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Neuro Test One TTUHSC
Neuro Test One TTUHSC
694
Anatomy
Professional
10/13/2013

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Term
Spinal Cord ends at _____.
Definition
L1/L2
Term
Denticulate Ligament connects _____ & ______.
Definition
Pia and Arachnoid Matter
Term
Dorsal Column transmits: ______.
Definition
discriminatory touch, vibration and proprioception (position sense)
Term
Anterolateral or Spinothalamic–
Definition
pain and temperature and crude touch
Term
Fasiculus Gracilis and Fasiculus Cuneatus are transmitted in the _______.
Definition
Dorsal Column
Term
Fasiculus Gracilis medial or lateral to Fasiculus Cuneatus?
Definition
Medial
Term
The Dorsal Column decussates where?
Definition
Caudal Medulla
Term
The Dorsal Column synapses in the in the Caudal Medulla at the _______ and then decussates through the _______ and then ascend as the ________.
Definition
Nucleus Gracilis/Cuneatus

Internal Arcuate Fibers

Medial Lemniscus
Term
Corticospinal efferent pathway: ________.
Definition
Primary Motor Cortex, Internal Capsule (Posterior Limb), Basis Pedunculi, Basis Pons, Pyramid, Pyramidal Decussation, Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Term
Fasciculus- ________.
Definition
tracts composed of axons that have a common function
Term
Lemniscus- ________.
Definition
ribbon of fibers with same function
Term
Funiculus- _______.
Definition
area of the cord
Term
Neurlation begins at ______.
Definition
Day 17
Term
_____ gives rise to the ventricular system.
Definition
Neural Canal
Term
Microcephaly: ________.
Definition
small head due to small brain size
Term
Lisencephaly:
Definition
incomplete neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex
Term
Mesencephalon Associated Cranial Nerves: __________.
Definition
Occulomotor (III)
-> Trochlear (IV)*
-> Trigeminal (sensory)*
Term
Metencephalon Associated Cranial Nerves: __________.
Definition
Trochlear (IV)* ->
Trigeminal (V) motor, sensory ->*
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Term
Myelencephalon Associated Cranial Nerves: __________.
Definition
Trigeminal (sensory)*->
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Term
______ gives rise to the entire nervous system.
Definition
Ectoderm (Neural tube and neural crest are ectoderm in origin)
Term
Notochord and somites, as well as blood, vessels, bone and connective tissue arise from ______.
Definition
mesoderm
Term
The gut derives from the ________.
Definition
endoderm
Term
Neurulation has 4 basic steps:
Definition
1) It begins with the initiation of the formation of the neural plate.
2) The neural plate is then shaped.
3) The neural plate bends.
4) And, finally the neural groove closes to form the neural tube.
Term
Neural tube and neural crest arise from _____.
Definition
ectoderm
Term
The rostral limit of the developing telencephalon becomes the _______.
Definition
lamina terminalis of the diencephalon.
Term
The neural retina and optic nerves and tracks derive from the __________.
Definition
diencephalon
Term
The ___________ includes the superior and inferior colliculi.
Definition
midbrain tectum
Term
The midbrain tegmentum lies caudal to the _____, above the ________ and below the _______
Definition
thalamus

substantia nigra

superior colliculus
Term
The spinal cord arises from the ______.
Definition
caudal neural tube
Term
Telencephalon gives rise to: ___________.
Definition
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebral Cortex, Subcortical White Matter, Basal Ganglia, Basal Forebrain Nuclei)
Term
Diencephalon gives rise to: ___________.
Definition
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus
Term
Mesencephalon gives rise to: ________.
Definition
Cerebral Peduncles
Midbrain Tectum
Midbrain Tegmentum
Term
Rhombencephalon derivatives: ________.
Definition
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Term
Prosencephalon derivatives: ________.
Definition
Telencephalon

Diencephalon
Term
Metencephalon gives rise to: ________.
Definition
Pons

Cerebellum
Term
Myelencephalon gives rise to: ________.
Definition
Medulla (MY MEDULLA)
Term
Signaling from _____ and gradients of _______ from the caudal pole lead to cranial-caudal position information.
Definition
Wnt

retinoic acid (Vit. A derivative)
Term
At dau 18 _____ inhibitors come from the cranial pole.
Definition
Wnt
Term
On day 18 __________.
Definition
The elevated margins of the internal surface ‘crease’ will become the neural folds, which contain the precursors for neural crest.
Term
On day 20 __________.
Definition
The neural plate is folding and neural crest cells are born.
Term
On day 22 __________.
Definition
Neural tube formation begins in the center and zips closed toward both the cranial and caudal ends of the embryo.
Term
Neural Crest Cells around the Neural Tube give rise to: _______.
Definition
Sensory ganglia
Autonomic ganglia
Adrenal neurosecretory cells
Non-neuronal cells
Term
Retinoic acid is not only a _______ signal, but also, a __________.
Definition
inductive

teratogen in high concentrations (as in alcohol)
Term
_______ deficiency can lead to neural tube defects.
Definition
dietary folate
Term
SHH has a major role in both inducing _____ and giving rise to ________.
Definition
floor plate

motor neurons
Term
The __________ eventually give rise to the brain.
Definition
anterior neural folds
Term
Failure of the neural tube to close leads to various ‘neural tube defects’: __________.
Definition
Anencephaly

Encephalocele

Spina bifida
Term
Anencephaly is a ___________.
Definition
failure of the cranial end of the neural tube (anterior neuropore) to close.
Term
Encephalocele is a failure of ___________ and ______ may result.
Definition
failure of bone to ossify may allow herniation and the formation of a sac structure.
Term
Spina bifida is a failure or ___________ to form and the ________ cannot __________.
Definition
vertebral arch fails to form (failure of the posterior neuropore to fuse)
and the neural tube cannot move migrate properly
Term
Hox gene expression leads to ______ in an ______________.
Definition
semgenation

anterior to posterior patterning
Term
Three vesicle stage occurs at day ______.
Definition
28
Term
Five vesicle stage occurs at day ______.
Definition
36
Term
At day 36: __________ are present.
Definition
the cranial, cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral nerves are present.
Term
The ________ and ______ are formed from neural tube containing only alar plate.
Definition
the telencephalon and diencephalon
Term
The _____ portion of the embryo at day 28 during the three vesicle stage only has a alar plate.
Definition
"Cranial"
Term
The spinal cord has _____ basal (________) and _____ alar (________).
Definition
two basal (ventral / somatic motor)

two alar (dorsal / association) columns
Term
The brainstem has ___ basal columns (motor) and ___ alar (sensory) columns.
Definition
Three

Four

*(depending on location)*
Term
At ____ weeks 3 vesicle stage.
Definition
4
Term
At ____ weeks 5 vesicle stage.
Definition
5
Term
By ______ the fetal brain is fully developed, just 25% of final size.
Definition
~7 months
Term
The _____ flexure forms first, followed by the ______ flexure.
Definition
cephalic

cervical
Term
After the cephalic and cervical flexure the ______ flexure forms ~ 5 weeks and it deepens until the ______ is folded back onto the ______.
Definition
pontine

metencephalon

myelencephalon
Term
The head of the chick can be discerned because the _____ begin to form on the cranial end of the body.
Definition
somites
Term
Parasympathetic CN: ___________.
Definition
3, 7, 9, 10
Term
Proliferation of the cells of the cortex force a ____.
Definition
C-shape
Term
Proliferation of the cells of the cortex force a C-shape, which dictates what the ______ follow.
Definition
ventricles
Term
The cerebellum is derived from the ______ and the _______.
Definition
alar plate of the metencephalon

adjacent rhombic lips
Term
The ______ & ______ are formed from rhombic lip.
Definition
The cerebellar granule cells and the deep cerebellar nuclei
Term
*The trochlear nerve arises in the _____ but is eventually partially displaced to the _______.
Definition
metencephalon

mesencephalon
Term
Trigeminal motor nuclei are _______, but the sensory nuclei ________.
Definition
born and stay in the metencephalon

arise in the metencephalon and myelencephalon but are later partially displaced to the mesencephalon.
Term
The cells lining the ventricles remain ______.
Definition
undifferentiated ependymal cells
Term
As new neuroal cells are born, they will then _______.
Definition
migrate through cells layers
Term
Radial neuronal migration in the cortex depends on ___________.
Definition
receptor / ligand interaction.
Term
SHH = __________.
Definition
Sonic hedgehog
Term
PTC = __________.
Definition
Patched
Term
BMP does what?
Definition
Causes ectoderm to differentiate into epidermis
Term
Noggin/Chordin does what?
Definition
Causes ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm
Term
TGF-B (Beta) does what?
Definition
Causes the neural tube to differentiate into roofplate
Term
SHH does what?
Definition
Causes the neural tube to differentiate into floorplate
Term
During Neurogensis, ______ inhibits and ______ stimulates the differentiation to Neurons.
Definition
Notch inhibits

bHLHs
Term
______ inhibits and ______ stimulates the differentiation to Oligodentrocytes.
Definition
Proneural bHLHs

Olig1/2 & Nkx2.1
Term
______ inhibits and ______ stimulates the differentiation to Astrocytes.
Definition
Proneural bHLHs

Notch Nrg
Term
_____ stimulates the formation of Chromaffin Cells
Definition
Glucocrticoids
Term
_____ stimulates the formation of Melanocytes.
Definition
Stem Cell Factor
Term
_____ stimulates the formation of sympathetic progenitor, which then gives rise to _______ under the stimulation of ________ & _______ under the stimulation of ________.
Definition
FGF2 -> Sympathetic Progenitor

NGF-> Adrenergic Neuron

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor-> Cholinergic Neuron
Term
_____ stimulates the formation of Sensory Neurons.
Definition
Leukocyte Inducing Factor (LIF)
Term
______ and _____ are mutations of neural cell migration and are characterized by _____.
Definition
Reelin Mutation

Lissencephaly (DCX)

smooth surface of the brain and the enlarged ventricles in both mutants
Term
Holoprosencephaly is a devleopment disruption of ______ caused by _______.
Definition
Midline

