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Neuro Block 3 sem 2
thal hypothal basal gang
129
Anatomy
Professional
11/17/2007

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Cards

Term
Function prefrontal cortex?
Definition
Affect/foresight
Term
function reticular nucleus
Definition
receive calloaterals and inhibit thalamic neurons by GABA
Term
Blood supply of thalamus
Definition
post cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery
Term
effects of thalamic blood supply involvement
Definition
exaggerated pain; hemianesthesia opp side; sensory ataxia opp side; some contralateral paralysis from int capsule proximity
Term
Function Hypothalamus
Definition

HEAL

Homeostasis

endocrine

autonomic

limbic lobe

Term
zones hypothalamus
Definition
periventricular; medial ; lateral- each contains all 4 regions
Term
Floor of hypothalamus
Definition

ant to post

optic chiasma

tuber cinareum

mamillary bodies

posterior perforated substance

Term
function preoptic nucleus
Definition
GABA- induce sleep by inhibiting histaminergic neurons in tuberomamillary region
Term
function supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei
Definition
produce ADH and oxytocin for secretion to posterior pituitary
Term
function ventromedial thalamic nuclei
Definition
satiety center
Term
function mamillary thalamic nuclei
Definition
memory and center for inc body temp by inducing shiver/teeth clatter
Term
function thalamic lateral nucleus
Definition
feeding nucleus
Term
lesion anterior thalamus
Definition
hyperthermia or fever
Term
Posterior thalamus bilateral lesion
Definition
poikilothermia
Term
orexin function
Definition
stimulate secretion of histamine and keep awake
Term
dysfunction in orexin system
Definition
result in narcolepsy
Term
dopamine effect on direct/indirect path of basal ganglia
Definition

excite direct path

inhibit indirect path

Term

ACh effect on intrinsic basal ganglia connection

Definition
excite indirect pathway- result in inhibition of cortex
Term
what is parkinsons disease
Definition
dopaminergic neurons of pars compacta degenerate- result in net inhibition of thalamus
Term
treatment of parkinsons disease
Definition
antiACh to dec inhibition of thalamus- or enhance dopamine transmission
Term
hemiballismus
Definition
subthalmic nucleus lesion- dec excitation of globus pallidus- result in less inhibition of thalamus
Term
what is huntington's disease
Definition
striatal neurons degenerate - remove inhibition of thalamus
Term
what is lead pipe rigidity
Definition
basal ganglia disorder- resistive tone more continuous through attempts to bend the limb
Term
dystonia
Definition
abnormal distorted positions of limb/trunk/face as result of basal ganglia damage
Term
what is wilson's disease
Definition
autosomal recessive disease of biliary copper excretion- progressive degeneration liver/basal ganglia- brownish outer corneal deposits of copper (kayer fleisher rings)
Term
what is sydenham's chorea
Definition
nontreatment of streptococcal infections- cross rxn of antistreptococcal antibodies with striatal neurons
Term
what are tics
Definition
brief action preceded by urge to perform- followed by sense of relief
Term
what is tourettes
Definition
tic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance
Term
involvement post limb int capsule result in?
Definition
contralateral hemiplegia
Term
rentrolentiform internal capsule fibers
Definition

afferent (visual to cortex)

efferent (occipitopontine)

Term
Charcots artery of cerebral hemorrhage
Definition
artery of lateral striate branches of middle cerebral artery- prone for hemorrhage in hypertensives- if involve post limb results in contralateral hemiplegia
Term
function of limbic lobe
Definition

HOME

homeostasis

olfactory

memory

emotion

Term
what is the perforant pathway
Definition

limbic lobe- memory

entorhinal cortex-dentate gyrus-CA3-fornix/schaffer collateral-CA1-pyramidal cell-fornix/subiculum-entorhinal cortex

