A ____ switch forwards a data packet as soon as it receives it; no error checking or processing of the packet is performed.

A _____switch scans the first 64 bytes of each packet for evidence of damage by a collision. If no damage is found, it forwards the packet; otherwise, it discards it. Thus a it reduces network congestion by discarding fragments.

A ____ switch calculates the CRC value for the packet's data and compares it to the value included in the packet. If they match, the packet is forwarded. Otherwise, it is discarded. This is the slowest type of switch.

A ____ performs both routing and switching. It is also called a Layer 2 router, Layer 3 switch, IP switch, routing switch, switching router, and wirespeed router.

A ___ switch is used for load balancing among server groups and firewalls, and web cache and application redirection. They primarily work on Layers 4 and 7 of the OSI model. They make intelligent decisions about data by analyzing data packets in real time, and understanding the criticality and type of the request.

In ____ switching, one end point creates a single path connection to another.

In ____ switching networks, data to be transmitted is broken into small units known as packets that move in sequence through the network. Each packet takes the best route available at any given time rather than following an established circuit path. Each data packet contains all of the routing and sequencing information required to transmit it from one endpoint to another, after which the data is reassembled.

____ switching is a switching technique to transfer packets on logical circuits that do not have physical resources, such as frequencies or time slots allocated. These logical paths are assigned to identities rather than physical locations and can be either permanent or switched.

____ are usually associated with leased lines. They connect two endpoints and are always on, which is why they are referred to as permanent.

____ are associated with dial-up connections. Provide more flexibility and allow a single connection to an endpoint to be connected to multiple endpoints as needed. When a network device attempts to connect to a WAN, an SVC is requested and the carrier establishes the connection.

_____ networks are very similar to packet switching networks except that data is transmitted as fixed-length cells instead of variable-length packets.

____ is the process of selecting the best route for transferring a packet from a source to its destination on a network.

A _____ is the path used by data packets to reach the specified destination using the gateway as the next hop.

____ uses table mappings that the network administrator established manually in the router prior ro routing. Mappings do not change unless the network administrator altes them. prior to routing.

____ are routers that collect data from multiple access routers and redistribute them to an enterprise location such as a company's headquarters.

_____ are located at the center of network backbones. They are used to connect multiple distribution routers located in different buildings to the backbone.

A _____ is a database created manually or by a route-discovery protocol that contains network addresses as perceived by a specific router. Routers refer to this table to determine where to forward packets.

The action of forwarding a packet from one router to the next is called a ____.

The number of hops along a route between two networks constitutes that route’s _____.

The command _____ displays the routing table entries on Windows base systems.

An ____ or a routing domain is a self-contained network or group of networks governed by a single administration.

Depending on whether routing takes place within an autonomous system or among different autonomous systems, it is referred to as _____ or inter-domain routing.

Within a ____ autonomous system the source or destination node does not reside within an autonomous system. The autonomous system allows the traffic to reach another network.

Within a ____ autonomous system either the source node or destination node must exist within an autonomous sytem. This system does not allow transit traffic.

____ routers are arranged inside an AS and the AS administrator controls them. All interfaces on the router connect to subnets inside the AS. They do not provide connections to external networks.

____ routers are entirely outside of an AS. These routers only matter to the AS if they handle data from the AS. An example would be routers that operate on the Internet backbone.

____ routers are situated on the edge of an AS. They have one or more interfaces inside the AS and one or more interfaces that provide a connection to remote networks. Border routers are usually managed by the administrator of an AS and can be placed between two private networks or between a private network and its ISP to direct requests to the Internet.

Routers that support ____ perform route discovery operations to build and update routing tables themselves using specially designed software. Routers transmit data to adjacent routers providing information about the networks they are currently connected to and networks they can reach.

In ____ routing, each router passes a copy of its routing table to its neighbors. It also maintains a table of minimum distances to every node. The neighbor adds the route to its own table, incrementing the metric to reflect the extra distance to the end network.

With ____ routing, it floods routing information to all routers within a network. It attempts to build and maintain a more complex route database with more information about the network. Routers can exchange information about a route, such as its quality, bandwidth, and availability.

In ____ routing, it uses both distance-vector and link state routing methods. Various factors such as the link cost and network bandwidth are considered before deciding upon the best route.

With _____ routing, it is used in inter-domain routing, and a router keeps track of the route from itself to the destination. However, rather than recording every individual node, it can treat entire autonomous systems as nodes.

_____ is the period of time between a network change and the router updates to reach a steady state once again.

A ____ is a routing process in which two routers discover different routes to the same location that include each other, but have incorrect information and thereby never reach the endpoint. The data caught circles around until its TTL expires.

A ____ can occur when a router or network goes down and one of the other routers does not realize that it can no longer reach the route. This loop results in the remaining routers broadcasting incorrect information and updating each other's routing tables to create an endless cycle of hop count recalculation.

The ____, where a router does not include any routes to the router from which it discovered its own location in its broadcasts.

With ____ , it broadcast routes back to the router from which they calculated their location, but instead of giving a true hop count, to discourage use of the route, the router broadcasts a hop count of 16, as a warning not to use the value specified.

____ is a distance-vector routing protocol. Easy to configure, works well inside simple autonomous systems. It is best deployed in small networks with a fewer numbers of routers and in a non-dynamic environment.

_____ enhances RIP by supporting Next Hop Addressing, authentication, VLSM, multicast addressing.

____ is a path-vector routing protocol used to establish routing between ISPs. It is the routing protocol used to connect Internet backbones.

____ is a distance-vector routing protocol developed by Cisco® as an improvement over RIP and RIP v2. It was designed to be deployed on interior routers within an AS.

____ is a proprietary routing protocol by Cisco and considered a hybrid protocol. It includes features that support VLSM and classful and classless subnet masks. It can build routing tables for several different protocols; even protocols that have not been fully deployed yet, such IPv6.

On IP internetworks, link-state routing is usually accomplished by the ____. Each router uses the information in its database to build the shortest possible path to destinations on the internetwork.

The ____ is a Layer 2 protocol that is used for routing and prevents network loops by adopting a dynamic routing method. It helps switches achieve a loop-free path by determining the ports that should be forwarding data and the ports that should be blocked to create a single loop-free path.

____ allows a number of computers to be grouped together to use a single virtual network interface between them.

A _____ is a LAN in which the network components can be connected even when they are not on the same LAN segment. It is a logical network without the physical characteristics of a LAN.

The ____ is a messaging protocol used on VLAN. Its main function of VTP is to advertise the switching information and configuration changes on a VLAN through all the switches on a network.

In VTP _____ mode, a switch can modify VLANs. This information is then transmitted to all the other switches that are configured to the same group using VTP.

In VTP ____ mode, a switch cannot modify VLANs but will receive configuration information from other switches.

In VTP ____ mode, a switch receives configuration messages from other switches but does not process them. Configuration changes to the VLAN are not transmitted to other switches in the group.