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Neural Tissue
Neural Tissue
42
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/19/2012

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Term
What is the smallest organ system in terms of weight, yet most complex?
Definition
nervous system
Term
Describe the divisions of the Centeral Nervous system and function
Definition
Brain
Spinal COrd
Responsible for integrating, processing and cordinating sensory input and motor output
Higher functions, intelligence, memory, learning and emotion
Term
Describe peripheral nervous system function
Definition
includes all neural tissue outside of the CNS; provides sensory information to the CNS ; carries motor commands from the CNS to the peripheral tissue and systems.
Term
What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?
Definition
Afferent Division

Efferent Division
Term
Describe the Peripheral nervous system -afferent division
Definition
Begins at receptors that monitor specific characteristics of the enviroment
-Brings sensory information to the CNS
-Receptor may be a dentrite, a specialized cell or cluster of cells, or a complex sense organ
Term
Describe the PNS Receptors (3)?
Definition
1.special- provides sensations of smell, vision, balance, hearing, etc..
2.Somatic- monitor the outside world and our position in it-Skin, sketetal muscles and joints
Visceral-monitors internal conditions and organ system Organs of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems
Term
List examples of somatic and visceral receptors
Definition
Noriceptors
thermoreceptors
mechanorecptors
Chemorecptors
Term
Describe nociceptors?
Definition
Responds to potientally damaging stimuli, pain receptors (thermal, mechanical, chemical)
Term
Describe thermoreceptors?
Definition
Changes in temperature
Term
Describe Mechanoreceptors
Definition
responds to mechanical pressure or distortion (skin)
Term
Describe Chemorecptors
Definition
detects chemical stimuli in the enviroment
Term
PNS-Efferent Division-Begins? Carries command to? Consists of what two systems?
Definition
Begins at the CNS and ends at the effector (muscle cell, gland, or other cells that are specialized to perform a specific function.
carries motor commands to muscles and glands>
Consists of 2 systems
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system.
Term
Describe the somatic nervous system?
Definition
Controls skeletal muscle
voluntary or involuntary
Example: place your hand on a hot stove, remove your hand, before you notice the pain (reflexes)
Term
Describe components of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
Autonomic nervous system (regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)
usually involuntary
further divided into 2 divisions
+Parasympathetic nervous system- rest and digest
+ Sympathetic nervous system-fight or flight
Term
dESCRIBE THE DENDRITE FUNCTION
Definition
stimulated by enviroment changes or the activites of other cells
Term
Describe the cell body?
Definition
Contains the nucleus, mitochondria, ribsomes and other organelles and inclusions
Term
Describe the axon?
Definition
conducts nerve impulses (action potiental) toward synaptic terminals
Term
Describe terminate
Definition
affect another neuron or effector organ (muscle or gland)
Term
Describe 3 types of synapses
Definition
Neuron-neuron juction
neuromuscular junction
neuroglandular juction
Term
Describe Synaptic transmission chemical
Definition
action potiental arrives at the terminal bouton and triggers bouton and triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic membrane
The NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft
The NT binds to receptor on the postsynaptic membrane
Binding intiates a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic cell membrane so that the cell is either more excitied (promotes the generation of action potiental) or inhibited (reduces the generation of action potientals
Term
describe the function and classification of neurons
Definition
approximately 10 million sensory neurons in the body. most are pseudounipolar neurons with their cell bodies located outside the CNS
- Have a continous dendritic and axonal process, cell body lies to one side.
Function delivers information to the CNS (form the afferent division of the PNS)
Term
Describe the 3types of receptors of sensory neurons
Definition
1.Exteroceptors-provide information about the external enviroment (touch temperature, pressure light smell)
2. Proprioceptors- Monitor the position and movement of sketetal muscles and joints
3. Interreceptors- monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary and reporductive system
Term
Information from exteroceptors and prorioceptors are carried by ?
Definition
somatic sensory neurons
Term
Information from interoceptors is carried by ?
Definition
Visceral sensory neurons
Term
Describe Divergence Neural organization and processing
Definition
spread of information from one neuron to several neurons
Permits broad distribution of information (Like a pyramid)
Term
Describe Interneurons
Definition
Found between sensory and motor neurons
Located entirely within the brain and spinal cord
Term
Describe Convergence neural organization and processing
Definition
Information from several neurons synapse on the same neuron
Allows variable control over single neurons
Example -movement of the diaphram
Term
Describe Serial Processing organization
Definition
Information is relayed in a stepwise sequence
aoften with sensory information
Ex-when sensory information is relayed from one processing center to another in the brain. Like running a relay or race-one step and then another
Term
Describe parallel processing
Definition
Several neurons are processing the same information at the same time
allows for different responses to occur simulaneously Example stepping on sharp object.
You should withdraw your foot, shift your weight, move your arms, feel pain and shout at the dame time.
Term
reverbation neural processing
Definition
positive feedback
continues to function until inhibition or synaptic fatigue break the cycle.
Term
Location of schwan cells?
Definition
Form the covering around the peripheral axons
Term
Satelite cells? Location and function
Definition
Location: Located in the ganglia
(cluster of cell bodies)
Function: Regulate exchange ofnutrients and waste between cell bodies and extracellular fluid
Term
Epenendymal cells are located?
Definition
They Line the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord where they secrete and monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Term
What are the function of the Microglia cells
Definition
Phagocytize waste products, cellular debris, and pathogens.
Term
Function of oligodendrocytes
Definition
Tie clusters of axons together
wrap axons in myelin
phosphlopid that insulate axons and increases the speed that nerve impulses are conducted (white matter)
Term
Describe function of astrocytes?
Definition
Largest and most numerous
maintain the blood brain barrier
selective pereable to different ions, hormones, chemicals, drugs, etc..
designed to protectthe CNS
Repairs damaged neural tissue
guides neuron development
controls intersticial fluid make up by absorbing and recylingneurotransmitters
Term
Describe anatomical organization of PNS gray matter
Definition
ganglion collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Term
Describe the white matter in PNS
Definition
Nerves-bundles of axons in PNS
Term
Describe Gray matter anatomical organization CNS
Definition
Gray matter on surface of brain-
nuclei collection of neuron cell bodies in the interior of CNS
Term
Describe white matter anatomical organization of CNS
Definition
Tracts bundles of CNS, axons that share a common organization and destination
Term
describe motor neurons and functions
Definition
Multipolar neurons
form the efferent division of the PNS
Approximately half a million in body
Function- stimulates or modifies the activity of a perpherial tissue, organ or organ system
Term
Describe two types of motor neurons
Definition
1. somatic motor neurons-innervate sketal muscle
2. Visceral motor neurons-found in autonomicnervous system- innervate peripheral effectors other than sketal muscles
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