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Neuro Block 7
KYCOM Block 7
249
Anatomy
Graduate
03/31/2013

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Term
afferent pathway for visual reflexes
Definition
retina > optic tract > brachium of superior colliculus > pretectal
Term
pathway pupillary light reflex
Definition
pretactal > ed west > ciliary ganglion > sphinctor pupilae on iris
Term
what is the consensual light reflex
Definition
both pupils constrist when light is shined on one due to crossing of fibers
Term
what happens in the eye to cause convergence
Definition
medial rectus contraction, pupillary constriction (sphinctor pupilae), thickening of lens (cilliary muscle) to increase refraction
Term
pathway for convergence reflex
Definition
retina and occipital cortex > superior colliculus > pretectal > ed west > cilliary ganglion > sphinctor pupilae and cilliary muscle
Term
pathway for pupillary dilation
Definition
pain / emotion > hypothalamus / amygdlia > medullary reticular formation > reticulospinal tract > intermediolaterall cell column spinal cord > superior cervical sympatetic ganglion > carotid plexus > dilator pupilae
Term
what is macrus gunn pupil, what diseases is this seen in
Definition
light quickly moved to blind eye will cause dilation
optic neuritis and MS (demyelination)
Term
what occurs in holmes-adle pupil
Definition
one pupil dilates more slowly and accomodates slow due to cell death in cilliary ganglion
Term
what causes argyll robertson pupil, what is it
Definition
constriction in accomodation but not light reflex, loss of pupillary light reflex due to pretectal or PAG lesion
CNS syphillis
Term
explain the development of the eye
Definition
day 22 optic sulci form in forebrain area of neural tube, neuro tube closes making optic vesicles, optic vesicles grow into the endoderm making optic stalk and lens placode, optic cup invaginates, inner layer becomes neural retina, outer becomes retinal pigment epithelium, hayloid artery forms in choroid fissure, distal degenerates proximal becomes central a and v of retina
Term
list the retinal layers in order
Definition
1. inner limiting memebrane
2. optic nerve fiber layer
3. ganglion cells
4. inner plexiform layer
5. inner nuclear layer
6. outer plexiform layer
7. outer nuclear layer
8. outer limiting membrane
9. photoreceptors
10. retinal pigment epithelium
11. lamina vitera (buruch's membrane)
12. choroid layer
Term
what are the limiting membranes of the retina made of
Definition
muller's cells, microglial cells, astrocytes
Term
optic papila
Definition
or optic disc
bind spot, no photoreceptors, where optic nerve enters
Term
macula lutea
Definition
center of retina in visual axis
yellow in red-free light
no vessels
acuity of vision
Term
foeva
Definition
depression in macula lutea, greatest acuity only cones, dark due to melanin in choroid, no vessels
Term
ora serrata
Definition
where functional retinal cells end
Term
ciliary retina
Definition
anterior to ora serrata, 2 layers of columnar cells, outer layer is pigmented
Term
what are the functions of the pigmented eopthelium of the retina
Definition
reduces scattering of light, blood brain barrier, enhance visual acuity, remove membranous discs shed from rods and cones via phagocytosis
Term
explain the physical organization of the pigmented retina. what is on the apical and basal sides of the cell. what is connecting cells
Definition
junctions connect cells to form blood retina barrier
1 layer of cuboidal cells
basal has nuclei and some pigment
apical has photoreceptors with pigment isolating them
Term
what are the functions and location of rods
Definition
see in low light, more in ora serrata, none in foeva
Term
what are the parts of rods what are their functions
Definition
nucleus
outer segment: sheds fiber
inner segment: renews fiber, has more organells
fiber
disc: has rhodopsin
cilium: joins inner and outer segment
Term
what are the parts of rhodopsin, how does it work
Definition
protein, opsin, retinal (from vit A)
quantum light changes its confuguration
Term
what happens in photoreceptors in the dark
Definition
Na goes in, RMP -30 mV, cGMP made
Term
what happens in photoreceptors in the light
Definition
light blocks Na enterance, membrane hyperpolarizes, cGMP stopped
Term
what is the function of cones and location
Definition
visual acuity, light associated with color, near macula
Term
what are the parts and function of them of cones
Definition
outer segment: discs and double pigment layer
inner segment: larger than rod, renews fiber
Term
what is the function of the foevola, where is it, how does it do this function
Definition
concave reduces impediment of light passing them, absence of vessels scattering light, in the foeva
Term
what are the types of comes
Definition
red, green, blue
have pigments that resemble rhodopsin (retinal and a cone opsin protein)
Term
what causes color vision deficiency, how are they classified
Definition
lack of an opison production, x-linked, defective green is called red/green
Term
what are bipolar cells between, what do they recieve input from
Definition
between photoreceptor and ganglion
input from photoreceptors
Term
what are ganglion cells between
Definition
bipolar cells and optid disc
Term
some ganglion cells respond directly and dont send fibers down optic nerve, where are these fibers going
Definition
melanopsin responds to blue light and sends info to midbrain and suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothelamus
some go to rectum to mediate pupil constriction reflexes
Term
what are the association neurons
Definition
horizontal cells, amacrine cells, interplexiform cells,, interneurons
Term
where are horizontal cells, what are they between, what do they do
Definition
outer bipolar zone
between photoreceptors and bipolar cells (inhibiting them)
Term
where are amacrine cells, what are they between, what do they do
Definition
inner bipolar zone
axons between bipolar ang ganglion cells on interplexiform cells
inhibitory and excitatory
Term
where are interplexiform cells, what are they between, what do they do
Definition
on bipolar cell bodies
between amacrine and bipolar cells
gives feedback to inner and outer retina
Term
what is the function of the retinal interneurons
Definition
lateral inhibition, enhance central transmission from dark to light retina regions, inhibit with GABA or glycine to fine tune signals
Term
what is the blood supply of the retina
Definition
central a of the retina, capillary layer of the choroid (diffuses to other retina parts)
Term
what can cause retinal artery occlusion
Definition
emboli (from LA or carotid A plaque)narrowing at optic disc
small emboli in central A causes visual field deficit
toxicara cati and canis (from dog or cat intestine) cause granular lesion in rentinal a
Term
how is te eyefield divided
Definition
quadrents, hemifields, nasal, temporal, upper, lower
Term
what is the path from the retina to the cortex
Definition
retina > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract > lateral geniculate > optic radiations in retrolenticular limb of internal capsule > geniculocalcarine tract > primary visual cortex
Term
where do the dorsal / superior (low visual field) fibers of the optic tract go
Definition
parietal and occipital cortex cuneate gyrus and calcarine sulcus
Term
what do the ventral / inferior fibers (meyers loop) (upper visual field) go to
Definition
temporal occipital love low calcarine sulcus (lingual gyrus)
Term
what tract comes off the retina other than the optic nerve, where does it go, why
Definition
retinohypothalamic > suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus > synchronizes intrinsic circadian rhythm with light utilizing pituitary, gonadotrophin, pinealhormone, melatonin
Term
what takes over residual conciousness in destruction of the nuclei or cortex for the visual system, explain the pathway
Definition
optic tract > pulvinar nuclei > visual association cortex
Term
explain the location of the fibers from the macula in its course to the brain
Definition
makes up a large part of the lateral geniculate and cortex, posterior visual cortex
Term
what causes a bitemporal hemianopia, what is the symptom
Definition
dessucation interruption (often pituitary tumor), temporal vision deficit
Term
what causes a homonymous hemianopia, what are the symptoms
Definition
lesion interrupting optic tract, combinations of vision loss (sometimes with macula spared)
Term
why is the macula sometimes spared with vision loss
Definition
macula is close to middle cerebral A so when posterior cerebral a. is occluded it is spared
Term
where do fibers from rods project to in the lateral geniculate and cortex, what is the ultimate function of the cortex area
Definition
dorsal 2 mangocellular layers of the lateral geniculate and after primary visual cortex they go to the parietal occipital cortex (analyze motion and spation relation between objects and boxy)
Term
where do fibers from cones project to in the lateral geniculate and cortex, what is the ultimate function of the cortex area
Definition
ventral 3-6 parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate and after primary visual cortex to the occipitotemporal association cortex (analyzes form and color)
Term
object agnosia: area of issue, symptom
Definition
