eye movement of Rotational Nystagmus is in what direction?
Definition
Opposite as rotation
Term
Nystagmus during and after rotation was towards the ______ horizontal canal.
Definition
"excited"
Term
For peripheral UVL, direction of nystagmus will be towards ______ horizontal canal & ________ the lesion.
Definition
more active

directed away from
Term
Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL) eyes drift ______ lesion, nystagmus ______ lesion.
Definition
eyes drift towards lesion

nystagmus away from lesion
Term
Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): ______ semicircular canal is unopposed.
Definition
Intact horizontal
Term
Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): Head tilt and body lean _______ lesion
Definition
towards
Term
Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Lesion (UVL): Head tilt and body lean towards lesion, because of the __________.
Definition
Unopposed action of intact saccule and utricle
Term
Right Horizontal canal lesion = ____ward horizontal nystagmus (i.e., _______ side with UVL lesion)
Definition
left

directed away from lesion
Term
Peripheral UVL most commonly caused by: ______________.
Definition
–Vestibular neuritis or laybrinthitis
–Vascular infarct
–Acoustic neuroma (vestibular Schwannoma) - usually accompanied by hearing loss)
Term
Peripheral Bilateral Vestibular Lesion (BVL) commonly caused by: ______________.
Definition
–Ototoxic antibiotics: aminoglycosides antibiotics such as kanamycin, neomycin, amikacin, streptomycin, gentamicin
–Idiopathic
Term
In BPPV: Otoliths become displaced from otolithic membrane in _______ and migrate into a _________.
Definition
utricle

semicircular canal (usually posterior canal, usually unilateral)
Term
Otoliths in canal make it dysfunctionally ___________.
Definition
responsive to gravity during head movements
Term
BPPV: Signs and symptoms: __________.
Definition
vertigo and nystagmus during head movement (rolling over in bed, bending down).
Term
BBPV: Otoliths either: 1. Float free in canal endolymph (inducing convection waves that deflect cupula) = ______
2. Much less commonly, adhere directly to cupula = ________.
Definition
canalithiasis
Term
BPPV on right side:

Right Posterior SCC involvement -> _______excited -> ________ nystagmus with right torsion.
Definition
hyper

upward
Term
BPPV on right side:

Right Anterior SCC involvement -> _______excited -> ________ nystagmus with right torsion.
Definition
hyper

downward
Term
BPPV on right side:

Right Anterior SCC involvement -> _______excited -> ________ nystagmus with no torsion torsion.
Definition
hyper

right horiztonal nystagmus
Term
The nystagmus is _____ affected side in BBPV.
Definition
Towards
Term
BPPV vs. Peripheral UVL: Which one has spontaneous Nystagmus?
Definition
Peripheral UVL (BBPV doesn't)
Term
BPPV nystagmus can be _______.
Definition
elicited with provocational tests, not spontaneous
Term
Meniere’s syndrome is an _______, which causes _______.
Definition
over-production of endolymph, which produces auditory and vestibular disturbances, including attacks of vertigo, nausea, vomiting, pathological nystagmus, and sensorineural hearing loss.
Term
Nystagmus distinguishes PNS vs. CNS lesion:
1. Effect of Visual fixation
–PNS origin: nystagmus is _______
–CNS origin: nystagmus is _______
Definition
PNS: reduced

CNS: unchanged
Term
Nystagmus distinguishes PNS vs. CNS lesion:
3.Effect of Gaze
–PNS origin: _____________
–CNS origin: __________
Definition
PNS: nystagmus increases with gaze towards direction of quick phase (Alexander's law)

CNS: Nystagmus does not have gaze dependency
Term
Nystagmus distinguishes PNS vs. CNS lesion:
2. Direction of nystagmus:
–PNS origin: primarily ________.
–CNS origin: ___________.
Definition
PNS: horizontal, with some torsion

CNS: pure upbeating or pure downbeating or pure torsional, or pendular
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