Loss of SHH function
Term
_______ is the most common childhood brain tumor
Definition
Medulloblastoma
Term
Medulloblastoma is a subversion of normal neurogenesis and cell migration in the _______.
Definition
cerebellum
Term
Medulloblastoma results from ______.
Definition
altered (loss is Holoprosencephaly SHH function
Term
Basal cell carcinomas are usually due to somatic _______ mutations.
Definition
PTC (SHH partner) mutations
Term
SHH-related diseases: __________.
Definition
Holoprosencephaly (Loss of SHH function)

Medulloblastoma (Altered SHH function)

Basal cell carcinoma (somatic PTC mutations)
Term
Neural Tube Defects: ________.
Definition
Anencephaly

Encephalocele

Spina bifida
Term
Anencephaly results from a failure of the __________ to close.
Definition
cranial end of the neural tube (anterior neuropore)
Term
Encephalocele results from a failure of ________, resulting in ________.
Definition
bone to ossify

brain sac able to herniate out
Term
Spina bifida occurs when the _____ fails to form and the _______ cannot migrate resulting in a failure of the ___________.
Definition
vertebral arch

neural tube cannot move migrate properly (failure of the posterior neuropore to fuse).
Term
Communicating Hydrocephalus is non-obstructive/obstructive.
Definition
non-obstructive
Term
Non-communicating Hydrocephalus is non-obstructive/obstructive.
Definition
obstructive
Term
Neural tube defects 75% of cases are due to ________.
Definition
Folic acid deficiency
Term
Spina bifida occurs when a ______ fails to develop and ______ cells cannot migrate crainally/caudally properly; therefore, the neural tube cannot move below the surface and close properly.
Definition
vertebral arch

somite sclerotome

caudally
Term
Spina bifida – aperta- ________.
Definition
The spinal cord may be exposed or protrude at the surface, usually in the lumbar region.
The spinal cord may be exposed or protrude at the surface, usually in the lumbar region.
Term
Spina bifida – occulta- _______.
Definition
The failure of the caudal neural tube/pore to close is somewhat hidden; a tuft of hair, small sinus or skin dimple may be present.
Term
Anencephaly the _____ neurotube/pore fails to close, leading to the failure of normal brain development and skull closure.
Definition
rostral
Term
In Hydrocephalus _______ swell with CSF.
Definition
developing ventricles
Term
Incipient hydrocephalus can be detected _______.
Definition
in utero (ultrasound)
Term
Retinoid Acid (Vit. A) deficiency or tetragoen?
Definition
tetragoen
Term
Folate (vit ____)
Definition
Vit B9
Term
Axonal Growth Cone Mobility is possible because of _______.
Definition
Dynamic protein action of actin (microfilaments)
Term
Axonal growth, guidance and maintenance are mediated by both diffusible and non-diffusible signals that include both attractive and repulsive forces
Definition
Yup
Term
Tropic factors ______.
Definition
guide axons toward a source
Term
Trophic factors _________.
Definition
support the survival and growth of neurons and their processes
Term
Axonal synapse formation begins with ______ and ______ then adds: ___________.
Definition
cadherins and protocadherins then adds microtubules, ephrins, neurexin and neuregulin
Term
Diffusible signalling involves _____ and ______.
Definition
Chemoattractants & Chemorepellants
Term
Chemoattractants are best characterized by: _____.
Definition
netrin family
Term
Chemorepellant are best characterized by: ___________
Definition
NoGo’s, semiphorins
Term
In addition to neuron migration as contralateral or ipsilateral, _____ are formed by balance of chemoattractants and repellents.
Definition
topographic maps
Term
______ & ______ initiate the formation of synapes.
Definition
Protocadherins and Cadherins
Term
Neurotrophins (trophic factors) can activate different responses: __________.
Definition
Cell survival / death

Synapse stabilization / elimination

Neuronal process growth / retraction
Term
NGF = ____________.
Definition
Nerve Growth Factor
Term
NT-3 = ______ 3
Definition
Neurotrophin
Term
Trk(s) = ______.
Definition
tyrosine kinase receptors
Term
p75 = also called _____ Receptor (NGFR)
Definition
Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (NGFR)
Term
Which neurotrophin receptor is more specific?
Definition
Trk(s) (specific)

p75 (broad)
Term
Critical period - _______.
Definition
a restricted time during which development is particularly sensitive to the effects of experience or modulation by the environment.
Term
Critical period examples: ________.
Definition
1. binocular vision
2. language acquisition
3. sexual dimorphism of the brain
Term
Amblyopia- __________.
Definition
loss of acuity, diminished stereopsis or problems with fusion
Term
Example of Amblyopia is, ______, which is ________.
Definition
Strabismus – eye misalignment (lazy eye)
Term
Cataracts- _______.
Definition
opaque lens
Term
Two examples of Cataracts: _______.
Definition
Onchocerciasis

Trachoma
Term
Onchocerciasis a type of Cataracts, is aka _________ and caused by ________.
Definition
‘river blindness”

Onchocerca vulvus
Term
Trachomaa type of Cataracts, is caused by ________.
Definition
Chlamydia trachomatis
Term
Gasturalation at day ____ with the appearance of the primitive streak begins the definition of _______ and _______.
Definition
cranial-caudal and medial-lateral axes.
Term
The ______ , a transient structure just beneath the primitive streak, produces inductive proteins that signal the above lying neuroectoderm to differentiate and eventually give rise to the entire nervous system.
Definition
notochord
Term
The _____ and ______ of proteins, among others, are inductive factors that initiate the cell migration and differentiation needed for the beginning of the primitive streak and the eventual beginning of neurulation.
Definition
Tgfβ (beta) and Wnt family
Term
Are the brain vesicles visible before or after neuraltion.
Definition
Before
Term
Neurulation is the process of ______.
Definition
the formation of the neural plate and closure of the neural folds and neuropores to form the neural tube.
Term
The neural tube subsequently gives rise to the _____ & ______.
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
Day 18 - __________.
Definition
Neural plate is induced by notochord signaling and now begins to fold inwardly
Term
Day 20 - __________.
Definition
The neural groove is formed by the migration and differentiation of new cells.
Term
At Day 20 the neural plate cells just above the notochord become _______ and the cells at the apex of the neural groove folds become ________.
Definition
floorplate (epithelial cells)

neural crest cells
Term
Day 22 - __________.
Definition
The neural tube begins to close
Term
Day 22 The neural tube begins to close, starting at the _______ and closing towards _______.
Definition
cervical region

both ends
Term
Day 22 _______ are now visible.
Definition
somites
Term
Somites visible at Day 22 can be used to _______.
Definition
since they too develop first in the cervical region, one can discern cranial and caudal
Term
Day 24 - ___________.
Definition
Cranial neuropore fully closes.
Term
Day 26 - ___________.
Definition
Caudal neuropore fully closes.
Term
Day 28 - ___________.
Definition
Alar and basal plate form. Motor neurons appear in ventral column of the neural tube. Sulcus limitans
and hypothalamic sulcus are now present.
Term
Day 29 - __________.
Definition
Dorsal root ganglia are present at most levels
Term
Day 30 - __________.
Definition
Ventral roots begin to form.
Term
Day 31 - __________.
Definition
Spinal nerves sprout and grow into myotomes.
Term
Day 33 - __________.
Definition
Sympathetic trunks form.
Term
Telencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________.
Definition
a) cerebral hemispheres
b) basal ganglion
c) hippocampal formation
d) amygdala
e) olfactory bulb
f) lamina terminalis - is the rostral end of the neural tube
Term
Diencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________.
Definition
a) thalamus
b) hypothalamus
c) epithalamus
d) neural retina, optic nerves and tracts
Term
Mesencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________.
Definition
a) cerebral peduncles
b) midbrain tectum: superior and inferior colliculi
b) midbrain tegmentum
Term
Metencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________.
Definition
a) cerebellum
b) pons
Term
Myelencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________.
Definition
a) medulla
Term
Major C-shaped structures: develop by following the general contours of the ventricular system: ________.
Definition
a) caudate nucleus
b) cingulate and parahipocampal gyri
c) corpus callosum
d) hippocampus and fornix
e) stria terminalis
Term
Inductive signaling for neuronal differentiation in the CNS: ___________.
Definition
Notch and Nrg

Oligo 1/2 and Nkx2.1

bHLH family
Term
_____-> astrocyte production
Definition
Notch and Nrg
Term
_____-> oligodendrocyte production
Definition
Oligo 1/2 and Nkx2.1
Term
_____-> neuron production
Definition
bHLH family
Term
Inductive signaling for cellular differentiation in the PNS: ______.
Definition
Ciliary neurotrophic factor

Fgf2

Leukocyte inducing factor

Ngf
Term
_____-> cholinergic neuron
Definition
Ciliary neurotrophic factor
Term
_____-> sympathetic neuron precursors
Definition
Fgf2
Term
_____-> sensory neurons
Definition
Leukocyte inducing factor
Term
_____-> adrenergic neuron
Definition
Ngf
Term
A berry aneurysm at the basilar tip would affect CN_____.
Definition
CNIII
Term
Most common and 2nd most common berry aneurysm sites?
Definition
most common anterior communicating (30%)

Posterior Communicating (25%)
Term
Subcortical telencephalic nuclei: __________.
Definition
Basal ganglia

Limbic System
Term
Basal ganglia: __________.
Definition
Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus
Term
Limbic system: _______.
Definition
Limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdala
Term
Basal Ganglia according to Phylogenetic (developmental) nomenclature: ________.
Definition
paleostriatum – globus pallidus

neostriatum – caudate and putamen
Term
Basal Ganglia according to Anatomic (relationship) nomenclature: ________.
Definition
lenticular nucleus: putamen and globus pallidus
Term
Huntington’s disease is a degeneration of ________.
Definition
the head of caudate nucleus
Term
Lenticulocaudate- _______.
Definition
Anterior limb of the internal capsule
Term
Lenticulothalamic- _______.
Definition
Posterior limb of the internal capsule
Term
In the Diencephalon, the Sulcus limitans is known as the _______ and divides ______, with _____ function, and _______, with _____ function.
Definition
Hypothalamic sulcus

Sensory (thalamus)

Motor (hypothalamus)
Term
Before the neural tube differentiates, the Sulcus limitans separates _______ & _______.
Definition
Sensory (Alar plate)