lesion in 18, 20, 21 (inferior occipitotemporal) in left hemisphere
can percieve but not identify objects
Term
prospangnosia: symptoms, cause
Definition
can recognize faces but cant distinguish between them
bilateral lesion in mid occipitotemporal / fulsiform gyrus
Term
blaint's syndrom: cause, symptoms
Definition
bilateral parieto-occipital junction
cant direct gaze at target due to saccades, cant do visually guided movements
Term
blind sight: cause, symptoms
Definition
destructive lesion in geniculocalcarine tract
despite loss of concious vision light is detected
Term
saccades
Definition
REM that bring images to foeva. voluntary or reflex
Term
smooth pursuit
Definition
follow target to keep image on foeva, involuntary
Term
vergence
Definition
maintain eyes on target as it moves close or far (convergence or divergence)
Term
disconjugate movement
Definition
eyes momve in different directions
Term
what area controls horizonal eye movemnts
Definition
paramedine pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
Term
explain the path of control for horizontal eye movements
Definition
paramedian pontine reticular formation > abducens nuclei > lateral rectus
AND
abducens nuclei > MLF > contrallateral oculomotor nuclei > medial rectus
AND
abducens nuclei > MLF > nucleus propostitus hypoglossi > keep eyes in position
Term
VI palsy: cause, symptom
Definition
right abducens lesion, unable to gaze right with right eye
Term
right lateral gaze palsy: cause, symptoms
Definition
right paramedine pontine reticular formation lesion, unable to gaze right with both eyes
Term
left internuclear opthal moplegia
Definition
left MLF lesion, left eye wont gaze right, right eye has nystagmus on right gaze
Term
left MLF and left abducens nuclei lesion
Definition
right eye wont left gaze, left eye wont right gaze, nystagmus right eye right gaze
Term
one and a half syndrome: cause, symptoms
Definition
lesion in paramedian pontine reticular formation. MLF, and VI nuclei
left eye wont gaze riht, neither eye will left gaze
Term
what areas control vertical eye movements, be specific on what each area controls
Definition
superior and inferior rectus and obliques, rostral interstitial nuclei of MLF (verticle gaze), interstitial nuclei of cajal (keep eyes in desired position)
Term
parinaud's syndrome: cuse, symptom
Definition
lesion (peinoloma, hydrocephalus) compressing posterior midbrain and parietal area
impairment of verticle gaze, especially up
Term
what areas of the cerebral cortex control eye movement
Definition
gaze centers or superior colliculus, frontal eye field, parieto-occipito-temporal cortex
Term
what does the frontal eye field control, where is it located
Definition
saccadic movement, posterior middle frontal gyrus (8)
Term
how does the pariet-occipito-temporal cortex control eye movement
Definition
influenced via imput from the primary visual cortex and visual association cortex
Term
what is the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
Definition
eyes move at equal velocity and amount in opposite direction of the head to keep image focused on the retina
supressed by cerebral cortex when awake
Term
how does the vestibulo-ocular reflex work
Definition
inner ear hair cells > vestibular ganglion > oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nuckei > efferent fibers to extra-ocular muscles
Term
explain the doll's eye phenomenon, why is this used
Definition
eyes turn oppoite to head turn and tilt in comatose patients, based on vestivulo-ocular reflex. vestibular apparatus, ncueli, nerve, MLF, abducens, and oculomotor nuclei are in tact
Term
explain how nystagmus works
Definition
involuntary rhythmic movement: slow in one direction (vestibular-ocular reflex mediated) and fast in the other direction (cortex mediated, gives name)
Term
explain the caloric test
Definition
irrigate ear canal with head tilted 60 deg back
cold water causes nystagmus to opposite side, warm to the same side.
if comatose fast phase will be absent and the deviation will be toward irrigation when cold water is used.
shows cerebral hemisphere dysfunction
Term
what causes spontanous nystagmus
Definition
anticonvulsants, sedatives, lesion of peripherial vestibular apparatus, MLF, or cerebellum
Term
central vestibular nystagmus: symptom, cause
Definition
one way or two way eye movement, stimulation of hair cells on rotation or caloric irrigation
Term
peripherial vestibular nystagmus: symptom, cause
Definition
one way eye movement, stimulation of hair cells on rotation or caloric irrigation
Term
explain how do to post-rotational nystagmus is evaluated
Definition
patient sits in barnay chair head tilted 30 deg forward to put canals into plane of rotation, rotate 10 turns in 20 seconds and suddenly stop.
Term
what is the normal response to post rotational nystagmus
Definition
nystagmus left, fall right, dysmetria (past point), vertigo in left turning, 15-40 sec
Term
what are the parts of the outer ear, what are their functions
Definition
auricle and external auditory meatus
collect and conduct sound to tympanic membrane
Term
what are the parts of the middle ear
Definition
malleus, incus, stapes: conduct and magnify vibrations
tympanic membrane
eustachian tube to nasopharynx
chorda tympani
tensor tympani and stapedius
Term
what nerves not for hearing are in the middle ear, what are their function
Definition
corda tympani: taste to anterior 2/3 of tounge. parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual glands
VII: innervates stapedius connected to stapes
V: innervates tensory tympani connected to malleus
both dampen vibrations to protect cochlea < 1000 Hz
IX: sensory
Term
what is the blood supply to the middle ear
Definition
stylomastoid branch of the occipital or posterior auricular A.
Term
what are the parts of the inner ear cochlea
Definition
heilocotrema, scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, spiral organ, scala tympani
2.5 turns around modiolus
endolymph and perilymph
Term
what is the function of the spiral organ of corti
Definition
analyze frequency
localize pitch 20 Hz at apex and 20000 at base
Term
what are the parts of the inner ear
Definition
cochlea, bony labrynth of temporal bone, perilymph, membranous labrynths. endolymph
Term
what supplies blood to the inner ear
Definition
labrynth A of AICA
Term
what can cause conduction deafness
Definition
interrpution of passage of sound through external or middle ear
wax
foreign body
otosclerosis
otitis media
Term
otosclerosis cause
Definition
neogenesis of labrynth spongy bone around oval window causing stapes to fix
Term
otitis media cause and outcomes
Definition
inflammation of middle ear
can cause meningitis and brain abcess
Term
sensorineural or preceptive deafness: cause
Definition
cochlear nerve, central auditory connection, or chchlea disease
drugs, toxins, quinine, asprin, strep
loud noise (high frequency loss)
rubella infection in utero
cytomegalovirus
syphilis
prebycusis
acoustic neuroma
Term
prebyscus: cause, symptoms
Definition
degeneration of organ of corti at basal coil of cochlea
high frequency loss with age (4000-8000 Hz)
Term
acoustic neuroma (schwannoma / neurilemoma): cause, symptoms
Definition
peripherial nerve tumor in internal auditory meatus or cerebellopoitine angle
unilateral deafness and tinnitis
Term
neurotransmitters used in hearing
Definition
glutamate, asparatate, gaba, glycine, ach, various neuromodulators
Term
glytamate role in hearing and location
Definition
AMPA receptors: excitatory, fast
NMDA receptors: excitatory, slow
allows Na and Ca into cell and K out
Term
asparatate role in hearing and location
Definition
excitatory, fast
in cochlea
Term
GABA role in hearing and location
Definition
inhibitory, fast
role in audition
Term
ACh role in hearing
Definition
excitatory
Term
explain the movement of sound through the ear to the stimulation of the cochlear nerve (detialed!)
Definition
1. acustic energy goes into external ear
2. changes to mechanical energy at tympanic membrane
3. conducted and magnified, compensate midmatched impedance at ossicles
4. stapes move oval window change it to hydrodynamic energy as it moves fluid in labrynths
5. basilar membrane around hair cells move tectoral membrane
6. hairs mechanorecept the vibration of this movement
7. hair cilia bend due to fiber link movement
8. tension causes channels to open, Ca and K go into cell, cell depolarizes
9. electrochemical signal is sent to the cochlear nerve
Term
where are the cochlear nuclei, what are their functions
Definition
dorsal lateral medullopontine junction
unilateral input
ventral: inferior to peduncle. horizontal lateralization
dorsal: next to acustic tubercle on floor of 4th ventricle. integrates somatosensory sound and detects spectral notches
Term
what are the general functions of the cochlear nerve (type of nerve, sounds heard, discrimination, etc)
Definition
SSA
20-20000 Hz
discriminate 1-2 dB up to 120 dB
tonopic pitch localization
Term
once the cochlear nerve reaches the dorsal cochlear nuclei, where does it go
Definition
dorsal cochlear nuclei > lateral laminiscus > some may cross over on comissural fibers > inferior colliculus > medial geniculate > brain
Term
once the cochlear nerve reaches the ventral cochlear nuclei, what are its options, list them
Definition
all will travel through trapezoid body > olivocochlear bundle > lateral laminiscus

