Term
| with a head trauma patient you want to maintain the intracranial pressure to be _____mmHg less than mean systemic arterial pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you always give a head trauma patient |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Normal Intracranial Pressure (ICP) is around _____mmHg |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might an increased ppCO2 be a problem in a head trauma patient |
|
Definition
| inc CO2 cause reflexive vasodilation in brain which increase ICP even further and for potential dangerous decrease perfusion |
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Term
| When assessing a patient with a coma scale what would you call them if 'Awake and alert but responding inappropriately' |
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Definition
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Term
| With severe brainstem injury, you will get an _______posture because a lack of _________. |
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Definition
| Opisthotonos (decerebrate rigidity); Inhibition |
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Term
| What is the main reason to do radiographs for a head injury |
|
Definition
| check for cervical fractures |
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Term
| With head injury what drug is contraindicated and backed up by lots o data at least in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| In head trauma patients that are deteriorating despite medical therapy, you should perform (what dx test) to determine if they need surgery |
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Definition
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Term
| What coma scale score is the cutoff for good prognosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Any time you have a skull fracture especially near nasal passage where they start to get neck pain and a fever, you should worry because they probably have: |
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Definition
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Term
| Name a behavior commonly NOT associated with forebrain disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| With a forebrain lesion, the patient will turn in circles (away/towards) the lesion |
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Definition
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Term
| A dog become less interactive, agitated at night and can't sleep, turns in circles, and is now presenting with seizures- where is a likely location for a lesion? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A toy breed puppy is hard to house train- just not that smart. what's a presumptive dx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adult hydrocephalus can be seen in cats secondary to which infectious disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a few hydrocephalus cases, they can be medically managed which would be use of what two drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Shunting works well in most hydrocephalus patients but some may have complications. The most common complication is a clog _____segment of shunt |
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Definition
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Term
| You have a patient with waxing and waning forebrain signs especially after they eat. Presumptive dx: |
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Definition
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Term
| You suspect hepatic encephalopathy what two lab test will you perform |
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Definition
| Bile Acids and Blood Ammonia |
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Term
| During a seizure, EEGs are ( more/less) synchronized with (higher/lower) amplitudes |
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Definition
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Term
| Dog comes in presenting with myoclonus: Most likely they have: |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of protein is better to reduce amount of ammonia produced by gut bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tx for hepatic encephalopathy that helps by decreasing colonic production of amino acids as well as ion trapping of ammonia |
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Definition
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Term
| Term for a focal seizure with some loss of consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
| Dog with episodes of apparent abdominal pain and diarrhea. can't find any GI problem... what neuro problem might they have? |
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Definition
| Focal seizures with just autonomic signs |
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Term
| What three lines of evidence ( whipple's triad) are needed to dx hypoglycemia ( dont think too hard kinda obvious) |
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Definition
| 1. Symptoms likely cause by hypoglycemia 2. Patient Hypoglycemic 3. Signs improve with giving glucose |
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Term
| A long term change that predicts a future seizure |
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Definition
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Term
| Term for electrical activity that starts to change right before a seizure and causes all kinds of sensations |
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Definition
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Term
| Term for phase where seizure happens |
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Definition
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Term
| An elderly patient presents with seizures. Top differential: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Any disorder/disease that causes recurring seizures over long period of time |
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Term
| If suspect a brain tumor, why do a CSF tap? |
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Definition
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Term
| Because brain tumors cause a lot of local edema, what drug is great to make the patient feel almost instantaneously better? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species is more likely to have good post-op prognosis for a meningioma? Dog or Cat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gliomas of _________cell types are pretty bad and ______ breed are predisposed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which kind of epilepsy do you really wanna rule out before saying it's idiopathic epilepsy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Age range for onset of idiopathic epilepsy |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which cranial nerve do dogs get nerve sheath tumors on?
