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Nervous Tissue
Chapter 12
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/12/2011

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Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood
Term
Nervous System
Definition
employs electrical and chemical means to send messages very quickly from cell to cell
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
Composed of nerves and ganglia
Term
Nerve
Definition
A bundle of nerve fibers(axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue that carry signals to and from other organs of the body.
Term
Ganglion
Definition
A knotlike swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated.
Term
Sensory (Afferent) Division
Definition
Carries signals from various receptors to the CNS.
Term
Somatic Sensory Division
Definition
Carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints.
Term
Visceral Sensory Division
Definition
Carries signals mainly from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, such as the heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder.
Term
Motor (Efferent) Division
Definition
Carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out the body's responses
Term
Effectors
Definition
Cells and organs that respond to commands from the nervous system
Term
Receptors
Definition
Sense organs and simple sensory nerve endings
Term
Somatic Motor Division
Definition
Carries signals to the skeletal muscles. Produces voluntary and involuntary contractions called somatic reflexes.
Term
Visceral Motor Division (Autonomic Nervous System, ANS)
Definition
Carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Operates at an unconscious level.
Term
Sympathetic Division
Definition
Tends to arouse the body for action.
Term
Parasympathetic Division
Definition
Tends to have a calming effect
Term
Nerve Cells or Neurons
Definition
These cells have three properties that enable them to communicate with other cells: Excitability, Conductivity, and Secretion
Term
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Definition
Specialized to detect stimuli and transmit information about them to the CNS.
Term
Interneurons (Association Neurons)
Definition
Lie entirely within the CNS. Receive signals from other neurons and carry out the integrative function-process, store, and retrieve information; "Make decisions"
Term
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Definition
Send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells, the effectors.
Term
Soma, Neurosoma, Cell Body, or Perikaryon
Definition
The control center of the neuron. Centrally located nucleus with a large nucleolus.
Term
Neurofibrils
Definition
Dense mesh of microtubules in the cytoskeleton which compartmentalize the rough ER into Nissl bodies.
Term
Nissl bodies
Definition
Dark staining regions that are unique to neurons.
Term
Lipofuscin
Definition
Golden brown pigment produced when lysosomes degrade worn-out organells and other products.
Term
Dendrites
Definition
The primary site for receiving signals from other neurons. The more dendrites a neuron has, the more information it can receive and incorporate.
Term
Axon Hillock
Definition
Where the axon (nerve fiber) originates
Term
Axon Collaterals
Definition
Branches of the axon
Term
Axoplasm and Axolemma
Definition
The axon cytoplasm and membrane
Term
Terminal arborization
Definition
An extensive complex of fine branches at the distal end of an axon.
Term
Synaptic Knob (Terminal Button)
Definition
A little swelling that forms a junction with the next cell.
Term
Synaptic Vesicles
Definition
Vesicle in the synaptic knob which is full of neurotransmitters
Term
Varicosities
Definition
In autonomic neurons; Contains synaptic vesicles and secretes neurotransmitter.
Term
Multipolar Neurons
Definition
Have one axon and multiple dendrites. Most common type and includes most neurons of the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Bipolar Neurons
Definition
Have one axon and one dendrite.
Term
Unipolar Neurons
Definition
Have only a single process leading away from the soma.
Term
Anaxonic Neurons
Definition
Have multiple dendrites but no axon. They communicate through their dendrites and do not produce action potentials.
Term
Axonal Transport
Definition
The two-way passage of proteins, organelles, and other materials along an axon.
Term
Anterograde Transport
Definition
Movement away from the soma and down the axon.
Term
Retrograde Transport
Definition
Movement up the axon toward the soma.
Term
Fast Axonal Transport
Definition
Occurs at a rate of 20 to 400 mm/day and may be either anterograde or retrograde.
Term
Slow Axonal Transport
Definition
An anterograde process that works in a stop-and-go fashion.
Term
Neuroglia or Glial cells
Definition
Bind neurons together and provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue.
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
CNS; Have a bulbous body with many armlike processes. Form myelin in brain and spinal cord.
Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
CNS; Line cavities of brain and spinal cord; Secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
Term
Microglia
Definition
CNS; Phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
CNS; Cover brain surface and non synaptic regions of neurons; form supportive framework in CNS; induce formation of blood-brain barrier; nourish neurons; help regulate composition of ECF
Term
Schwann Cells or Neurilemmocytes
Definition
Form neurilemma around all PNS fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
Surround somas of neurons in the ganglia; provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment of neurons
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
An insulating layer around a nerve fiber. Formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS, and Schwann cells in the PNS. Composed mostly of lipids.
Term
Myelination
Definition
Production of myelin sheath. Begins in 14th week of fetal development.
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
Thich outermost coil of the Schwann cell which contains the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Term
Multiple Sclerosis
Definition
The oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of the CNS deteriorate and are replaced by hardened scar tissue.
Term
Tay-Sachs Disease
Definition
Hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants of Eastern European Jewish ancestry. Results from abnormal accumulation of a glycolipid called GM2 in the myelin sheath. They lack the enzyme to decompose the GM2.
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Gaps between segments of myelin sheath
Term
Internodes
Definition
The myelin-covered segments from one gap to the next
Term
Initial Segment
Definition
The short section of nerve fiber between the axon hillock and the first glial cell
Term
Trigger Zone
Definition
The axon hillock and initial segment
Term
Regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in CNS
Definition
Can occur is soma is intact and at least some of the neurilemma remains
Term
Regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in PNS
Definition
Cannot occur at all
Term
Electrophysiology
Definition
Cellular mechanisms for producing electrical potentials and currents
Term
Electrical potential
Definition
A difference in the concentration of charged particles between one point and another
Term
Electrical current
Definition
A flow of charged particles from one point to another
Term
Presynaptic Neuron
Definition
First neuron in the signal path that releases the neurotransmitter. May synapse to form axodentritic, axosomatic, or axoaxonic synapse.
Term
Postsynaptic Neuron
Definition
Second neuron in the signal path that respond to neurotransmitter. Have receptors and ligand-regulated ion gates.
Term
Electrical synapses
Definition
Where adjacent cells are joined by gap junctions and ions diffuse directly from one cell into the next
Term
Chemical synapses
Definition
Integrate information and make decisions, in which neurons communicate by neurotransmitters
Term
Synaptic knob
Definition
Located in the presynaptic neuron; Contains synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
Neurotransmitter that deals with muscle contraction
Term
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
Definition
Neurotransmitters include glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and GABA.
Term
Monoamines
Definition
Can be referred to as hormones of neurotransmitters; Epinephrine, Norepinephrine (fight and flight mechanisms), Dopamine
Term
Neuropeptides
Definition
Some function as hormones or neuromodulators, some also released from digestive tract.
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