then there is choices...
crossed uncrossed reflex (comes out of olivocochlear bundle)
superior colliculus
DNLL
VNLL
reticular formation
commisural fibers
inferior colliculus > medial geniculate > brain
Term
what is the superior colliculus involvement in cochlear nerve
Definition
mediates audiovisual reflexes
Term
what is the olivocochlear bundle involvement in cochlear nerve
Definition
sends efferent fibers to the outer hair cells to regulate sensitivity, ehnance, and sharpen inhibition
crossed and uncrossed reflex
Term
what is the reticular formation involvement in cochlear nerve
Definition
short latency acoustic startle reflex pathway
Term
what is another name for the medial geniculate
Definition
auditory thalamus
Term
where is the inferior colliculus located, what nuclei is used for hearing
Definition
central nuclei is used
external dorsal cortex, laterally
Term
what is the function of the lateral laminiscus in hearing
Definition
spectral analysis: vowel detection, line spectracking
detect transients
measure timing of echoes
Term
how does hearing information travel through the lateral laminiscus and thalamus
Definition
acustic rdiation of internal capsule
Term
what is the function of the VNLL
Definition
short latency acoustic startle pathway
transient detection
Term
where is the trapazoid body located
Definition
cuboidal pontine tegmentum of abducens transversed by CN VI
Term
what is the function of the trapazoid body, how is it regulated
Definition
high frequency, sensitive bundle of axons
glycine inhibits
Term
what is the function of the superior olivary complex and its nuclei, how are they regulated
Definition
sound localization, binural processing

