Term
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Definition
| Communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| employs electrical and chemical means to send messages very quickly from cell to cell |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| Consists of the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| Composed of nerves and ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of nerve fibers(axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue that carry signals to and from other organs of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A knotlike swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated. |
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Term
| Sensory (Afferent) Division |
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Definition
| Carries signals from various receptors to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints. |
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Term
| Visceral Sensory Division |
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Definition
| Carries signals mainly from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, such as the heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder. |
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Term
| Motor (Efferent) Division |
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Definition
| Carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out the body's responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells and organs that respond to commands from the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense organs and simple sensory nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries signals to the skeletal muscles. Produces voluntary and involuntary contractions called somatic reflexes. |
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Term
| Visceral Motor Division (Autonomic Nervous System, ANS) |
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Definition
| Carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Operates at an unconscious level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tends to arouse the body for action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tends to have a calming effect |
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Term
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Definition
| These cells have three properties that enable them to communicate with other cells: Excitability, Conductivity, and Secretion |
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Term
| Sensory (Afferent) Neurons |
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Definition
| Specialized to detect stimuli and transmit information about them to the CNS. |
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Term
| Interneurons (Association Neurons) |
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Definition
| Lie entirely within the CNS. Receive signals from other neurons and carry out the integrative function-process, store, and retrieve information; "Make decisions" |
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Term
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Definition
| Send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells, the effectors. |
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Term
| Soma, Neurosoma, Cell Body, or Perikaryon |
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Definition
| The control center of the neuron. Centrally located nucleus with a large nucleolus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dense mesh of microtubules in the cytoskeleton which compartmentalize the rough ER into Nissl bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dark staining regions that are unique to neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Golden brown pigment produced when lysosomes degrade worn-out organells and other products. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary site for receiving signals from other neurons. The more dendrites a neuron has, the more information it can receive and incorporate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the axon (nerve fiber) originates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The axon cytoplasm and membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| An extensive complex of fine branches at the distal end of an axon. |
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Term
| Synaptic Knob (Terminal Button) |
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Definition
| A little swelling that forms a junction with the next cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vesicle in the synaptic knob which is full of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| In autonomic neurons; Contains synaptic vesicles and secretes neurotransmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have one axon and multiple dendrites. Most common type and includes most neurons of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have one axon and one dendrite. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have only a single process leading away from the soma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have multiple dendrites but no axon. They communicate through their dendrites and do not produce action potentials. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two-way passage of proteins, organelles, and other materials along an axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement away from the soma and down the axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement up the axon toward the soma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs at a rate of 20 to 400 mm/day and may be either anterograde or retrograde. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anterograde process that works in a stop-and-go fashion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind neurons together and provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS; Have a bulbous body with many armlike processes. Form myelin in brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS; Line cavities of brain and spinal cord; Secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS; Phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS; Cover brain surface and non synaptic regions of neurons; form supportive framework in CNS; induce formation of blood-brain barrier; nourish neurons; help regulate composition of ECF |
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Term
| Schwann Cells or Neurilemmocytes |
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Definition
| Form neurilemma around all PNS fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Surround somas of neurons in the ganglia; provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| An insulating layer around a nerve fiber. Formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS, and Schwann cells in the PNS. Composed mostly of lipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of myelin sheath. Begins in 14th week of fetal development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thich outermost coil of the Schwann cell which contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of the CNS deteriorate and are replaced by hardened scar tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants of Eastern European Jewish ancestry. Results from abnormal accumulation of a glycolipid called GM2 in the myelin sheath. They lack the enzyme to decompose the GM2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaps between segments of myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| The myelin-covered segments from one gap to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| The short section of nerve fiber between the axon hillock and the first glial cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The axon hillock and initial segment |
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Term
| Regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in CNS |
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Definition
| Can occur is soma is intact and at least some of the neurilemma remains |
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Term
| Regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in PNS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular mechanisms for producing electrical potentials and currents |
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Term
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Definition
| A difference in the concentration of charged particles between one point and another |
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Term
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Definition
| A flow of charged particles from one point to another |
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Term
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Definition
| First neuron in the signal path that releases the neurotransmitter. May synapse to form axodentritic, axosomatic, or axoaxonic synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second neuron in the signal path that respond to neurotransmitter. Have receptors and ligand-regulated ion gates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where adjacent cells are joined by gap junctions and ions diffuse directly from one cell into the next |
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Term
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Definition
| Integrate information and make decisions, in which neurons communicate by neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the presynaptic neuron; Contains synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that deals with muscle contraction |
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Term
| Amino Acid Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters include glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and GABA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be referred to as hormones of neurotransmitters; Epinephrine, Norepinephrine (fight and flight mechanisms), Dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Some function as hormones or neuromodulators, some also released from digestive tract. |
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