Term
What is alveolar pathway
Definition

memory- limbic lobe

entorhinal cortex- subiculum-CA1-CA3-CA1-subiculum-entorhinal cortex

Term
memory connection
Definition
hippocampus-fornix-lateral septal nuclei-medial septal nuclei-fornix-hippocampal formation
Term
what is PAPEZ circuit
Definition
subiculum-fornix-mamillary nuclei of mam body-ant thalamic nucleus-cingulate gyrus-cingulum-parahippocampal gyrus-entorhinal cortex-hippocampus
Term
Long term potentiation
Definition
AMPA bind glutamate- pop MG out NMDA- allow ca enter- memory occurs- more Ca enter allow memory written to genes
Term
amnesia?
Definition
loss declarative memory- anterograde or retrograde
Term
important nucleus for habit and nondeclarative type learning
Definition
caudate nucleus
Term
lesion to artery of percheron
Definition
bilateral medial thalamic structures- loss memory
Term
wernicke korsakoff syndrome
Definition
thiamine deficiency (alcoholics) - bilateral necrosis of mam bodies- anterograde/retrograde amnesia
Term
kluver-bucy syndrome
Definition

bilateral loss amygdala- behavior placid/tame/nonagressive- loss memory/docility

LICK SEX

Term
Amygdala connections
Definition

~amygdala- stria terminalis- septal nuclei

~corticomedial nucleus of thalamus (olfaction) - stria terminalis-ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

Term
what does the anterior commissure connect
Definition
bilateral amygdala and anterior temporal lobes
Term
connections limbic lobe
Definition

*paraterminal gyrus- subcallosal gyrus-cingulate gyrus-parahippocampal gyrus-uncus

*dentate gyrus- medial/lat longitudinal striae- paraterminal gyrus

*hippocampus- fornix-lateral septal nuclei- medial septal nuclei-fornix - hippocampus

*amygdala-stria terminalis-lateral septal nuclei-stria medullaris- habenular nucleus- habenulopeduncular tract-interpeduncular nucleus-raphe/dopaminergic nuclei

Term
broadman # primary motor cortex
Definition
4
Term
premotor and supplementary motor area #
Definition
6- PMA lateral-proximal motor unit; SMA medial- distal motor unit
Term
primary sensory cortex broadmann #
Definition

3a 3 b 1 2

postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

Term
areas of primary sensory cortex
Definition

3b- primary

3a- proprioception

1-texture

2 size shape

Term
what are general sensations
Definition
pain temp pressure touch
Term
function of inferior parietal lobule
Definition

higher sensory association (multimodal) supramarginal gyrus: around lateral sulcus 40

angular gyrus: end of sup temporal sulcus 39

Term
heteromodal of inferior parietal lobule
Definition
vision auditory sensory
Term
syndromes of superior temporal gyrus
Definition
acoustic agnosia - cant identify sound (cant differentiate between barking dog and ringing of a bell)
Term
primary visual area
Definition
17- either side of calcarine sulcus
Term
visual association area
Definition

18, 19

secondary visual area outside primary visual- unimodal

Term
function frontal eye field
Definition

fast movement of eyes to opposite side- located in posterior part of middle frontal gyrus

#8

Term
horizontal conjugation
Definition
frontal eye field- opp PPRF- same abducent as PPRF- same lat rect and opp med rect of PPRF
Term
frontal eye field injury- are eyes paralyzed
Definition

NO- oculomotor trochlear and abducent nuclei still intact- respond to normal visual activity

*just loss of horizontal conjugation to side opposite the lesion of FEF

Term
What is right way eyes
Definition
frontal motor cortex lesion with opposite body paralysis (corticospinal tract) and deviation eyes to same side lesion
Term
what are wrong way eyes
Definition

lesion in pons near PPRF- eyes turn AWAY from lesion and opp body paralysis

"look at the paralysis"

Term
aphasia
Definition
defect in language processing from dysfunction dominant cerebral hemisphere; in wernicke broca or arcuate fasciculus
Term
Wernicke Aphasia
Definition
sensory/fluent/posterior aphasia involves loss of comprehension and impaired repetition
Term
Brocas lesion
Definition

non-fluent/motor expressive/anterior aphasia

impaired fluency/impaired repetition/normal comprehension

Term
arcuate fasciculus lesion
Definition

conduction aphasia

impaired repetition

Term
Global Aphasia
Definition

impaired fluency/comprehension/repetition

due to left middle cerebral artery infarct (sup/inf branches)

Term
conduction aphasia
Definition
impaired repetition; loss blood (middle cerebral artery in lateral sulcus) to arcuate fasciculus- just impaired repetition
Term
what is transcortical aphasia?
Definition

resemble broca/wernicke/global aphasia EXCEPT repetition is spared- due to watershed infarct

motor or sensory

Term
transcortical motor aphasia
Definition

watershed infarct (ant/middle cerebral arteries)

 

Term
transcortical senosry aphasia
Definition

watershed infarct (middle/post cerebral arteries) - wernickes area- loss comprehension

Term

what is anomia?