lateral nuclei: high frequency, comparing ears, code of localization in asimuth. inhibited by glutamate and glycine

medial nuclei: low frequency, detect differences in arival of sound
Term
what makes the medial nuclei different from the lateral superior olivary nuclei
Definition
larger
low frequency
disrupted in autistics
responds better to binural stimuli
detects differences in arrival of sound
1-2 spies on onset
Term
after fibers reach the DNLL or VNLL where do they go
Definition
some go back to the lateral laminiscus to regulate it
some go the the inferior colliculus because they are normal hearing fibers
Term
what are the areas of the medial geniculate and their functions
Definition
ventral: excitatory
dorsal
medial: multisensory arousal. excitatory and inhibitory
Term
what is the input and output from the ventral medial geniculate
Definition
input: reticular nuclei of thalamus
output: primary auditory cortex
Term
what is the input and output of the dorsal medial geniculate
Definition
input: periolviar nuclei, pericentral nuclei, external nuclei, lateral laminiscus, superior colliculus
output: primary auditory cortex, higher association area
Term
what is the input and output of the medial medial geniculate
Definition
input: reticular nuclei of the thalamus
output:primary auditory cortex, higher association area, auditory association cortex
Term
where is the primary auditory cortex, what is its function, what input does it get
Definition
transverse gyri of heschl (41-42) in lateral sulcus

