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Neuro Block 6
KYCOM Block 6
78
Anatomy
Graduate
03/03/2013

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Term
what kind of fibers transmimt light touch information
Definition
A myelinated medium sized fibers that are uncapsulated
Term
where to pancinial corpuslce fibers to in the spinal cord
Definition
dorsal funiculi and lateral white matter
Term
how do nocicepors work
Definition
they associated inflammation with pain and carry the information on small diameter fibers
Term
explain the process of what happens when a tissue is damaged
Definition
chemical mediators released
venules dilate
nociceptors register pain
impulses sent on afferent fibers
substance P released
arterioles dilate
mast cell degranulation
swelling and edema
Term
how is concious proprioception sensex
Definition
mostly with muscle spindles
Term
where is proprioception sensed
Definition
muscle spindles and endings, joint capsules, ligaments of joints
Term
what is the function of the medial laminiscus pathway
Definition
discrimitive touch, proprioception, stereogenesis
Term
explain the somatotopy of the medial laminiscus pathway
Definition
laterally are the spinal dermatomes, arms, neck, and OA
medial are the sacral dermatomes, leg and low trunk
legs begins anterior arms posterior at nucleus
arms medial legs lateral at medullopontine angle
legs posterior arms anterior at midbrain
legs lateral and arms medial at thalamus
Term
what nucleus does the direct pathway of the spinothalamic pathway synapse in
Definition
VPL
Term
explain the somatotopy of the spinothalamic pathway
Definition
lower pody is posterolateral
upper body is anterolateral
Term
in pain modulation, where are the fibers send from the nucleus raphe, on what tract
Definition
to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord on the raphespinal and to the spinal trigeminal nuclei
Term
what is the function of the anterior spinocerebellar tract
Definition
proprioceptive for spinal motor activity in the lower limb
Term
what is the function of the rostral spinocerebellar tract
Definition
proprioceptive for spinal motor activity in the upper limb
Term
explain the pathway of the anterior spinocerebellar tract
Definition
synapse in laminae V-VII
cross over in anterior white comissure (L3-5)
superior peduncle
cross over in cerebellum
Term
what is the function of the spinpcerebellar pathway
Definition
proprioceptive and tactle, posture, movement in the lower limb
Term
what is the function of the cuneocerebellar pathway
Definition
proprioceptive and tactle, posture, movement in the upper limb
Term
explain the pathway of the cuneocerebellar tract
Definition
ascends in cuneate fasiculus
synapse in lateral / accessory cuneate nucleus
inferior peduncle
ipsilateral restiform body
Term
explain the pathway of the dorsal spinocerebellar pathway
Definition
clarks nucleus in sacral and lumbar
inferior peduncle OR nucleus of Z, internal arcuate, medial laminiscus
Term
what is the function of the fibers in the nucleus of Z
Definition
concious proprioception of lower limbs
Term
what brodmans areas is the secondary somatosensory cortex
Definition
40 and 43
Term
explain what would happen in a lesion of the primary somatosensory cortex
Definition
impairs fine motor sensation, positional movement
tactile sensation is fine
Term
where is the secondary somatosensory cortex? how is it organized
Definition
below postcentral gyrus and may extend to insula
somatotopically like S1
body is bilaterally but mostly contralaterally represented
Term
what would happen if there was a lesion in the secondary somatosensory cortex
Definition
loss of discrimitive sensation
could take over for a lesion in S1
Term
what nuclei does the trigeminal laminiscus go to
Definition
VPM
Term
what foramina do the trigeminal branches go through (include cavernous sinus)
Definition
V1: cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure
V2: cavernous sinus, foramen rotundum
V3: foramen ovale
Term
explain the corneal reflex
Definition
afferent limb is trigeminal V1 opthalamic
efferent limb is
Term
what does V3 provide motor innervation to
Definition
muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
muscles of the first pharyngeal arch
Term
explain the path of the trochlear fibers
Definition
trochlear nuclei, cross over in midbrain, encircle subarachnoid, superior orbital fissure, superior oblique
Term
where is the trochlear nucleus
Definition
level of inferior colliculus within the MLF and axons in the PAG
Term
dorello canal
Definition
bony enclosure around abducent nerve and inferior petrosal sinus that merges into cavernous sinus
Term
explain the path of the parasympathetic oculomotor fibers
Definition
cell bodies in ed west nuclei in pretectal area
synapse in ciliary ganglion
sphinctor muscle of itis and cilia for accomodation
Term
what brogams area is the primary visual cortex, where is it located
Definition
17
calacrine fissure occipital love
Term
mirosmatic
Definition
poorly developed sense of smell
Term
smell brain
Definition
thiencephalon
Term
how does the olfactory nerve provide visceral responses
Definition
shared entorhinal cortex with limbic system which is also connected to the hypothalamus which controls ANS
Term
where is the olfactory cortex derived from
Definition
olfactory placode of the ectoderm
Term