Motor (Basal Plate)
Term
What artery supplies the choroid plexus of the anterior horn, body, and posterior horn of the lateral ventricles?
Definition
Lateral (more posterior) and Medial (more anterior) Posterior Choroidal Artery
Term
What artery supplies the choroid plexus of the temporal (inferior) horn of the lateral ventricles?
Definition
Anterior Choroidal Artery off the (Internal CA)
Term
What artery supplies the choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle?
Definition
AICA/PICA (Anterior/Posterior Cerebellar Arteries)
Term
Subdivisions of the Diencephalon: __________.
Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Term
The Thalamus is divided into ______ and _______ subdivisions by the ________.
Definition
medial and lateral

internal medullary lamina
Term
Nuclei of the Thalamus that can be identified on a gross brain: ______.
Definition
Anterior *
Pulvinar *
Term
Pulvinar nucleus is located where?
Definition
Posterior thalamus
Term
Hypothalamus subdivisions: _______.
Definition
Anterior (supraoptic)
Middle (tuberal)
Posterior (mammillary)
Term
Epithalamus subdivisions: _______.
Definition
Pineal
Habenular nuclei
Posterior Commissure
Term
Subthalamus subdivisions: _______.
Definition
Subthalamic nucleus
Zona Incerta
Fields of Forel
Term
White Goblet Appearance?
Definition
inferior colliculus
Term
The inferior colliculus is involved in the ______ pathway.
Definition
Auditory
Term
Limbic system: ________.
Definition
Limbic Lobe
Hippocampal formation (fornix)
Amygdala (stria terminalis)
Nucleus basalis of Meynert (Nucleus Basalis)
Anterior perforated substance
Term
The Limbic lobe is found where?
Definition
Cerebral Cortex
Term
The Limbic lobe is composed of: ______ gyri.
Definition
Subcallosal, cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
Term
The Hippocampal formation (fornix) is composed of: ______.
Definition
Hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum
Term
Parinaud syndrome, aka _______, is caused by lesions of the ______ and is characterized by __________. Commonly caused by ________.
Definition
Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome

Dorsal Midbrain/Tectum, specifically Superior Colliculus

Paralysis of upward gaze is diagnostic. Downward gaze is preserved.

Pineal Tumor
Term
Cardiac glycosides affect CSF production how?
Definition
inhibit Na/K ATPase pump, thereby reducing CSF production in a dose-dependent manner
Term
Example of a Cardiac glycoside?
Definition
digoxin
Term
Some _______, like _______ increase CSF production.
Definition
anesthetics (e.g. ketamine)
Term
Aging, increase or decrease CSF production?
Definition
Decrease
Term
_______ serum osmality decreases CSF production.
Definition
Increased
Term
How to differentiate Bacterial Meningitis?
Definition
Elevated Protein

Depressed Glc

PMNs
Term
How to differentiate Viral Meningitis?
Definition
Slightly! elevated protein

Normal Glc

High Leukocyte count
Term
conus medullaris typically terminates at about vertebral level _____.
Definition
L1
Term
Turbidity of CSF is due to ______ or _______.
Definition
elevated WBC count or bacteria.
Term
Xanthochromia (________) is due to __________.
Definition
yellow-colored (bilirubin)

blood in CSF for >6 hrs
Term
Erythrochromia (________) is due to __________.
Definition
reddish-colored CSF, due to presence of blood <6 hrs; traumatic tap?, acute hemorrhage?
Term
Common CSF acute bacterial infectious agents Infants: ___________.
Definition
Strep pneumoniae, Listeria, Hemophilus influenza
Term
Common CSF acute bacterial infectious agents Children: ___________.
Definition
Neisseria, Strep pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenza
Term
Common CSF acute bacterial infectious agents Adults: ___________.
Definition
Strep pneumoniae, Staph aureus
Term
CSF work for MS?
Definition
IgG values increase due to intrathecal production
Term
Most common cause of hydrocephalus in infants is _______ caused by __________.
Definition
fetal viral infection

Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii
Term
Amygdala function?
Definition
complex affective behavior & emotion
Term
Basal ganglia function?
Definition
organize and initiate movement (motor coordination)
Term
Basal ganglia composed of: ________.
Definition
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
Term
Hippocampus and fornix function?
Definition
short-term memory
Term
Septal nuclei is the ________.
Definition
intersection of limbic & cortical systems
Term
3, 1, 2- ___________.
Definition
primary somatosensory cortex
Term
4 - ___________.
Definition
primary motor cortex
Term
6 - ___________.
Definition
premotor area & frontal eye fields
Term
17 - ___________.
Definition
primary visual cortex
Term
18, 19 - ___________.
Definition
visual association areas (occipital lobe)
Term
22 – ___________.
Definition
language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
Term
39 – ___________.
Definition
perception, vision, reading, speech (angular gyrus)
Term
41, 42 – ___________.
Definition
primary auditory cortex
Term
44, 45 – ___________.
Definition
motor speech, expression (Broca’s area)
Term
Lateral corticospinal tract = Lateral corticospinal tract = extremities involved in __________ movements.
Definition
rapid dextrous movements.
Term
Medial intermediate zone = _______.
Definition
axial and girth muscles involved in tone, balance and orientation
Term
The somatosensory “long tracts” of the nervous system are the ______ & __________.
Definition
Posterior (Dorsal) Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway shown here and the Anterolateral Pathway
Term
Association cortex communicates ______.
Definition
via white matter tract connections.
Term
WHITE MATTER:
________ = ipsilateral connections
Definition
Association fibers
Term
WHITE MATTER:
________ = long tracts
Definition
fasciculus
Term
WHITE MATTER:
________ = contralateral hemispheric connections
Definition
Commissural fibers
Term
WHITE MATTER:
________ = cerebral cortex connects with other regions of the brain or spinal cord
Definition
WHITE MATTER:
________ =
Term
Major Cortical ______ can become demyelinated in degenerative demyelinating diseases
Definition
Association bundles.
Term
The left hemisphere is dominant for 95% of right-hander’s and 60-70% of left-handers.
Definition
yup
Term
Left hemisphere specialized functions: __________.
Definition
- Handedness
- Language
Term
Right hemisphere specialized functions: ________.
Definition
- 3D visuospatial processing
- Rudimentary speech
- Emotional coloring of language
Term
Projection System: Reticular Formation

Location of Cell Bodies: __________.

Main Target: _____________.

Function: __________.
Definition
Midbrain and Rostral Pons

Thalamic intralaminar nuclei, hypothalamus, basal forebrain

alertness
Term
Projection System: Norepinephrine

Location of Cell Bodies: __________.

Main Target: _____________.

Function: __________.
Definition
Pons: Locus Ceruleus and lateral tegmental area

Entire CNS

Alertness, Mood elevation
Term
Projection System: Dopamine

Location of Cell Bodies: __________.

Main Target: _____________.

Function: __________.
Definition
Midbrain: substania nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area

Striatum, Limbic System, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex

movements, initiative, working memory
Term
Projection System: Serotonin

Location of Cell Bodies: __________.

Main Target: _____________.

Function: __________.
Definition
Midbrain and pons: Raphe Nuclei

Entire CNS

Mood elevation
Term
Projection System: Histamine

Location of Cell Bodies: __________.

Main Target: _____________.

Function: __________.
Definition
Hypothalmaus: tuberomamillary nucleus; Midbrain: reticular formation

Entire Brain

Alrtness
Term
______ + _______ -> ACh + ________
Definition
Acetyl Coenzyme A + Choline -> ACh + Coenzyme A
Term
Synthesis of ACh is catalyzed by ______.
Definition
Choline Acetyltransferase (CAT)
Term
Choline Acetyltransferase (CAT) is located where?
Definition
axon terminal cytoplasm and synaptic vesicles
Term
RDS of ACh synthesis?
Definition
Availability of choline (uptake by the presynaptic terminal)
Term
__________ catalyzes ACh hydrolysis with extremely fast reaction rate (80 microseconds).
Definition
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Term
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is located where?
Definition
synaptic cleft, usually lipid-bound to postsynaptic membrane.
Term
About one-half of liberated choline via Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is transported ________ via high affinity active transport.
Definition
into presynaptic terminals
Term
Acetylcholine main nucleus, ________.
Definition
Nucleus Basalis
Term
Acetylcholine Cell Bodies: ________.
Definition
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in Basal forebrain

Medial Septal nucleus and Nucleus of Diagonal Band

Pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei & Laterodorsal tegmental nuclei
Term
(Acetylcholine) Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in Basal forebrain projects to: __________.
Function: ___________.
Definition
cerebral cortex

(modulates activity)
Term
(Acetylcholine) Medial Septal nucleus and Nucleus of Diagonal Band projects to: __________.
Function: ___________.
Definition
hippocampal formation

(induces theta rhythm, thought to be important for learning and memory)
Term
(Acetylcholine) Pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei & Laterodorsal tegmental nuclei projects to: __________.
Function: ___________.
Definition
(PTN & LTN)

PTN & LTN -> medial thalamus (cholinergic component of reticular activating system)

PTN -> brainstem motor nuclei (e.g., reticulospinal tract)
Term
The Forebrain Cholinergic (ACh) Systems: __________.
Definition
Nucleus Basalis

Medial Septal nucleus & Nucleus of Diagonal Band
Term
Cholinergic (ACh) projections from ______ & ________ modulate neural activity in the cerebral cortex to influence _______.
Definition
Nucleus Basalis and Medial Septal nucleus

cognitive function
Term
Cholinergic (ACh) projections from _______ & ______ modulate neural activity hippocampal formation to influence ________.
Definition
Medial Septal nucleus and Nucleus of Diagonal Band

learning and memory functions
Term
Effects of the Cholinergic (ACh) pathways are mediated mostly by _____ receptors.
Definition
M1 (Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1)
Term
Neurodegenerative disease associated with what pathway?
Definition
Cholinergic (ACh)
Term
Alzheimer's Disease is the loss of ACh cell bodies in the ________ & _______ and their associated fiber tracts.
Definition
Nucleus Basalis and Medial Septal nucleus
Term
ACh pathway degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease and formation of plaques & tangles in: __________.
Definition
temporal-parietal cortex

fusiform gyrus

hippocampal formation
Term
ACh pathway degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease and formation of plaques & tangles in: temporal-parietal cortex (_______), fusiform gyrus (__________), hippocampal formation (_________).
Definition
temporal-parietal cortex (Wernicke’s area = speech comprehension)

fusiform gyrus (face recognition

hippocampal formation (learning and memory)
Term
Alzheimer's is associated with widespread degeneration of cholinergic projections to cerebral cortex, from ______ and to the hippocampal formation, from _______.
Definition
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