Definition

naming difficulties (normal comp/repetition/fluency)

*cortical/subcortical lesion dominant hemisphere/recovery from severe forms of aphasia

Term
Alexia without agraphia
Definition
lesion in dominant occipital cortex extends to posterior corpus callosum due to posterior cerebral artery infarct- right hemianopia- disconnection syndrome
Term
what is gerstmann's syndrome
Definition

dominant inferior parietal lobule in region of angular gyrus

whow agraphia/acalculia/right and left disorientation/finger agnosia

Term
what is apraxia
Definition
loss ability of movements despite desire/physical ability to do said movement- a disconnection syndrome
Term
what is ideomotor/ideational apraxia
Definition
disturbance of voluntary movement- misuse objects due to difficulty identifying concept or purpose of object- motor movement not lost- just READY SET GO lesion
Term
what is corpus callosotomy
Definition
sever corpus callosum in epilepsy- prevent seizure from spreading to opposite hemisphere- cessation of epilepsy- result in disconnection syndrome
Term
deficits of disconnection syndrome
Definition

left hand apraxia

alexia without agraphia

agraphia left hand

inability to name objects in left hand with eye close

inability to read left hemifield

 

Term
what is hemineglect syndrome
Definition
neglect contralateral half of external world and contralateral half of the body; due to infarct/lesion of right parietal/frontal lobe- anasognosia
Term
syndromes of inferior occipitotemporal cortex
Definition

prosapognosia (inability to identify faces)

achromatopsia (loss color sensation/everything appears gray to them)

Term
What are the syndromes of dorsolateral parietooccipital cortex
Definition

"where"stream of visual input involvement- deficit in visual processing- unable to perceive visual scene as whole

 

Term
What is Balints syndrome?
Definition

Dorsolateral parietooccipital cortex path/parietal lobe involvement

~optic ataxia ( inability to move hand to object using vision)

~ocular apraxia (inability to voluntarily control gaze)

~simultagnosia (inability to recognize more than one object shown at same time

 

Term
syndromes of inferior occipitotemporal cortex
Definition

prosapognosia (inability to identify the faces)

achromatopsia (loss color sensation/everything appears gray to them)

Term
what are the syndromes of middle temporal gyrus
Definition
movement agnosia (pt cant differentiate between moving/stationary object)
Term
What role does ACh play in synchronosity of brain
Definition
ACH level reduces and desensitizes thalamic neurons; reticular nuclei inhibits thalamic neurons- produce high amplitude low frequency waves during sleep
Term
What is non-REM sleep?
Definition

Anterior hypothalamus promotes it!

ventrolateral preoptic area has GABAergic neurons that inhibit histaminergic neurons of tuberomamillary nucleus in posterior hypothalamus- inhibits histamine distribution- reduce Ach- reduce arousal

Term
what is REM sleep
Definition

Paradoxical- after stage 4- deep but EEG resembles awake- GABA ergic neurons- inhibit norepenephrine release from locus ceruleus- inhibits 5HT

~brief phasic activities like rapid eye movements- mediated by REM-waking on cells

Term
When do sleep behavioral disorders result?
Definition
When REM-on cells mediated by glycine pathway are defective- result in complex activities during dreaming
Term
what is narcolepsy?
Definition

Sleep disorder- go straight to REM during waking state due to deficit in NT hypocretin

*sleep latency less than 15 minutes

*REM latency less than 20 minutes

Term
What are the clinical symptoms of Narcolepsy?
Definition
Excessive daytime sleepiness; cataplexy; sleep paralysis; dream like hallucinations while awake
Term
what is sleep apnea?
Definition

stopping of breathing during sleep- snoring- incomplete night sleep- can be life threatening