high pitch localization, simple tones

contralateral input from III, V, VI
corticalfugal input from V
Term
where is the higher auditory association area, what is its function
Definition
(39-40)
correlate sound to auditory streams, visual sensitivity
Term
where is the auditory association area, what is its function
Definition
(22)
positive and negative bands alternate and sense signal differences
Term
where is the plantum temporale
Definition
in sylvian fissure extending into parietal operculum and inferior parietal lobe (22)
Term
where is wernke's area
Definition
to the left of 22
Term
what is the function of barocha's area, where is it
Definition
identify source of speech and meaning
ventral frontal lobe
Term
what is the function of cochlear fibers that go to the parietal lobe
Definition
spatial localization of source of sound, used for actions
Term
what does a lesion of the vestibular part of CN VIII cause
Definition
vertigo, disequlibrium, nystagmus
Term
what type of nerve is CN VII
Definition
SSA, proprioceptive
Term
where is the inner ear, what are the cavities
Definition
bony labrynth of temporal bone
cochlea, vestibule, semicircular ducts
Term
what is in the cochlea
Definition
perilymph with membranous labrynth (contains hair cells and endolymph)
Term
what is in the semicircular ducts
Definition
3 semicircular canals that have perilymph with kinetic labrynth in it (contains endolymph and hair cells of cristae ampularis)
Term
what is the function of the semicircular ducts
Definition
detect angular movement, acceleration, and deceleration
Term
what is in the vestibule
Definition
perilymph with static labrynth (contains otlith membrane and hair cells of the caculae, utricle, and saccule
Term
what is the function of the vestibule
Definition
detects linear acceleration and gravity
influences muscle tone to maintain equlibrium
static, potential, and tonic neck and righting reflexes
Term
what does perilymh communicate with, how
Definition
subarachnoid via perilymphatic duct of cochlear canaliculus
Term
where is the endolymph secreted and absorbed
Definition
secreted by sitra vascularis of cochlear duct
absorbed in endolymphatic space sac
Term
what is the function of the vestibuloocular reflex, how does it work
Definition
stabilize images on retina during head movement by moving eyes opposite to head
Term
what happens if the vestibuloocular reflex is impaired, how is this tested
Definition
difficulty reading
stimulate kinetic labrynth
Term
what are the possible causes for decerebate and decoraticate rigidity
Definition
brainstem transection causing antigravity tone increase
vestibulospinal / pontoreticulospinal dysruption and role in control of extensor muscle tone
opisthotonos
lesion of internal capsule of cerebral hemisphere
Term
what are the symptoms of lesion of internal capsule of cerebral hemisphere
Definition
flexed arms, wrists, fingers, abduction
extension, internal rotation and plantar flexion of legs
like chronic spastic
Term
what are the symptoms and treatment of opisthotonos
Definition
arms extension abduction hyperrotation
feet plantar flexion, extension

treatment; destory vestibular nerve or nuclei (rhizotomy)
Term
what is vertigo, what is the cause
Definition
whirling sensation or illusion of movement

cause: head position and nystagmus, cuprolithias of posterior semicircular duct (dislocation of utricular macular otliths)
Term
what is the cause and symptoms of meniere disease
Definition
increased endolymph pressure
vertigo, tennitus, hearing loss, nausea, vomitting, pressure, nystagmus (fast to opposite ear)
Term
what is the cause and symptoms of labrynthitis
Definition
bacterial, viral, toxin (alcohol, quinine), inflammation
unilateral: horizontal nystagmus to opposite side
bilateral: no nystagmus
Term
what is the symptoms and cause of MLF syndrome
Definition
medial rectus paresis in lateral gaze, visual confusion, ocsillopsia, diplopia, reading fatuge, loss of steriogenesis, horizontal nystagmus in abducting eye
convergence is fine

MLF lesion in tegmentum of pons and midbrain, demyelinated plaque
Term
what is the cause, symptoms, treatment, and test for acoustic schwannoma
Definition
benign myelin forming tumor in auditory canal or cerebellopontine angle

tinnitis, vertigo, dead caloric reflex (labrynth)

MRI, CT

removal is treatment
Term
what disease occurs with acoustic schwannoma, what are the types, what do they involve
Definition
neurofibrmatosis type
1. involves CN VIII, V, VII, IX, X, and spinal root
2. bilateral acoustic neuroma before 21, autosomal dominent
Term
explain the path of the vestibular nerve after the hair cell, what are the options after the nuclei
Definition
vestibular (scapra) ganglion in anternal auditory meatus > vestibular nuclei (superior, medial, lateral, inferior)then...