Medial Septal nucleus and Nucleus of Diagonal Band
Term
Types of Monoamine Neurotransmitters: _______
Definition
-Dopamine (DA)
–Norepinephrine (NE) = Noradenaline (NA)
–Serotonin = 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
Term
Monoamine structure is ________.
Definition
single amino bound to an aromatic ring
Term
All monoamines are derived from ______ such as ______ & _______ and tryptophan.
Definition
aromatic amino acids

tyrosine

tryptophan
Term
Monoamines derived from tyrosine: _______.
Definition
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Term
Monoamines derived from tryptophan : _______.
Definition
Serotonin = 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
Term
Which of the monamines is not a Catecholamines?
Definition
Serotonin = 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
Term
Catecholamine synthesis/release takes place where?
Definition
Terminal Varicosities
Term
Serotonin is a ______, but not a _______.
Definition
monoamine

catecholamine
Term
Axons of monoamines have thousands of __________.
Definition
varicosities (release sites)
Term
Axons of monoamines are myelinated/unmyelinated with slow/fast conduction velocities
Definition
unmyelinated

slow
Term
The _____ is pigmented in fresh tissue.
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Dopamine Pathway Cell Bodies of the Midbrain: ____________.
Definition
Substantia nigra pars compacta

Ventral Tegmental area (of the midbrain)

Retrorubral nucleus (located caudal to substantia nigra)
Term
The _______ pathway, the Substantia nigra pars compacta has: _________ projections.
Definition
Dopamine

Mesostriatal projection
Term
The _______ pathway, the Substantia nigra pars compacta Mesostriatal projection to _______ functions in ________ and is implicated in ________ pathology.
Definition
Dopamine

Mesostriatal projection to striatum (DA nigrostriatal projection); functions in motor initiation; degenerates in Parkinsons disease.
Term
The _______ pathway, the Ventral Tegmental area has: _________ projections.
Definition
Dopamine

Mesolimbic projection

Mesocortical projection
Term
The Dopamine pathway, the Ventral Tegmental Mesolimbic projection to _______ functions in ________.
Definition
projection to limbic system (nucleus accumbens, amgydala, medial temporal cortex, cingulate cortex); implicated in rewarding and addictive behaviors.
Term
The Dopamine pathway, the Ventral Tegmental Mesocortical projection to _______ functions in ________ and implicated in _______ pathology.
Definition
prefrontal cortex; implicated in working memory and psychiatric disorders
Term
The Dopamine pathway of the midbrain, Retrorubral nucleus, is implicated in _______ pathology.
Definition
orofacial dyskinesias
Term
The Dopamine pathway of the Diencephalon, serves a ______ function through the ______ system that _________.
Definition
Endocrine function: tuberoinfundibular system that inhibits prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary
Term
Striatum: ________.
Definition
Putamen & Caudate
Term
Three Dopamine projections of the midbrain: meso______ and where they're from.
Definition
Mesostriatal (Substania Nigra Pars Compacta)

Mesolimbic (Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain)

Mesocortical (Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain)
Term
•In general, dopaminergic systems are involved in mediating _______ & ______ and its presence is necessary for maintaining normal activity levels.
Definition
motivation and movements
Term
_______ systems help you get off the couch and socialize or exercise
Definition
Dopaminergic
Term
Disorders and their causes associated with DA systems: ____________.
Definition
•Parkinson’s disease (substantia nigra projections [mesostrital] deteriorate)
•Schizophrenia (mesocortical system)
•Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Too little dopamine, because effectively metabolized)
Term
Cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease: __________.
Definition
TRAP
–Tremor at rest
–Rigidity (usually end stage)
–Akinesia that evolves from bradykinesia
–Postural instability
Term
Schizophrenia is linked to abnormalities in the _______, including: ____________.
Definition
limbic system

amygdala and hippocampal formation, and prefrontal cortex
Term
______ dopamine tone is often associated with schizophrenia
Definition
Excessive
Term
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is treated with Ritalin, because it _______.
Definition
blocks the overactive transporters that uptake dopamine and promotes release
Term
The Norepinephrine Pathways' cell bodies are located in the ________.
Definition
Brainstem
Term
The Norepinephrine Pathways' cell bodies: ________.
Definition
Locus Ceruleus (LC)

Lateral Tegmental Area
Term
The Norepinephrine Pathway's Locus Ceruleus (LC) can be identified in fresh tissue by ______ or by ______ with staining.
Definition
pigmented

Blue Spot
Term
The Norepinephrine Pathway's Locus Ceruleus (LC) cell bodies play a role in: ________.
Definition
Role in arousal: increased activity during wakefulness, decreased activity during sleep.

Pain modulation (descending projections to spinal cord dorsal horn)
Term
The Norepinephrine Pathway's Locus Ceruleus (LC) cell bodies is implicated in _______ pathology.
Definition
mood disorders, depression
Term
The Norepinephrine Pathway's Lateral Tegmental Area is distributed in the _______ and ________.
Definition
Pons and Medulla
Term
The Norepinephrine Pathway's Lateral Tegmental Area functions in ________.
Definition
Blood pressure regulation
Term
The Norepinephrine Pathway's Lateral Tegmental Area functions in Blood pressure regulation via direct and indirect influences on _______ neurons.
Definition
preganglionic sympathetic
Term
Norepinephrine aka ______.
Definition
Noradrenergic
Term
Serotonin cell bodies: _______.
Definition
Raphé nuclei
Term
Serotonin Pathway's Raphé nuclei are located where?
Definition
Midline along the brain stem
Term
Serotonin Raphé nuclei in the spinal cord and periaqueductal gray function in ________ by _________.
Definition
Analgesia

decreasing activity of ascending pain pathways in spinal cord dorsal horn.
Term
Serotonin Raphé nuclei influence the sleep wake cycle, and its inhibition produces _______.
Definition
Insomnia
Term
Serotonin is involved in Psychiatric disorders such as: __________.
Definition
depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, aggression and anxiety.
Term
Complementary Cortical Innervation by ______ & _______ neuromodulators.
Definition
NE and 5-HT (Serotonin)
Term
The Histamine Pathway's nucleus is ________ and is located where in the brain?
Definition
Tuberomammillary nucleus in posterior hypothalamus
Term
The Histamine Pathway's Tuberomammillary nucleus in posterior hypothalamus projects to the ______.
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
The Histamine Pathway's Tuberomammillary nucleus projection to the cerebral cortex serves what function?
Definition
maintain alertness
Term
Histaminergic neurons fire rapidly during _______, fire more slowly during periods of _________, and cease firing during ________.
Definition
waking

relaxation and tiredness

sleep
Term
Opioids examples: ________.
Definition
Endorphins, Enkephalins, Dynorphins
Term
Endorphins and enkephalins are used by pain modulating pathways, especially _________ projections to ________.
Definition
descending brainstem

spinal cord dorsal horn.
Term
What neurotransmitters act in pain modulation?
Definition
Opioids, NE, 5-HT
Term
Rostral ventral medulla projection to spinal cord uses ______ neurotransmitter for pain modulation.
Definition
5-HT
Term
Locus Ceruleus projection to spinal cord uses ______ neurotransmitter for pain modulation.
Definition
NE
Term
Brainstem projections, including those of the "reticular activating system", serve to activate the CNS via projections to _______ and _______.
Definition
thalamus and cerebral cortex
Term
Alertness and Behavioral Arousal is accomplished from the upper brain stem through cortical and subcortical projections using: _________ neuromodulatory sytems
Definition
Norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
Term
Alertness and Behavioral Arousal is accomplished from the upper brain stem through thalamic projections using ______ neuromodulators.
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
Alertness and Behavioral Arousal is accomplished from the Posterior hypothalamus through cortical and subcortical projections using ______ neuromodulators.
Definition
Histamine
Term
Alertness and Behavioral Arousal is accomplished from the Basal forebrain (nucleus basalis) through projections to the ______ using ______ neuromodulators.
Definition
cerebral cortex

ACh
Term
Voltage = __________
Definition
difference in electrical potential.
Term
Extracellular fluid = _mV
Definition
0
Term
Insert probe into cell.. Because of negatively charged proteins/ATP/ etc.. The voltage is _____mV at resting.
Definition
-70
Term
If enough ____ enters through ligand gated channels, an action potential is stimulated
Definition
Na+
Term
Lets say an inhibitor neurotransmitter GABA, Glycine… open up ligand-gated _____ gates, influx of Cl- then K+ will be leaked out, results in a more negative cell, preventing an action potential.
Definition
Cl-
Term
Excitatory post synaptic potential: de/hyperpolarizing
Definition
de
Term
Excitatory post synaptic potential: _____ [Na+] or ______ [K+]
Definition
Increase

decrease
Term
Inhibitory post synaptic potential: de/hyperpolarizing
Definition
hyper
Term
Inhibitory post synaptic potential: increase [___] or decrease [___]
Definition
Increase [Cl-] or decrease [K+].
Term
Differences between APs and Post Synaptic Potentials: _______ all or none, ______ graded.
Definition
APs- all or none

PSPs- graded
Term
Differences between APs and Post Synaptic Potentials: _______ non-regenerative currents, ______ regenerative currents.
Definition
PSPs- non-regenerative currents

APs- regenerative currents
Term
Action potential originates at the ______ where there is a large concentration of _______.
Definition
axonal hillock

voltage-gated Na+ gates.
Term
Spatial summation refers to __________.
Definition
the adding together of polarizing and depolarizing effects of different simultaneously active synapses.
Term
Temporal summation emphasizes that ___________.
Definition
synaptic potentials linger and therefore can add together over time
Term
______ is the major neurotransmitter in the brain.
Definition
Glutamate
Term
Ligand-Gated receptors can be separtated into two classes: ______ & ________.
Definition
ionotropic and metabotropi
Term
Ionotropic receptors are found where?
Definition
attached directly to an ion channel
Term
What happen when an Ionotropic receptor binds its ligand?
Definition
ion channel either opens or closes
Term
Ionotropic receptors fast/slow?
Definition
Fast
Term
Metabotropic may open or close channels, but not _______.
Definition
directly
Term
Metabotropic may open or close channels, through __________.
Definition
second messangers
Term
With Metabotropic receptors Ion flow depends on __________.
Definition
a series of steps
Term
Metabotropic Extracellular domain to bind _________ & Intracellular domain has _______ binding sites.
Definition
neurotransmitter