Term
what is restless leg syndrome?
Definition
uncomfortable when trying to sleep- cant sleep
Term
what is glaucoma?
Definition

blockage of aqueous humor circulation/reabsorption

open angle

closed angle

Term
Open angle glaucoma and how to treat?
Definition

reduced permeability through trabeculae into canal of schlemn

*treat with cholinomimetic drug- pilocarpine or diuretics

Term
what is closed angle glaucoma
Definition
angle of anterior chamber narrowed by forward movement of iris- thus obstructing removal of aqueous humor
Term
what is hyperopia?
Definition
farsightedness- eye focus distant objects obly; give convex lens
Term
what is myopia?
Definition
nearsightedness- lens and cornea give too much refraction to focus objects; give concave lens
Term
what is presbyopia?
Definition
hardening of lens with new lens cells through life- give bifocal lens to treat
Term
what is astigmatism
Definition
refractory error in vertical/horizontal planes- contact lens can treat
Term
what is keratotomy
Definition
correct myopia by incisions in periphery of cornea- to flatten the cornea
Term
what is strabismic amblyopia?
Definition

visual axes of 2 eyes not parallel- strabismus

loss vision in nondominant eye (suppress its foveal vision to avoid double vision)- amblyopia

Term
what is argyll robertson pupil
Definition

ARP- accomodation reflex persists

pupikllary light reflex lost in syphilitic pt with CNS complication- selective loss pretectal area

Term
what is adie's pupil
Definition

pathology in ciliary ganglion- aniscoria

sluggish response of pupil for light (may be associated with achilles reflex loss)

Term
What is Marcs Gunn pupil
Definition
one eye has optic nerve lesion- light shone in normal eye- constriction both pupils- but when light moves back/forth- less signal to lesion side edinger westphal nucleus SHUTS off PS response to light- paradoxical dilatation of both pupils
Term
what is Nyctalopia
Definition

night blindness- vitamin A deficiency to dec level of pigment-

*daylight still activates remaining pigment- cant in night

~treat with oral supplement Vitamin A

Term
what is retinal detachment
Definition
loss aposition between sensory retina/RPD- fluid from vitreous space flows through tears and detaches retina more- abnormal perception shadows and flashes of light
Term
what is retinitis pigmentosa
Definition

progressive degeneration of photoreceptors- first sign loss peripheral vision and night vision- then total blindness- no cure but Vit A will slow degeneration

*tunnel vision retained

Term
damage optic nerve
Definition
complete blindness that day
Term
damage central part of optic chiasma
Definition
nonhomonymous bitemporal hemianopia
Term
optic tract damage
Definition
contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Term
damage temporal lobe and meyers loop
Definition
contralateral superior homonymous quadrantonopia (pie in sky disorder)
Term

pituitary adenoma

Definition
nonhomonymous bitemporal hemianopia
Term
damage parietal lobe (superior optic radiation)
Definition
contralateral inferior homonymous hemianopia (pie in floor disorder)
Term
damage entire optic radiation
Definition
contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Term
lesion inferior bank calcarine sulcuc
Definition
pie in sky- contralateral superior homonymous quadrantonopia
Term
lesion superior bank calcarine sulcus
Definition
pie in floor- contralateral inferior homonymous quadrantonopia
Term
visual cortex lesion
Definition
contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
Term
what is attenuation reflex
Definition
onset loud sound trigger neural response causes 2 middle ear muscles to contract
Term
what is the helicotrema
Definition
hole in top of continuity of scala tympani to scala vestibuli
Term
what is endocochlear potential
Definition
potential between endolymph-scala media (more positive-like CSF conc) and perilymph -scala vestibuli/tympani(less positive-ICF conc)
Term
what is the only reason for unilateral deafness
Definition
cochlear nucleus or auditory nerve of one side involvment
Term
what are the types of deafness
Definition

conductive (conduction thru middle ear)

sensorinueral (path in hair cell/auditory pathway)

Term
what is tinnitus
Definition

ringing noise in ears - due to abnormal position of hair cells- allow K to leak leading to buzzing noise

*drugs like salicylates induce tinnitus if toxic doses

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