what are the parts of the primary olfactory cortex, what brogmans areas
Definition
pyriform cortex (entroymal / anterior parahyppocampal 28, limen insulae 34)
amygdaloid body
Term
what are the olfactary areas of the brain, what do they do
Definition
primary olfactory cortex: concious awareness of olfactory stimuli
olfactory association cortex: behavorial reaction to odor, feelings involved
Term
where are taste buds derived from, when
Definition
endoderm in week 8, functional at 5 mo
Term
what type of receptors do fast neurotransmitters combine with
Definition
inotrophic that control membrane ion channels
Term
what type of receptors do slow neurotransmitters combine with
Definition
metabotrophic associated with G proteins
Term
what does GABA do at the receptor
Definition
inotrophic opens Cl channels
metabotrophic opens K channels
Term
glycine
Definition
inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem
Term
where is dopamine used
Definition
hypothalamus, substantia niagral, ventral trigaminal area
modulator in corpus stratum, limbic system, prefrontal cortex
Term
where is norepinepherine used
Definition
sympathetic ganglia
Term
where is histamine used
Definition
tuberomammilary nucleus of hypothalamis, brain areas that maintiain conciousness
Term
where is seritonin used
Definition
neuromodulation in brainstem and axons traveling to CNS
Term
sensitization
Definition
after injury receptors become more sensitive to noxious stimuli due to chemicals released by damaged skin
Term
where are inhibitor pain interneuros located
Definition
substantia gelatinosa and spinal trigeminal nucleus
Term
superior medullary vellum
Definition
white matter continous with the cerebellum
Term
what are the openings from the ventricles to subarachnoid
Definition
lateral aperature, inferior medial opening (median aperature, foramen of magendle), foramen of lushka (lateral aperature)
Term
what cistern recieves CSF from the median aperature
Definition
posterior cerebellomedullary (cistern magna) between posterior medulla and inferior cerebellum
Term
what cistern receives CSF from the lateral aperature
Definition
lateral cerebellomedullary over CN IX, X, XII, XI
Term
what is the simple cuboidal tissue and core of the choroid plexus derived from
Definition
simple cuboidal: ependyma
core: pia mater
Term
what ions is CSF high and low in
Definition
high: Cl, Na, Mg
low: K Ca, glucose, protein
Term
what does SVE supply
Definition
skeletal muscle from the cachial arch mesoderm
Term
what does GSE supply
Definition
skeletal muscle from somites
Term
what does SVA sense
Definition
smell and taste
Term
what does GSA sense
Definition
skin, skeletal muscle, bone, joints
Term
what does SSA sense
Definition
sight, hearing balance
Term
what deos GVA sense
Definition
visceral organs
Term
describe the sensory innervation to the mouth and throat
Definition
vagus GVA: low pharynx, larynxx, esophagus, trachea
glossopharyngeal GVA: posterior tounge, soft palate
Term
describe the sensory innervation to the internal ear and eustachian tube
Definition
glossopharyngeal GVA: tympanic cavity (middle ear), auditory tube
glossopharyngeal GSA: external auditoruu meatus
vagus GSA: tympanic membrane and external auditory meatus
Term
explain the gag reflex
Definition
afferent limb via glossopharyngeal
efferent limb via vagus
Term
explain the blink reflex
Definition
corneal or conjunctive irritation stimulates afferent limb via trigeminal nerve to sensory trigeminal nucleus
efferent limb via facial nerve
Term
explain the path of parasympathetic glossopharyngela fibers
Definition
inferior salvitory nucleus
glossopharyngeal root
tympanic nerve
lesser petrosal nerve
otic ganglion
auriculotemporal (V3)
parotid gland
Term
what nucleus does the vestibular nerve go to in the thalamus, where does this project to in the brain
what are the functions of these areas
Definition
venterior posterior nucleus (concious orientation in space)
area C3 (sense head position)
retroinsular cortex and posterior parietal cortex (concious awarenss of surroundings)
Term
what peripherial ganglion are the cell bodies of the vestibular nerve
Definition
vestibular / scarpa
Term
after vibrating the ossicles, what areas are affected in the ear
Definition
pressure changes the scala vestibuli, media, and tympani of the cochlea moving the basial membrane and the tectorial membrane
Term
what peripherial ganglion are the cell bodies of the chchlear nerve
Definition
spinal / cochlear ganglion
Term
explain the projections from the solitary nucleus
Definition
some fibers go to forebrain, hypothalamus, amygdla for endocrine
taste fibers go to the VPM then on the thalamocortical tract to the primary gustatory cortex (43)
sensor go to the parabrachial nuclei, VPN, lateral post central gyrus
Term
how does kainate and conatokins work
Definition
block glutamate receptors
Term
what does SNARE do
Definition
allow vesicle connection to membrane, docking
Term
what does pilocarpine do
Definition
activate muscarinic ach receptors
Term
what does muscarine do
Definition
activate ach receptors on visceral tissue innervated by parasympathetic ns
Term
what does eserine do
Definition
block anticholinesterase, makes sure ach synapses
Term
what does physostigmine do
Definition
treat glaucoma, lower pressure in eye
Term
where is acetycholinesteranse inhibitor found
Definition
nerve gas, pesticides
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