G-protein
Term
Action of the transmitter is to drive the ____synaptic membrane toward the _____ for the particular ion channel that is activated.
Definition
post

Eeq
Term
Transmitters allow ions to _____ towards their Eeq
Definition
diffuse passively down their concentration gradient
Term
Agonist _____ a biological response
Definition
Produces
Term
Antagonist _____ produce a biological response
Definition
Does not
Term
What two receptors effect are combined to produce the full EPSP of Glutamate?
Definition
AMPA

NMDA
Term
What produces the initial high spike and what produces the lag
Definition
AMPA

NMDA
Term
Tetanus is a clostrial neurotoxin that specifically cleaves the ______ molecule.
Definition
synaptobrevin
Term
Two ISPS: ________.
Definition
GABA and Glycine
Term
The clostridium toxin inhibits the release of ______ from Renshaw inhibitor neurons. As a result, alpha motor neurons become _____ and muscles constantly contract.
Definition
glycine

hyperactive
Term
______ is a rat poison that is like GABA antagonists (bicuculline and picrotoxin in that they are powerful CNS stimulants).
Definition
Strychnine
Term
Strychnine poisoning causes _______ in the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to _______.
Definition
over activity in the spinal cord

seizures
Term
In addition, most neurons require the presence of one or more _______ factors, in order to survive and function.
Definition
neurotrophic
Term
Explanted sympathetic ganglion cells require the presence of _____ to grow neurites.
Definition
NGF
Term
Golgi Type I- __________.
Definition
(projection neurons-axons are much longer than dendritic tree).
Term
Golgi Type II- __________.
Definition
(local circuit neurons, interneurons-axon length does not generally exceed the length of the dendritic tree).
Term
Actin is found mainly in the _____ of neurons.
Definition
Axon growth cones
Term
The _______ is the metabolic center of the neuron, especially for _______ synthesis
Definition
soma

protein
Term
The soma of a neuron has a _______ plasma membrane.
Definition
electrically excitable
Term
What is concentrated in the soma and alows for easy identification?
Definition
Nissl Substance
Term
Tau stained Red is used to distinguish?
Definition
Axons, stains MT in the Axon exclusively
Term
MAP2 stained purple is used to distinguish?
Definition
Cell bodies and dendrites
Term
______ vesicles and _______ granules are common features of neurons.
Definition
Synaptic

lipofuscin
Term
Lipofuscin (age) granules is used as a marker for?
Definition
Sympathetic ganglions
Term
Dendrites are full of ______ while dendritic spines contain predominantly ________.
Definition
tubulin

actin
Term
Repeated synaptic stimulation increases the number of ________ in _______ located neurons.
Definition
dendritic spines

hippocampal
Term
______ are the gate keepers for electric transmission of signals down the axon.
Definition
initial segment (past the axon hillock)
Term
Electrical synapses use _______ to propagate the action potential from the “presynaptic element” to the “postsynaptic element.”
Definition
gap junctions
Term
Advantage of chemical synapses over electrical?
Definition
specific
Term
Vesicles are seen at pre or postsynaptic terminal?
Definition
pre
Term
________ serve as the “superhighway” for trafficking of materials, while _______ serve as “local” tracks in neurons.
Definition
Microtubules

microfilaments
Term
_______ motors deliver materials distally (ANTEROGRADE), while _______ motors deliver materials back to the cell body (RETROGRADE).
Definition
Kinesin

dynein
Term
Nucleus- __________.
Definition
local accumulations of neurons in the CNS that have roughly similar connections and functions
Term
Ganglion- __________.
Definition
Local accumulations of nerve cell bodies and supporting cells in the PNS.
Term
Tracts- __________.
Definition
Axons in the CNS that are gathered together into a group. They are similar to nerves in the PNS.
Term
NGF is secreted where?
Definition
by cells in the target tissue of the neuron.
Term
NGF promotes the sprouting and extension of ________(enhances ______ activity).
Definition
neurites

growth cone
Term
After NGF binds to its receptor, the complex is endocytosed and transported ________to the cell body, where it communicates its survival signal.
Definition
retrogradely
Term
NGF is a member of a family of _______ factors.
Definition
neurotrophic
Term
Neurons are found in PNS/CNS?
Definition
Both
Term
Neurons communicate with: __________.
Definition
1. Other neurons
2. Glands
3. Muscle
4. Adipocytes
Term
Multipolar neuron have more than one ______, but only one _______.
Definition
dendrites

axons
Term
Multipolar neurons examples, large motor neurons and __________.
Definition
post-ganglionic neurons in the PNS
Term
Bipolar neuron locations: ______.
Definition
retina, olfactory epithelium and the inner ear
Term
Bipolar neurons have _______ axons and _____ dendrites.
Definition
one and one
Term
Pseudounipolar neuron One process makes contact with ________, while the other synapses in the ______
Definition
sensory end-organs in the PNS

CNS
Term
Golgi Type I neuron aka _______.
Definition
projection neurons
Term
Golgi Type I neurons form ______ in the CNS and _______ in the PNS.
Definition
Fiber tracts

Nerves
Term
Golgi Type II neuron Have axons that do not leave the _____ or _____.
Definition
cortex or gray matter
Term
Golgi Type II neuron aka _______.
Definition
interneurons
Term
Golgi Type II neurons function ______.
Definition
locally
Term
_______ cells of the CNS are examples of Golgi Type II neurons.
Definition
stellate
Term
Nucleolus functions in ________.
Definition
ribosome synthesis
Term
Nissl bodies are absent from _______.
Definition
Axons
Term
Neurotubules = ________.
Definition
microtubules
Term
Neurotubules are stabilized by ______.
Definition
microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)
Term
Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) types: __________.
Definition
MAP2

Tau
Term
***MAP2 is a good marker for _______.
Definition
the cell body and dendrites
Term
***Tau protein is a good marker for _______.
Definition
axons
Term
Neurofilaments = ________.
Definition
intermediate filaments
Term
Neurofilaments function in _______.
Definition
maintaining the caliber of large-diameter neurons
Term
Neurofilaments three subtypes: _______.
Definition
NF-H (NeuroFilament Heavy), NF-M(edium), and NF-L(ight).
Term
Neurofilaments when mutated, symptoms of ___________ neuron diseases are observed (e.g., ________).
Definition
motor

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, lou geirg)
Term
Neurofilament marker?
Definition
Stain well with silver
Term
Microfilaments = _________.
Definition
Actin Filaments (name not changed)
Term
Microfilaments are abundant in: ______.
Definition
axon terminals, dendritic spines and growth cones
Term
Microfilaments function in ______ transport.
Definition
local
Term
Microfilaments function in local transport through ______ motors.
Definition
Myosin
Term
_______ diseases often show up first in neurons.
Definition
Storage (lysomal diseases)
Term
Within the head of a dendritic spine is a densely staining region called the "_______", which contains the neurotransmitter receptors plus other elements of signal transduction pathways.
Definition
post-synaptic density
Term
Dendritic spines are associated only with _______ synapses.
Definition
excitatory synapses
Term
_____ is a good marker for axons.
Definition
Tau
Term
Tau Becomes hyperphosphorylated on non-traditional residues and sometimes becomes truncated in ______ diseased brains.
Definition
Alzheimer's
Term
_____ is where Nissl substance ceases.
Definition
axon hillock
Term
initial segment is where _______.
Definition
the ap is generated
Term
_____ & ______ stop short of the terminal synapse e, but _______ are numerous
Definition
Microtubules and neurofilaments

actin filaments
Term
________ is a membrane protein of the ________ that binds to a partner in the post-synaptic density to hold the two cells together, but also helps cluster and organize docking components and synaptic vesicles at the site of future vesicle fusion with the membrane.
Definition
Neurexin

presynaptic terminal
Term
The membrane protein _____ is the post-synaptic binding partner of neurexin; also helps to organize the post-synaptic density.
Definition
neuroligin
Term
Ultrastructurally, the motor end plate sits in a depression of the sarcolemma, called the _____.
Definition
primary synaptic cleft
Term
myosins for local trafficking by _______.
Definition
microfilaments (actin)
Term
Rates--different materials travel at different rates down the axon.
a. Fast (anterograde) transport = 50-400 mm/day (0.6-4.6 μm/sec).
Material transported: mitochondria and vesicles of various types.
b. Slow transport = 0.1-4 mm/day (0.001-0.046 μm/sec).
Material transported: cytoskeletal fibers and cytosolic enzymes for transmitter metabolism.
c. Retrograde = about half the rate of fast anterograde transport (<=~200 mm/day).
Materials transported: mitochondria, vesicles of various types for recycling of components.
Definition
yup
Term
Viral (rabies, herpes, polio) replication and spreading spreads its virons by _______.
Definition
axonal transport
Term
Virons enter the neuron where?
Definition
terminal bouton
Term
What kind of neuro receptors do viruses enter through?
Definition
acetylcholine receptor on muscles
Term
How do virons get into the CNS?
Definition
Traveling retrograde up the axons from the acetylcholine receptor on muscles
Term
Once shed in the CNS the virons then travel ______ to the ______.
Definition
Virions travel anterogradely down the motor axons to the salivary glands
Term
Lysosomal storage diseases: _________.
Definition
Tay-Sachs

Niemann-Pick disease
Term
Tay-Sachs is a deficiency in the enzyme _______ that is essential for the breakdown of ________.
Definition
hexosaminidase A


GM2 gangliosides
Term
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, "Lou Gehrig's disease") is a progressive degeneration of _____.
Definition
motor neurons
Term
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis starts with limb weakness, eventually leads to paralysis of __________.
Definition
essential muscle groups associated with swallowing and breathing
Term
In ALS Death of the motor neurons leads to ____ of the associated muscles.
Definition
atrophy
Term
________ is the most common dementia known.
Definition
Alzheimer's
Term
Alzheimer's is characterized by the extracellular accumulation of __________ and the intracellularly ________.
Definition
Amyloid plaques

Neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein
Term
_______ is human prion disease.
Definition
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Term
In Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Normal protein on extracellular surface (PrP) is changed to an abnormal, protease-resistant form by pre-existing abnormal prion protein.
Definition
Yup
Term
Mature glia retain ability to ______.
Definition
divide
Term
Because Mature glia retain ability to divide, ________.
Definition
most NS tumors are glial in origin, such as malignant astrocytomas
Term
There is no ______ tissue within the CNS.
Definition
connective
Term
The areas around neurons, consisting of neuronal cell processes and glial cells, is called the _______.
Definition
neuropil
Term
The three main types of glial cells in the CNS are: ____________.
Definition
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells.
Term
In addition to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells, the other glial cell is ______.
Definition
ependymal cells
Term
Astrocytes two types: _________ (grey matter) & _______ (white matter).
Definition
protoplasmic (gray matter) and fibrous
(white matter)
Term
Astrocytes possess a particular form of intermediate filament protein called, ____________.
Definition
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)
Term
Most astrocytes are linked together via ______ to form a functional network.
Definition
gap junctions
Term
Astrocytes can be disinguished by?
Definition
Astrocytic end-feet associated with blood vessels
Term
_______ is used as an astrocyte marker.
Definition
GFAP
Term
Astrocytic end-feet form a layer under the _______ to form the ________.
Definition
pia

“glia limitans”
Term
Astrocytes cover various parts of neurons, including ______ & _______.
Definition
synapses and Nodes of Ranvier
Term
Oligodendrocytes cell bodies bigger/smaller than astrocytes?
Definition
smaller
Term
Oligodendrocytes types: _________.
Definition
interfascicular and satellite
Term
Oligodendrocytes main function?
Definition
wrapping axons with myelin
Term
Oligodendrocytes may wrap segments of _______ axons tightly, with multiple layers of membrane.
Definition
numerous
Term
In the CNS, two main proteins are involved in the process of Oligodendrocytes myelinated: _________ & _______.
Definition
myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP)
Term
PLP (proteolipid protein) extracellular domains bind to
similar domains of abutting membranes,
helping to __________.
Definition
compact the myelin layers.
Term
Important concept: Oligodendrocytes
wrap only _______, forming “_______”.
Definition
small portions of each axon it is associated with

internodes
Term
______ are needed to fully myelinate an CNS axon.
Definition
Multiple oligo’s
Term
CNS Myelination diseases include multiple sclerosis (________), Charcot-Marie Tooth disease Type 1A (_______), Vitamin B12 deficiency (________), and virus-mediated loss.
Definition
immune-mediated

inherited

metabolic
Term
Microglia are part of the ______ system and are originally derived from ______.
Definition
Part of the mononuclear phagocyte system; derived originally from bone marrow.
Term
Microglia are activated by ________
Definition
injury or disease.
Term
When activated Microglia serve _____.
Definition
phagocytic functions: Proliferate
Secrete cytokines
Act as APCs
Increase phagocytic activity
Term
Ependymal cells communicate via?
Definition
gap junctions
Term
Specialized ependymal cell types: _______.
Definition
Tanycytes:

Choroid plexus cells
Term
Tanycytes found in ____ ventricle.
Definition
3rd
Term
Tanycytes Have processes that extend into the _______.
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Tanycytes function to provide feedback as to the _________.
Definition
composition of the CSF
Term
Choroid plexus cells exist as a neuroepithelial layer over a _____ core
Definition
vascular
Term
Schwann cells are Derived from ____.
Definition
neural crest cells
Term
Schwann cells use _____ instead of PLP as with oligos.
Definition
myelin protein zero
Term
Difference in function between Schwann cells and Oligos?
Definition
Schwann cells also wrap a single layer of membrane around unmyelinated axons. Unmyelinated nerves “sit” in an indented pocket of a Schwann cell, but there is no wrapping of glial cell membranes.
Term
________ are modified Schwann cells that are found in peripheral ganglia.
Definition
Satellite cells
Term
Satellite cells either fully surround (in _________) or incompletely surround (in ________) the nerve somas.
Definition
sensory ganglia like DRGs

sympathetic ganglia
Term
PNS demyelinating conditions: _________.
Definition
Guillan-Barre’ disease

X-linked Charcot-Marie Tooth disease

Vitamin B12 deficiency
Term
Glia, along with ________, form the "neuropil"
Definition
neuronal processes
Term
Glial cell functions include: 1. Maintaining the ionic milieu of nerve cells.
2. Modulating the rate of nerve signal propagation-myelination.
3. Controlling the uptake of neurotransmitters and other material at or near the synaptic cleft.
4. Contributing to neuronal development.
5. Modulating recovery from neuronal injury. (Glial scar formation, edema, inflammation).
Definition
Yup
Term
There are a number of types of glial cells to consider:
1. Astrocytes (protoplasmic and fibrous). (CNS)
2. Oligodendrocytes. (CNS)
3. Microglial cells. (CNS)
4. Ependymal cells. (CNS)
5. Schwann cells. (PNS)
6. Satellite cells. (PNS)
Definition
Yup
Term
Most astrocytes are linked together via _______.
Definition
gap junctions
Term
***5. Although the BBB provides great protection for the CNS, it obstructs the delivery of a variety of pharmaceuticals. Much current work is centered on finding ways to circumvent the BBB (at least transiently) for drug delivery.
**This is a useful concept to retain.
Definition
**Yup
Term
Astrocytic end-feet also form the border between the ______ and _____, and is termed the "glia limitans".
Definition
CNS and pia mater
Term
Astrocyte functions:
1. Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.
2. Provide scaffold for migrating, immature neurons during development.
3. Insulate neurons from each other, both physically and electrically.
4. Become phagocytic after injury (and are called "reactive astrocytes").
5. Also are responsible for the formation of "glial scars" after injury, which inhibits regrowth of axons.
Definition
Yup
Term
Oligodendrocytes: Two major proteins involved: _______ & ________.
Definition
myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP)
Term
PLP's function is to facilitate ______.
Definition
compaction
Term
Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells secrete a basal lamina around themselves?
Definition
Schwann cells (Oligo don't)
Term
Myelin coating restricts ______.
Definition
outward "leaking" of ions
Term
Where are sodium channels located along axons?
Definition
only at the Nodes of Ranvier
Term
Multiple sclerosis has been associated with aberrant posttranslational modification of ______.
Definition
MBP (oligo myelin protein)
Term
Best current treatment for MS is an antibody directed against _________, which impedes the attachment of _______ to the inflamed brain endothelium.
Definition
alpha-4 integrin

lymphocytes
Term
Example of CNS Inherited demyelinating diseases?
Definition
Charcot-Marie Tooth disease Type 1A
Term
Charcot-Marie Tooth disease Type 1A Involves the duplication of a gene for a __________.
Definition
peripheral myelin protein
Term
Metabolic issue leading to CNS demyelinating?
Definition
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Term
Microglial cells are Derived from the _______.
Definition
bone marrow
Term
Glial cells that can serve phagocytic function: __________.
Definition
Microglial (main)

Astrocytes
Term
When ______ present, it attacks microglial cells.
Definition
HIV-1 virus
Term
When HIV-1 virus present, it attacks microglial cells. This attack leads to the _________.
Definition
secretion of cytokines by the microglia that are toxic to neurons.
Term
When HIV-1 virus present, it attacks microglial cells. This attack leads to the secretion of cytokines by the microglia that are toxic to neurons. Can lead to AIDS-related dementia.
Definition
AIDS-related dementia.
Term
CSF is low in _______, but rich in: ________.
Definition
Low in protein, but rich in sodium, potassium and chloride ions.
Term
A blood-CSF barrier exists, formed from the _______ of the lining epithelial cells.
Definition
zonulae occludentes
Term
Decreases in absorption of CSF, blockage of flow may result in __________.
Definition
hydrocephalus
Term
Schwann cells secrete a basal lamina (unlike oligos), which covers _______.
Definition
the Nodes of Ranvier
Term
Schmidt-Lanterman clefts are bulges that represent areas where Schwann cell cytoplasm _________.
Definition
has become trapped within the myelin lamellae
Term
Main myelinating proteins for Schwann cells: ________.
Definition
Myelin basic protein (MBP) (Same as with oligo)

myelin protein zero (MPZ) (instead of PLP)
Term
Myelin protein zero (MPZ) function- ________.
Definition
adhesion of plasma membranes to each other
Term
PNS myelin contains more _______ & ________ than CNS myelin.
Definition
sphingomyelin and glycoproteins
Term
The degree of myelin compaction (by Scwhann cells only) is regulated by an EGF-like protein called _______.
Definition
neuregulin
Term
One Schwann cell can be associated with numerous _______ axons, but with only one _______ axon.
Definition
unmyelinated

myelinated
Term
PNS demyelinating diseases: ________.
Definition
Guillan-Barre'

X-linked Charcot-Marie Tooth disease

Vitamin B12 deficiency (both CNS/PNS)
Term
X-linked Charcot-Marie Tooth disease. Involves a mutation in the ______, which is found at ______ and does what?
Definition
mutation in the connexin 32 gene. Cx32 is found at Nodes of Ranvier and connects abutting layers of myelin.
Term
Satellite cells are present in ____________.
Definition
peripheral ganglia
Term
Neurons release their neurotransmitters through _________.
Definition
Pre-synaptic exocytosis
Term
Binding of a neurotransmitter causes _____.
Definition
a ion channel to open
Term
After the AP arrives at the presynaptic terminal ______ open, causing a rapid ________.
Definition
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

rise in [Ca2+ ]i
Term
Several important vesicular and plasma membrane proteins for Ca2+ triggered fusion Transmitter Secretion
Definition
–NSF (N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor)
–SNAPs (soluble NSF attachment proteins)
–SNAREs (SNAp REceptors)
Term
SNAREs are composed of: ____.
Definition
Synaptobrevin (VAMP) – vesicle protein

Syntaxin – target membrane protein

SNAP-25 – cytoplasm/target protein
Term
Toxins secreted by Clostridium sp. have two parts: ________.
Definition
A subunit that can recognize an active zone on a neuron, then will breach the membrane