inferior olivary nuclei
VPI
VPL
MLF
cerebellum (fastigual nuclei, vermis, anterior, flocndular love, uvula)
medial vestibulospinal (only from medial nuclei)
lateral vestibulospinal (only from lateral nuclei)
Term
when the vestibular nerve sends fibers to the inferior olivary complex what do they do
Definition
vestibular influence to caudal vermis of cerebellum
Term
when the vestibular nerve sends fibers to the VPI
Definition
go to brain area 2V
Term
when the vestibular nerve sends fibers to the VPL
Definition
go to brain area 3A and sense head position
Term
when the vestibular nerve sends fibers to the MLF
Definition
travel on MLF from spinal cord to rostral midbrain
function in eye position and head coordination (adducts in lateral gaze)
involved with cn iii, IV, VI nuclei and stapes
Term
what happens in MLF is transected
Definition
medial rectus palsy. vestibular nystagmus. convergence is fine
Term
where is the medial vestibulospinal tract, what is its function
Definition
medial vestibular nuclei to cervical and upper thoracic
head relation to eye position
Term
what is the function of the lateral vestibulospinal tract
Definition
extensor tone and antigravity muscles (posture)
Term
what happnes in a lesion of the lateral vestibulospinal tract
Definition
fall to side of lesion
Term
explain how the cerebellum areas are involved with the vestibular efferent tracts and vestibular nerve
Definition
via the inferior peduncle fibers join the efferent tracts of the nuclei and control equlibrium, balance, and compensatory eye movement
they go back to the nuclei and travel CN VII back and mediate spontanous firing rate of vestibular fibers
Term
what forms the superolateral wall of the 3rd ventricle
Definition
thalamus, largest part of diencephalon
Term
where does the input from the thalamus come from
Definition
precortical senrory from all sensory systems except olfactory and cerebral cortex
Term
what is the output from the thalamus
Definition
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hypothalamus
Term
what are the major functions of the thalamus
Definition
sensory and motor system integration, impulses of similar function sorting, exciting, and relaying. mediation of sensation, motor, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
Term
what are the areas of the thalamus
Definition
anterior, mediodorsal, intralaminar, ventral, dorsal (lateral)
Term
what is the input, output, and function of the anterior nuclei of the thalamus
Definition
mamillary nucleus > mammillothalamic tract > nuclei
hippocampus > fornix > nuclei

output: to cingulate gyrus

function: pape's circut of emotion for the limbic syste,
Term
what is the location, input, and function of the mediodorsal nuclei
Definition
location: connected to prefrontal cortex and intralaminar nuclei

input: amyglaoid, temopral neocortex, substantia niagra

function: expression of affect, emotion, behavior
Term
wernicke-korsakoff: symptom, cause
Definition
mediodorsal nuclei destruction
thiamine (B1) deficiency
memory loss
Term
what are the intralaminar nuclei, what are their input
Definition
input: reticular formation, ascending reticular system, other thalamic nuclei

centromedian, parafasicular
Term
what is the input and output of the centromedian nuclei
Definition
input: reticular formation, ascending reticular system, other thalamic nuclei AND globus pallidus

output: motor cortex area 4, stratium (caudate nuclei and putamen), neocortex
Term
what is the output of the parafasicular nuclei
Definition
stratum, supplementary motor cortex area 6
Term
what are the ventral nuclei, what are their input
Definition
ventral anterior
ventral lateral
ventral posterior(ventral posteromedial
ventral posteroinferior)
Term
what is the input and output of the ventral anterior nuclei and their functions
Definition
input
globus pallidus > thalamic and lenticular fasiculi (H1 and 2) > nuclei
and
substantia niagra > ventral anterior > motor functions

output
prefrontal cortex
premotor cortex area 6
Term
what is the input for the ventral lateral nuclei and their functions
Definition
globus pallidus > thalamic lenticular fasiculi (H1 and 2)> nuclei

substantia niagra > nuclei

cerebellum dentate nuclei > ventral lateral > influences somatic motor mechanisms
Term
what is the output and function of the ventral lateral nuclei
Definition
output: motor cortex 4, supplemtary motor cortex 6, striatal motor system (somatic motor mechanisms)

function
influence somatic motor mechanisms
Term
what happens if you destory the ventral lateral nuclei
Definition
sterotactic destruction reduces parkinsons
Term
what is the input to the ventral posterior nuclei
Definition
input: GSA (pain and temp) and SVA (taste) information
Term
what is the input to the ventral posterolateral nuclei
Definition
GSA (pain and temp) and SVA (taste) information, spinothalamic tracts, medial laminiscus
Term
what is the output of the ventral posterolateral nuclei
Definition
somatosensory cortex 1-3
Term
what happens in a lesion of the ventral posterolateral nuclei
Definition
contralateral loss of pain and temp
tactile discrimination in trunk and extremities
Term
what is the input to the ventral posteromedial nuclei
Definition
trigeminothalamic tract
taste info from the solitary and parabrachial nuclri
Term
what is the output of the ventral posteromedial nuclei
Definition
somatosensory cortex 1-3
Term
what happens in a lesion of the ventral posteromedial nuclei
Definition
contralateral loss of pain, temp, and tactile discrminiation of the head
ipsilateral loss of taste
Term
what is the input to the ventral posteroinferior nuclei
Definition
vestibulothalamic fibers from vestibular nuclei
Term
what is the outpur of the ventral posteroinferior nuclei
Definition
vestibular area of the somatosensory cortex
Term
what nuclei are in the dorsal (lateral from soltesz lecture) of the thalamus
Definition
lateral dorsal
lateral posterior
pulvinar
lateral geniculate
medial geniculate
Term
what is the location, input, and output of the lateral dorsal nuclei
Definition
posterior extension of anterior nuclear complex