Which muscles can be unilaterally atrophied on presentation? |
|
Definition
| Trigeminal; Masseter/Tempoarlis |
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Term
| Adult miniature poodle presents with forebrain disease. You do a CSF tap and see a mixed mononuclear white cell population. Tentative Dx: |
|
Definition
| Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis (GME) |
|
|
Term
| Most common location for a choroid plexus tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Just in case he gets picky from the notes, what two chemo (antineoplastic) drugs can be used to tx GME or NME? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What other organ is also commonly affected in both cases of Canine Distemper Virus and FIP? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Brain MRI of cat shows enhancement of meninges and little granulomas around choroid plexus. Dx: |
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Definition
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Term
| A cat develops resp signs followed acute circling, hemiparesis and blindness in late summer, what's a top differential? |
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Definition
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Term
| A hypoglycemic pup might present with ______pupils |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the brainstem has LMN for cranial nerves ____ through ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of brain functions to maintain consciousness? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a dog loses sense of smell, and you are actually sure of it, it is most commonly gonna be from a lesion in the_____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| dogs have how many cones? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The more ( medial/lateral) a fiber originates in retina, the more likely it is going to cross-over at the optic chiasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibers coming from retina all go to the optic tract, but then ones involved in the pupillary light reflex go to the ______ while the ones for vision go to the_______. |
|
Definition
| Brainstem; Thalamus (Ithink) |
|
|
Term
| What nerve provides motor fibers to the sphincter pupillae muscle and needs to be intact for PLR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you have ventrolateral strabismus and a dilated pupil, what nerve might be damaged? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What eye muscles are NOT controlled by CN III? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal Oblique, Lateral Rectus, Retractor bulbi |
|
|
Term
| If you have medial strabismus, what nerve might be affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This nerve, _______, is stupid because it only controls the _____ muscle and is rarely singularly affected |
|
Definition
| Trochlear; Dorsal oblique |
|
|
Term
| What two muscles does the CN VI control? |
|
Definition
| Lateral rectus; Retractor Bulbi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sometimes dogs can get idiopathic inflammation of this cranial nerve, ______, which may manifest as _______ paralysis. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Controls face sensation and muscles for mastication |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to tx trigeminal neuritis |
|
Definition
| don't- will resolve spontaneously |
|
|
Term
| Motor to facial muscles and lacrimal glands |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animal is blind with absent PLR lesion could be where? |
|
Definition
| Retina, Optic chiasm, Optic Tract |
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|
Term
| Animal is blind with normal PLR. Lesion could be where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If tongue is wrinkled on one side. What nerve is affected? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the side of the lesion with Horner's Syndrome, The pupil is (Larger/Smaller), the globe is (protruding/sunken) and the face may be (cold/warm) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic innervation to the head comes out of spinal cord at segments _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intention tremors result with disease in this part of CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would you treat a little dog who presents with tremors all over but otherwise OK neuro exam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Puppy weimeraners present with generalized tremors especially in pelvic limbs. Dx: |
|
Definition
| Congenital Hypomyelination |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for congenital hypomyelination |
|
Definition
| nothing but tend to grow out of it at 6 months |
|
|
Term
| Dobermans, Englich Bulldogs, and Boxers are more predisposed to get this movement disorder: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With idiopathic head bobbing, are tremors more likely to happen at rest or be instigated by something like eating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This movement disorder is just one muscle group and persists even under general anesthesia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibiotics and muscle relaxants |
|
|
Term