A catalytic domain
Term
The catalytic domain of Clostridium is a protease that can specifically cleave _______ proteins.
Definition
SNARE
Term
Cleaving SNAREs leads to the immediate cessation of ________.
Definition
exocytosis
Term
Clostridium sp. toxins: ________.
Definition
Tetnaus and botulism
Term
Renshaw cells are associated with _______.
Definition
muscles
Term
Renshaw cells are what types of neurons?
Definition
interneurons
Term
Renshaw cells are excitatory/inhibitory?
Definition
inhibitory
Term
Renshaw cells are a target for _____ toxin.
Definition
Clostridium tentani
Term
Clostridium tentani toxin inhibits the release of _______ from vesicles in Renshaw cells via _______-based cleavage of _______.
Definition
glycine

SNARE

synaptobrevin
Term
Glycine receptors normally produce _PSPs.
Definition
I
Term
If you block glycine receptors, alpha motor neurons become ______ and are constantly ______.
Definition
hyperactive and muscles constantly contract
Term
_____ blocks glycine receptors.
Definition
Strychnine
Term
Strychnine poisoning causes over activity in the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to _______.
Definition
seizures
Term
Strychnine is used as a _____.
Definition
rat poison
Term
Synaptotagmin is a _______ protein.
Definition
transmembrane
Term
Synaptotagmin mediates ___________.
Definition
Ca2+ regulation of release of neurotransmitter vesicles
Term
Synaptotagmin binds _______ which alters _________.
Definition
Ca2+

membrane binding properties
Term
Synaptotagmin mediate the ______ steps in fusion of vesicles
Definition
final
Term
Synaptotagmin N-terminus is the binding site for _________ & __________.
Definition
BoTN/B and BoTN/G
Term
He came to the conclusion that ACh was released from the neuron in _________ and not single molecules.
Definition
packets (quanta) of thousands of molecules
Term
_______ blocks EPP (end plate potential) at the nerve muscle junction.
Definition
Curare
Term
Curare blocks ______.
Definition
nicotinic-acetylcholine receptor
Term
Eserine blocks ______.
Definition
Acetylcholine esterase.. Neurotransmitter degradation.
Term
EPP =An end-plate potential is caused by the _________ found only on the ______synaptic membrane of the muscle cell.
Definition
ligand-gated acetylcholine receptor channels

post
Term
A strong enough EPP will stimulate an ______ in the post synaptic membrane.
Definition
action potential
Term
When they added eserine, the EPPs got _____.
Definition
longer
Term
When they added a toxin like curare, the EPPs _____.
Definition
went away
Term
The surface area is huge (1000 square micrometers) compared to a neuron-neuron connection, so the net depolarization is large. So, an EPP is a very large _______.
Definition
EPSP
Term
Do EPPs always cause an AP?
Definition
Yes
Term
EPSPs are small/large and _______ to produce an AP.
Definition
Small

Summate
Term
______ cells release glutamine.
Definition
Glial
Term
Gln is taken up by secreting neuronal cells and then _________.
Definition
metabolized by a transaminase to Glu
Term
Glu is packaged into vesicles by _______.
Definition
vGLUT
Term
Glutamate is the ______ neurotransmitter secreted in the brain.
Definition
primary
Term
Glu is removed from the synapse by _______.
Definition
EAATs
Term
Glu is taken up by _______ and then _________.
Definition
glial cells

converted back to Gln by glutamine synthetase
Term
______ metabolized to GABA by _______ for GABAergic synapses.
Definition
Glu

glutamate decarboxylase
Term
GABA is taken up by GABA transporters and then metabolized to _______.
Definition
succinate
Term
Neurotransmitter is removed by three mechanisms: _________.
Definition
Diffusion

Enzymatic degradation

Re-uptake
Term
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease with Ab against ______.
Definition
Acetylcholine receptors
Term
Synthesis of Acetylcholine (Ach): ________ + __________, catalyzed by _______.
Definition
Choline + acetyl CoA (acetate)

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
Term
Degradation of ACh enzyme?
Definition
Acetylcholinesterase
Term
Active reuptake of choline into
synaptic terminal (by a _____-dependent co-transporter)
Definition
Na+
Term
Dopamine synthesis pathway?
Definition
Tyrosine -> DOPA -> Dopamine
Term
Phenylketonuria Classic inborn error in _____.
Definition
metabolism
Term
Myasthenia Gravis is treated medically with ______.
Definition
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Term
Phenylketonuria is caused by mutations in _______.
Definition
phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)
Term
PAH converts ______ to _______.
Definition
phenylalanine to tyrosine

(phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH))
Term
In PKU _____ acummulates.
Definition
Phe (phenylalanine)
Term
In PKU ______ is deficient.
Definition
Tyrosine
Term
SSRIs (___________) and examples: ________.
Definition
serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

Fluoxitine (Prozac)

Paroxetine (Paxil)
Term
Ganglia- ________
Definition
Collections of neuron cell bodies (and processes) in the PNS
Term
In DRG _______ completely surround neuron cell bodies, thus preventing synapses from forming.
Definition
satellite (glial) cells
Term
Autonomic ganglia (AG) contain ______ neurons.
Definition
multipolar
Term
There are _______ present in the cerebellar white matter.
Definition
deep cerebellar nuclei
Term
Three layers of cerebellum gray matter: ________ (and order).
Definition
1. Granule Cell Layer (Innermost layer)
2. Purkinje Layer (Single row of cells)
3. Molecular Layer (Closest to free surface)
Term
Largest layer of cerebellum gray matter?
Definition
Granule Cell Layer (Innermost layer)
Term
The Granule Cell Layer contains both ______ cells and _____ cells, packed tightly.
Definition
granule

Golgi
Term
____ cells are thought to be the most abundant class of neurons in the human brain.
Definition
Granule
Term
Granule cell axons bifurcate in the _______ and are called _______ for greater interaction with ______ dendrites.
Definition
molecular layer

parallel fibers

Purkinje
Term
Granule cells function to _____.
Definition
modify the output of Purkinje cells.
Granule
Term
Purkinje cells' axons are the only _______.
Definition
ones that actually leave the cerebellar cortex.
Term
Purkinje cells are the ultimate destination of ________.
Definition
afferent pathways to the cerebellar cortex
Term
Purkinje cells have very large somas and very large ______.
Definition
dendritic arbors
Term
The Molecular layer contains ________ and ______ cells.
Definition
basket cells, stellate cells
Term
The Molecular layer is neuron _____.
Definition
poor
Term
The main function of the basket and stellate cells is to modify ________.
Definition
purkinje cell function.
Term
The Molecular layer contains dendrites from _________ & _________ and axons from _________.
Definition
Purkinje cells & Golgi cells

granule cells
Term
The Cerebral Cortex areas with three layers are considered more evolutionarily primitive, comprising the
“______” (most primitive) and the “_________” (less primitive).
Definition
Paleocortex

Archicortex
Term
The “________” (with six layers) is considered to be the most recent addition to the cortex
Definition
Neocortex
Term
Betz cells have the ______ in the human CNS.
Definition
largest cell bodies
Term
Betz cells are found in layer _______ of the _______.
Definition
Layer 5 of the primary motor cortex (brodman area 4)
Term
Under normal circumstances, CNS extracts 50% of oxygen and 10% of glucose from blood, representing a safety factor of _ times its required O2 and _ times its required glucose.
Definition
3

7
Term
Irreversible brain damage occurs if CBF is sustained at less than ____ brain tissue/min.
Definition
15 ml/100 gm

one-third the normal CBF of 50 ml/100 gm
Term
Insufficient oxygen and glucose leads to an Inadequate energy supply leading to in severe ischemia: ________.
Definition
Influx of water, Na+, Cl- (Cytotoxic edema)

Influx of Ca2+ (Irreversible cellular injury)

Anaerobic metabolism (Accumulation of lactic acid and H+ compromises neuronal integrity)
Term
Loss of function in advanced ischemia leads to the release of ______ and ______. which binds ________ causing ______.
Definition
Loss of function causes release of glutamate and aspartate which bind to NMDA receptors -> excessive Ca++ influx
Term
Autoregulation of CBF mechanisms: _________.
Definition
1 Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
2 Response to metabolites
3 Nervous innervation of cerebral vessels
4 Vasoactive substances released by astrocytes
Term
Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Cerebral blood vessels dynamically _______ in response to changes in perfusion pressure to help maintain appropriate CBF.
Definition
alter their diameter
Term
Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure takes up to ______ to occur.
Definition
60 seconds
Term
Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure may become impaired following _____.
Definition
brain trauma
Term
Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure is an example of a ______ mechanism, meaning _________.
Definition
This is a global mechanism, i.e., involves blood flow to the entire brain/CNS.
Term
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) = _______.
Definition
CPP = MAP - ICP

CPP = Cerebral Perfusion Pressure MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure ICP = Intracranial Pressure
Term
When CPP increases (usually from ________), cerebral vessels _________.
Definition
When CPP increases (usually from increased MAP), cerebral vessels constrict (i.e., cerebral vascular resistance increases).
Term
CBF is maintained constant over a wide range of _______.
Definition
mean arterial blood pressures (50 to 150 mm Hg)
Term
Constant CBF is maintained with _______.
Definition
hypertension
Term
Inadequate CBF can occur with _______.
Definition
hypotension
Term
When MAP falls below 50 mm Hg, _______.
Definition
O2 extraction increases
Term
When MAP falls below 50 mm Hg, O2 extraction increases, so ischemia may not occur until MAP approaches _____.
Definition
30 mm Hg.
Term
Response to metabolites to maintain CBF is a ______ mechanism.
Definition
local
Term
With Response to metabolites, vessels dialate in response to ____________ in brain ________. Inverse changes have opposite effects.
Definition
increases in CO2 or H+ levels (and to decreases in O2 levels)

brain extracellular fluid
Term
CO2 increases CBF indirectly, via ____.
Definition
H+

(CO2 + H2O ==> H2CO3 ==> H+ + HCO3-)
Term
With response to metabolites CBF changes influenced more by ______ than by _________.
Definition
CO2 and H+

O2
Term
Nervous innervation of cerebral arteries for regulating CBF is provided by _________ and _______ fibers.
Definition
autonomic and central fibers (e.g., serotonergic).
Term
Serotonin is a _______ for many cerebral vessels.
Definition
vasoconstrictor
Term
_____ release vasoactive compounds, like ________, to dilate cerebral vessels locally.
Definition
"endfeet" processes of astrocytes,

nitric oxide
Term
_______ arterys ascend through the transverse foramina of the _______ vertebrae and enter the skull through the _________.
Definition
Vertebral-Basilar