input mammillothalamic tract

output: cingulate gyrus (part of limbic)
Term
what is the location, input, and output of the lateral posteriornuclei
Definition
between lateral dorsal and pulvinar

recoprical connection with superior parietal cortex 5 and 7
Term
what is the input of the pulvinar nuclei
Definition
association cortex of occipital, parietal, and posterior temporal lobes
lateral and medial geniculate
superior colliculus
Term
what is the output and function of the pulvinar nuclei
Definition
association cortex of occipital, parietal, and posterior temporal lobes

integrate visual, audiroty, and somatosensory information
Term
what happens in a lesion of the pulvinar nuclei
Definition
if on dominate side: sensory aphasia, neglect, attention deficit
Term
what is the input of the lateral geniculate
Definition
retinal input via optic tract
Term
what is the output of the lateral geniculate and function
Definition
optic radiation > primary visual cortex (area 17 on lingus gyrus and coneus)

visual relay nuclei
Term
what is the input, output, and function of the medial geniculate
Definition
input: audiroty input via brachium of inferior colliculus

output: primary auditory cortex (41 and 42)

function: auditory relay nuclei
Term
what supplies blood to the thalamus
Definition
posterior communicating artery > aterior thalamoperforating arteries

posterior cerebral artery > posterior choridal and posterior thalamopherforating arteries

anterior choridal
Term
what is the internal capsule made of, where is it located
Definition
white matter, sperating caudate nuclei and thalamus from lentiform nuclei laterally
Term
where is the anterior limb of the internal capsule located
Definition
between caudate nuclei and lentiform nuclei (globus pallidus and putamen)
Term
what are the contents of the anterior limb of the internal capsule. where do these fibers project to and from
Definition
frontopontine (corticofugal fibers): frontal cortex to pons
thalamocortical fibers: medial anterior nuclei to frontal lobes
Term
what fibers are severed in prefrontal lobotomy
Definition
thalamocortical fibers of the anterior limb of the internal capsule
Term
what supplies blood to the anterior limb of the internal capsule
Definition
anterior cerebral artery inferiorly > medial striate and recurrent artery of heubner

middle cerebral artery superiorly > lateral striate > lentculostriate branches
Term
what does the genu of the internal capsule contain
Definition
corticobulbar fibers
Term
what supplies blood to the genu of the internal capsule
Definition
internal carotid branches

anterior coroidal > pallidal branches
Term
where is the posterior limb of the internal capsule located
Definition
between talamus and lentiform nuclei
Term
what are the contents of the posterior limb of the internal capsule
Definition
sensory radiations (pain, temp, touch)
corticospinal fibers
visual and auditory radiations
Term
what supplies blood to the posterior limb of the internal lcapsule
Definition
anterior choridal branches
medial cerebral > lenticular branches
Term
why would you ligate the anterior choridal artery branches, what are the effects
Definition
in parkinsons patients
causes infrarction of corticospinal tract and destories inner globus pallidus causing contralateral hemiparesis and reduction of rigidity
Term
what is a common cause of infarction of the internal capsule
Definition
occlusion of the lenticulostriate branches of the middle cerebral artery
Term
what are the symptoms of infarction of the internal capsule
Definition
contralateral tactile hypoesthesia, anesthesia, hemiparesis (with babinski's sign), lower facial weakness, homonymous hemianopia
Term
thalamic syndrome: AKA, causes
Definition
dejerine and roussy

thalamic stroke, damage causes miscommunication between afferent pathway of cortex
usually occlusion of a posterior thalamo-perforating artery
Term
thalamic syndrome: symptoms
Definition
changes in how a patient feels
contralateral hemiparesis and hemianesthesia
elevated pain threashold
spontaneous, agonizing, burning pain (hyperpathia, dyaesthesia, allodynia)
thalamic hand
Term
what is thalamic hand
Definition
athetotic posturing of hand
wrist pronated and flexed
metacarpals flexes
proximal extended
Term
what are the zones of the hypothalamus and their sub divisions
Definition
pre-optic: medial and lateral nuclei
lateral
medial: supraoptic, tuberal, mamillary, periventricular
Term
what are the functions / fiber outputs of the lateral pre-optic nuclei
Definition
ventrolateral area sends fibers out for sleep
sends fibers to ventral palluadum (globus pallidus) for movement
Term
what are the outputs and functions of the medial pre-optic nuclei
Definition
tuberoinfundibular tract: releases GnRH into hypophyseal portal system to cause anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH

fibers for eating and movement behaviors
Term
what are some differences in the pre-optic area in different people
Definition
larger in males because females hormones cycle, males stay constant at the high
Term
what are the nuclei and major axon bundles of the lateral zone of the hypothalamus
Definition
lateral hypothalamic nuclei
tuberal nuclei
axons from the medial forebrain going to septal nuclei and reticular formation
axons from lateral hypothalamic area
Term
what are the outputs of the lateral hypothalamic nuclei
Definition
has fibers that release histamine to the cerebellum for motor functions
controls wake state
has multipolar neurons
Term
what are the nuclei of the supraoptic area
Definition
supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic, anterior
Term
what are the nuclei of the tuberal area, what are their functions
Definition
ventromedial: satiety
dorsal medial: emotional balance
arcuate: releasing hormones sent to tuberoinfundibular tract> hypophyseal portal system > anterior pituitary
Term
what are the nuclei of the mamillary area, what is the general function
Definition
mamillary nuclri: medial, inferior, lateral
posterior hypothalamic nuclei
function: trun short term into long term memory
Term
what is the function and output of the supraoptic and prarventricular nuclei
Definition
output is hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary that releases ozytocin and ADH
Term
what happens in a lesion of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Definition
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
Term
what is the input, output, and function of the suprachiasmatic nuclei
Definition
input: retino-hypothalamic tract
output: fibers for circadian rhythm
Term
what is the function of the anterior nuclei of the supraoptic area
Definition
maintain body temp by sensing heat with thermosensitive neurons and decreasing heat
Term
what happens in a lesion of the anterior nuclei of the supraoptic area
Definition
hyperthermia
Term
what is the input, output, and function of the medial mamillary nuclei
Definition
inut: posterior comissural fornix
output: mamillothalamic tract to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus (limbic function)
Term
what is the output and function of the lateral memillary nuclei
Definition
mamillary peduncle > reticular formation of the midbrain
Term
what is the function of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei
Definition
merges with PAG to control emotion, cardiovascular, analgesic
decreased blood temp > vasoconstriction and shivering > heat
Term
what happens in a lesion of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei
Definition
can't regulate heat, hot or cold
Term
what is the function of the periventicular nuclei, what is the outpt
Definition
sends fibers to the tuberoinfindbular tract to release releasing and inhibitory hormones
Term
functions of the diencephalon
Definition
controls visceral function (ANS), controls endocrine system, maintains homeostasis (water, electrolyte, food, temp, BP, sleep, circadian, metabolism)
Term
tuber cinereym
Definition
region around mamillary bodies, optic chiasm, and first part of optic tract
Term
where does the pituitary stalk emerge, what is in it
Definition
comes from median eminence, has neurohypophysis in it
Term
what does the lamina terminalis seperate
Definition
hypothalamis and septal nuclei
Term
what does the form of the hypothalamus create
Definition
3rd venricle, place for mamillary bodies to sit (ventrally)
Term
describe the embryologic origin of the pre-optic area
Definition
derived from telencephalon but function is hypothalamus
Term
explain where each zone of the hypothalamus is located
Definition
preoptic: medial to lamina terminalis, continous with forebrain
paraventricular: beneath ependymal cells of 3rd ventricle
medial: lateral to periventicular
Term
what divies medial and lateral zone of the hypothalamus
Definition
posterior comissure fornix to mammillothalamic tract
Term
what is a circumventricular organ, what makes it different than other organs
Definition
atypical brain tissue located in walls of 3rd and 4th ventricle
no BBB, chemoreceptor and neurosecretatory function
Term
what does OVLT stand for, what is it, where is it, what is its function
Definition
organum vasculosum laminae terminalis
a circumventricular organ in the laminae terminalis
fever and regulation of Na metabolism (cravings)
Term
explain how a fever is created
Definition
pyrogens from bacterial decomp > blood > permeable vessels of circumventricular organ in pre-optic area > OVLT > dendrites > inhibits mechanisms that cause loss of heat
Term
what are the symptoms of a hippocampal lesion
Definition
memory impairment (mostly recent), cannot turn short term into long term
if circut of papez is damaged memory stays in tact (early memories are in the cortex)
interruption of limbic system
Term
what lesion has simillar symptoms of a hippocampal lesion
Definition
mamillary bodies
Term
explain the symptoms and cause of korsakoff's psychosis
Definition
lesion in diencephalon commonly caused by alcoholism (also in thalamus and mamillary bodies)
compensate for short term memory loss by interting remembered events into stories
Term
what is the nervus terminalis, what is its function
Definition
nerve tha projecs into pre-optic and paraventricular areas that makes GnRH to stimulate gonadotrophin secretion to control ovaries and testis
Term
what is the embryology of the nervus terminalis
Definition
olfactory placode > olfactory epithelium with glial cells and olfactory nerve and nervus terminalis
Term
what is kallman syndrome: cause, symptoms
Definition
olfactory placode development > defective > defective nervus terminalis > no Gnrh > ansomia and non-functional gonads
Term
explain the role of the tuberomamillary nucleus in sleep
Definition
histaminergic neuron axons go to reticular formation, thalamus, and cortex and are inactive during sleep
form part of sleep arousal system
Term
explain the role of the pre-optic area in sleep
Definition
neurons that make GABA and glanin peptide are active in sleep
axons also go to tuberomamillary nuclei and inhibit histaminergic neurons
axons also go to reticular formation and inhibit cholinergic neurons
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