| What strange movement disorder is characterized by alternating flexion of pelvic limbs and only documented in Doberman's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because of vestibular system, if head leans to right, you will get extension and rigidity of the (right/left) limbs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When referring to "central" vestibular disease, which two CNS structures could be involved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A head tilt where one ear is lower than other indicates what kind of CNS disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Head turn indicates what kind of CNS disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a peripheral vestibular lesion, a head tilt will be (towards/away) from the lesion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When trying to determine if a vestibular lesion is central or peripheral, what function do you test for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there are postural deficits along with vestibular signs, you can safely say the lesion is (peripheral/central) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After ______ days with vestibular disease, spontaneous nystagmus will disappear. However ______ nystagmus will still be present to test for. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient has vertical nystagmus, they have vestibular disease from a (central/peripheral) lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dog presents with horizontal nystagmus where the fast phase moves to the right. If this is due to a peripheral lesion, it should be on the (right/left) side of the animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ nystagmus is where there is equal speed in both directions. It is not due to vestibular disease and ______breeds in cats and ______ breeds in cows tend to get it congenitally. |
|
Definition
| Pendular; Oriental; Holstein |
|
|
Term
| Lots of things can cause a strabismus, but if it is in this direction,_________, then vestibular disease should be a differential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paralysis of which cranial nerve might be alongside vestibular disease since both can be caused middle ear infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What syndrome can be seen with vestibular disease because of nerves coursing alongside the middle ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four classic signs of Horner's Syndrome in the Ipsilateral eye? |
|
Definition
| Small pupil, Drooping upper eyelid, Protruding 3rd eyelid, Enophthalmos (sunken globe) |
|
|
Term
| Why might you get dry eye alongside vestibular disease? |
|
Definition
| Facial nerve course near middle ear, controls lacrimal glands |
|
|
Term
| Why might you wanna hold back giving drugs for vestibular disease on a long term? |
|
Definition
| Might slow down brain's compensation |
|
|
Term
| Most common organism to cause Otitis media-interna |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dog presnts with head shaking and yawning with facial paralysis. Tentative Dx: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a 12 year old dog comes in with head tilt and no other signs. You originally suspected brain tumor or stroke but dog spontaneously improved. What did they have? |
|
Definition
| Canine idiopathic vestibular syndrome |
|
|
Term
| This vestibular disease in cats is curiously seen during the warmer months. |
|
Definition
| Feline idiopathic vestibular syndrome |
|
|
Term
| A young cat presents with upper resp and vestibular signs. It's not a tumor but rather a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nasopharyngeal polyps arise from the _______ and are seen in (old/young) (dogs/cats) |
|
Definition
| Tympanic bulla; young; cats |
|
|
Term
| 12 yo dog comes in with vestibular signs and pain upon opening the mouth- you think: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What endocrinopathy can cause peripheral vestibular signs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disinfectant can cause ototoxicity and subsequent peripheral vestibular signs and deafness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antibiotic group can cause ototoxicity and subsequent peripheral vestibular signs and deaness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dog presents with vertical nystagmus and a history of colitis.... what are you thinking caused the Nystagmus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three general groups of diseases can result in central vestibular signs ( think VIN) |
|
Definition
| Vascular; Inflammatory; Neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| An older hypertensive dog with CKD presents with vestibular signs. Would you guess this to be central or peripheral vestibular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In REM are waves slower/faster/the same as when awake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the sleep cycle in dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brainstem inhibits all muscles but ______ and ______ during sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecule important in coordinated muscular inhibition during sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for sudden onset of flaccid paralysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorder with excessive sleepiness and inappropriate muscle inhibition when awake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Canine narcolepsy episode are often (random/after stimulus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narcolepsy is sometimes familial in these two breeds: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of narcolepsy occurs because of a mutation in a hypocretin receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of narcolepsy occurs because of loss of hypocretin production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two drugs groups used to treat narcolepsy episodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____action of drugs to treat narcolepsy is the most important to prevent episodes while the ______ effects are important for excessive sleepiness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drug to tx excessive sleepiness in narcoleptic patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat both Autoimmune polmyositis and Masticatory muscle myositis |
|
Definition
| immunosuppressive dose of steroids over long time to taper |
|
|
Term
| This myopathic disease is likely to have megaesophagus, the presence of which worsens prog |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common pathogen involved in infectious myositis in dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You do NOT wanna use immunosuppressive drugs to treat this autoimmune neuromuscular disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular neuromyopathies in cats are usually due to ____; while in dogs because of ________. |