C6 to C1

foramen magnum
Term
______ is the blood supply to the Source of blood supply to brainstem and cerebellum.
Definition
Vertebral Artery
Term
Vertebral artery gives rise to:______ arteries.
Definition
spinal (anterior and posterior)

Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA)
Term
Posterior spinal arteries (May also branch off _____) supply: _______.
Definition
PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar arteries)

posterior medulla and posterior spinal cord
Term
Anterior spinal artery supply: _______.
Definition
medial medulla and anterior spinal cord
Term
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) supply: _______.
Definition
supplies posterior and inferior parts of the cerebellum, and lateral medulla
Term
Posterior Medulla supplied by: _______.
Medial Medulla _______.
Lateral Medulla ______.
Definition
Posterior spinal artery

Anterior spinal artery

Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA)
Term
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) infarction causes _______.
Definition
lateral medullary syndrome
Term
Lateral medullary syndrome (also called Wallenberg syndrome and posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome)
Definition
trunk (torso) and extremities on the opposite side of the infarction and sensory deficits affecting the face and cranial nerves on the same side with the infarct.
Specifically, there is a loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral (opposite) side of the body and ipsilateral (same) side of the face.
Term
Two vertebral arteries join at the _______ to form basilar artery on the ______ surface of ______.
Definition
caudal pons

ventral surface of the pons
Term
Basilar artery terminates at _______ level as left and right _______, which supply ________.
Definition
midbrain

posterior cerebral arteries

caudal regions of cerebral hemispheres
Term
Basilar artery gives rise to: _________.
Definition
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA)

Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) arteries (usually branches off the AICA; can also originate from the basilar artery)

Pontine arteries

Superior cerebellar arteries

and terminates as posterior cerebral arteries
Term
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA) supplies _________ parts of cerebellum and the _______.
Definition
anterior and inferior

caudal pons
Term
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA) infarction causes ________.
Definition
lateral pontine syndrome (supplies the caudal pons)
Term
A lateral pontine syndrome is a lesion which is similar to the Lateral medullary syndrome, but because it occurs in the pons, it also involves the cranial nerve nuclei of the pons.
Definition
WIKI
Term
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) arteries supply: ________.
Definition
supplies inner and middle ear
Term
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) arteries infarction causes ________.
Definition
impaired auditory and vestibular function
Term
Pontine arteries supplies the pons through ________/________ pontine arteries.
Definition
paramedian/ circumferential pontine arteries
Term
Pontine arteries infarction causes ________.
Definition
locked-in syndrome
Term
locked-in syndrome: ___________.
Definition
Paralyzed, but conscious, can only move eyes upward because of the cutting of of the descending tracts
Term
Locked-in syndrome usually results in quadriplegia and the inability to speak in otherwise cognitively intact individuals. Those with locked-in syndrome may be able to communicate with others through coded messages by blinking or moving their eyes, which are often not affected by the paralysis.
Definition
WIKI
Term
Superior cerebellar arteries supplies _____ portion of the cerebellum and _________.
Definition
superior

rostral pons(caudal pons by AICA Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries) / caudal midbrain
Term
Superior cerebellar artery aneurysm causes _________.
Definition
compress cranial nerve III (extraocular muscle palsy, dilated pupil)
Term
Medial meduallary syndrome caused by _____ infarction.
Definition
Anterior spinal artery (supplies medial medulla and anterior spinal cord)
Term
Lateral meduallary syndrome caused by _____ infarction.
Definition
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) (supplies posterior and inferior parts of the cerebellum, and lateral medulla)
Term
Medial medullary syndrome?
Definition
contrallateral weakness, face and hypoglossal ipsilateral
Term
Medulla is supplied by the: _________.
Definition
Vertebral artery; Anterior and Posterior spinal arteries; PICA
Term
Branches of Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supply: ___________.
Definition
occipital lobes and inferior / medial aspect of temporal lobe
Term
Ophthalmic artery supplies _______.
Definition
retina and optic nerve
Term
Ophthalmic artery branches off of ______.
Definition
Internal carotid
Term
Branches of internal carotid artery:
Definition
Ophthalmic artery

Anterior choroidal artery

Posterior communicating artery

Terminates as: Anterior cerebral artery & Middle cerebral artery
Term
Anterior choroidal artery supplies: ________.
Definition
optic tract, choroid plexus, cerebral peduncles, posterior limb of internal capsule, globus pallidus (caudal part), lateral geniculate nucleus and other deep forebrain and midbrain structures (hippocampal formation, amygdala, red nucleus, others).
Term
Infarction of the Anterior choroidal artery can causes: _________.
Definition
contralateral: hemiplegia, hemi-hypoesthesia,

homonymous hemianopsia
Term
Infarction of the Anterior choroidal resulting in contralateral hemiplegia, is caused by loss of blood flow to _______.
Definition
posterior limb of the internal capsule
Term
Infarction of the Anterior choroidal resulting in contralateral hemi-hypoesthesia, is caused by loss of blood flow to _______.
Definition
thalamus
Term
Infarction of the Anterior choroidal resulting in homonymous hemianopsia, is caused by loss of blood flow to _______.
Definition
optic chiasm/optic tract
Term
Embolus in internal carotid is more likely to get lodged in ACA or MCA?
Definition
MCA
Term
The internal carotid terminates by bifurcating into two major paired cerebral arteries:
Definition
Anterior cerebral artery

Middle cerebral artery
Term
Anterior cerebral artery supplies: _______.
Definition
medial aspect of frontal and parietal lobes.
Term
Middle cerebral artery and its branches supply: ________.
Definition
insula and lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere.
Term
Categories of Branches of Cerebral Arteries: __________.
Definition
Cortical (Circumferential) branches

Central (Ganglionic) branches
Term
Cortical (Circumferential) branches supply?
Definition
superficial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres
Term
Central (Ganglionic) branches supply? and arise from?
Definition
deeper structures in the brain (central branches also arise from the Circle of Willis)
Term
Arteries on surface of brain and spinal cord travel in _______.
Definition
subarachnoid space
Term
Central (Ganglionic) branches
Arise from anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries, to supply deep forebrain structures such as: _______.
Definition
diencephalon, basal ganglia and internal capsule.
Term
Medial striate arteries are a branch of _______ and supply: __________.
Definition
anterior cerebral artery

parts of caudate, putamen and internal capsule
Term
Largest of the Medial striate arteries?
Definition
Recurrent artery of Heubner
Term
The main components of the basal ganglia are the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the globus pallidus, the substantia nigra, the nucleus accumbens, and the subthalamic nucleus
Definition
WIKI
Term
What two major descending tracts are affected in Capsular Hemiplegia?
Definition
Corticobulbar (Motor for CNs) and Corticospinal Tract
Term
If you see a lot of ______ you know you are in the posterior limb.
Definition
Thalamus
Term
Most of posterior limb is supplied by ________; caudal portions supplied by _________.
Definition
lateral striate arteries

anterior choroidal artery
Term
Corticobulbar fibers pass through ________ and are also often damaged in Capsular Hemiplegia.
Definition
internal capsule genu
Term
A1: Extends from internal carotid artery to the _________.
Definition
anterior communicating artery
Term
Most of the _________ arise from A1.
Definition
small medial lenticulostriate arteries
Term
A2: Extends from A1 to __________.
Definition
bifurcation that forms the pericallosal and callosomarginal arteries.
Term
A2: Gives rise to: __________.
Definition
recurrent artery of Heubner (90% from A2; 10% from A1) and, more distally, to orbitofrontal artery and frontopolar artery
Term
A3: Also termed the _________.
Definition
pericallosal artery
Term
A3: Also termed the pericallosal artery, this is the _______ of the ACA and gives rise to _________.
Definition
main terminal branch

callosomarginal artery
Term
MCA branches (_ total)
Definition
4
Term
M1: This proximal unbranched segment gives rise to the __________ arteries, and extends until the ________.
Definition
lateral lenticulo-striate arteries

beginning of the insula
Term
M2: location?
Definition
Within Insula
Term
M3: Extends laterally from the ______ towards to the _______.
Definition
insula

lateral fissure
Term
M4: Extends in all directions distal to the ______.
Definition
lateral fissure
Term
M4: branches supply the ____________.
Definition
lateral aspects of the frontal and parietal lobes
Term
P1: Extends from the ________ to the ________.
Definition
basilar artery

posterior communicating artery
Term
P2: Extends from P1 to the ________.
Definition
posterior midbrain
Term
P2 of the PCA supplies: _________.
Definition
brainstem and thalamus
Term
P3 : From the posterior aspect of midbrain to ________.
Definition
calcarine fissure
Term
P4 : ___________.
Definition
termination of PCA in calcarine sulcus
Term
P4 gives rise to the ________ artery.
Definition
calcarine artery
Term
The calcarine artery off P4 supplies what important structure?
Definition
Primary Visual Cortex
Term
Two major sites of anastomoses between internal carotid and vertebral-basilar systems: ___________.
Definition
–Circle of Willis
–Watershed zones
Term
Posterior communicating artery aneurysm causes _________.
Definition
CN III palsy
Term
Anterior communicating artery aneurysm causes _________.
Definition
bitemporal hemianopsia
Term
An Anterior communicating artery aneurysm causes bitemporal hemianopsia, because _________.
Definition
It impedes on the optic chiasm and knocks out lateral vision of both eyes
Term
The circle of Willis encircles the ________ and ________ on the ventral surface of the diencephalon.
Definition
optic chiasm and pituitary
Term
The primary source of blood to the meninges is the _______, a branch of the maxillary artery.
Definition
middle meningeal artery
Term
However, some levels of spinal cord have little collateral circulation. These spinal levels are susceptible to infarction following occlusion of supplying segmental artery: __________
Definition
–T1 to T4, esp. T4
–L1
Term
Venous drainage of the brain is direct/indirect?
Definition
indirect
Term
_____ play an immunological role within the CNS
Definition
Microglia
Term
CNS is said to be immunologically ________.
Definition
privileged
Term
What causes glial scars?
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
Why are Schwann cells greater than oligodendrocytes when it comes to healing?
Definition
Oligo promote scarring an secrete NoGo
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