|
Definition
| Heart Disease; Cushings/Hypothyroid/etc |
|
|
Term
| If have patient with weak pelvic limbs, always check______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Cats/Dogs) can have chronic manifestations of vascular neuromyopathies, and (cats/dogs) usually get them as a result of a thrombus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A CKD cat presents with ventroflexion of neck- what is a likely myopathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's more common: Congenital or Acquired Myasthenia Gravis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breed might spontaneously recover from congenital myasthenia gravis while al other have poor prog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a dog has a thymoma, it prob has this neuromuscular disease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three things to look for on thoracic radiograph of a Myasthenia gravis patient? |
|
Definition
| Megaesophagus; Thymoma; Aspiration pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What is the tensilon test |
|
Definition
| see response of a patient to quick acting anti-cholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| Tensilon test is used to dx: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hallmark of this disease is exercise-induced stiffness, tremors, and weakness that resolve with rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methimazole therapy in cats may somtimes trigger this autoimmune neuromuscular disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Avoid these five antibiotic groups in patients with neuromuscular disease |
|
Definition
| Aminglycosides; Polymixins; Lincomycin; Tetracyclines; Penicillamine |
|
|
Term
| cats have a better prog than dogs for myasthenia gravis b/c less likely to develop ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dog presents tetraplegic but can still wag tail |
|
Definition
| Acute Idiopathic Polyradiculoneuritis (Coon Hound Paralysis) |
|
|
Term
| This immune-mediated disease is very hard to manage, however they will fully recover with good supportive care when recumbent over several weeks |
|
Definition
| Acute Idiopathic Polyradiculoneuritis (Coon Hound Paralysis) |
|
|
Term
| Where does neospora common affect puppies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rigid extension of back legs in puppies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dog dropped jaw that can't close with corneal ulcers- what neuro problem could it be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four differentials when a dog presents with trigeminal neuritis |
|
Definition
| Rabies, Trauma, Hematopoetic neoplasia, neospora |
|
|
Term
| Tx and Prog for trigeminal neuritis |
|
Definition
| Supportive; god- spontaneous recovery in few weeks |
|
|
Term
| Classic clinical sign of diabetic neuropathy - usually only seen in cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Older large breed dog presents with weird neuropathy of cranial nerves +/- ataxia..... what lab value should you test for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most commom site for peripheral nerve sheath tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dog presents with SEVERE unilateral thoracic limb pain and can palpate a mass in axial region. Mabye it's: |
|
Definition
| Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor |
|
|
Term
| Unilateral temporalis atrophy think: |
|
Definition
| Trigeminal Nerve Sheath Tumor |
|
|
Term
| An old large breed dog presents with laryngeal paralysis- what might be happening and what might happen? |
|
Definition
| Degenerative Neuropathy (GOLPP); continued generalized neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| Dog presents with front limb paw dragging and an ipsilateral horner's.... what is damaged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biggest prognostic indicator for a brachial plexus avulsion is: |
|
Definition
| pain perception distal limb |
|
|
Term
| Type Nerve Injury with worst prognosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type nerve injury that can be distinguished from other types after one week. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of nerve injury in order severity (least-->most) |
|
Definition
| Neuropraxia-Axonotmesis-Neurotmesis |
|
|
Term
| Four main differentials for laterally recumbent neuromuscular patient |
|
Definition
| Coonhound paralysis, Tick paralysis, Botulism, Fulminant Myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
| What is the cardinal clinical sign associated with myopathic syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Postural reactions and spinal reflexes are usually ______ with a myopathic syndrome, but the clinician must _______ in order to be sure. |
|
Definition
| normal; support their weight |
|
|
Term
| Muscular dystrophies are usually X-, Y-, or autosomal linked |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You have a young MC golden retriever presnt with progressive weakness. On blood chem find a CK through the roof; what does he have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Masticatory Muscle Myositis is unique in that is specific to masticatory muscles only- how come it specifically targets just these muscles? |
|
Definition
| They are embryologically different from all other muscle and have 2M fibers |
|
|
Term
| What drug might affect an antibody titer and give a false negative for Masticatory Muscle Myositis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You diagnose this disease with a 2M antibody titer and a muscle biopsy |
|
Definition
| Masticatory Muscle Myositis |
|
|
Term
| Boxers that present with this disease are likely to develop concurrent lymphoid neoplasia and lupis |
|
Definition
|
|
