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nervous tissue
byu lecture 10
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/09/2010

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Term
central nervous system components
Definition
brain
spinal chord
Term
peripheral nervous system components
Definition
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Ganglia
Term
Sensory Afferent
Definition
Transmit information FROM RECEPTORS TO CNS
Divided into somatic and visceral sensory
Term
motor efferent
Definition
Transmit information FROM CNS TO MUSCLE OR GLAND
Divided into somatic and autonomic motor
Term
somatic sensory
Definition
receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses
Term
visceral sensory
Definition
Receives sensory info from viscera
Term
somatic motor
Definition
voluntary nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle
Term
autonomic motor
Definition
involuntary nervous system: innrevates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
Term
neurons
Definition
Excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses
Term
glial cells
Definition
Non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons
Term
neuron characteristics
Definition
High Metabolic Rate – need constant glucose and oxygen
Longevity – live and function for over 100 years
Nonmitotic – during fetal development lose ability to divide
Term
primary tumor
Definition
Tumors may form in the meninges (meningiomas) or glial cells (gliomas)
Neurons are incapable of becoming tumors because they cannot divide
Term
secondary tumor
Definition
Tumor forms in another site but spreads to the brain (lung, skin or breast cancers)
Term
dendrites
Definition
Carry impulses towards the cell body
Soma can have only one or many dendrites
Receive input and transfer to cell body for processing
Term
cell body
Definition
Also called the Soma
Neuron control center
Contains nucleus and organelles
Comprise “gray matter”
Form clusters in PNS called ganglia
Form clusters in the CNS called nuclei
Term
axons
Definition
aka nerve fiber
-carry impulses away from cell body to another cell
Term
most neurons have ___ axon(s).
Definition
1
Term
unipolar neurons are
Definition
sensory neurons
Term
bipolar neurons
Definition
-special senses
-uncommon in humans
Term
multipolar neurons
Definition
-motor neurons
-most common type
Term
interneurons
Definition
lie between motor and sensory neurons; entirely confined to CNS
Term
4 types of glial cells
Definition
-Astrocyte
-Ependymal Cell
-Microglial Cell
-Oligodendrocyte
Term
Astrocyte
Definition
Control ionic environment
Helps form blood-brain barrier
Term
Ependymal cell
Definition
Help produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
-Line ventricles of CNS
Term
Microglial cell
Definition
Macrophages of CNS
Term
Oligodendrocyte
Definition
Forms myelin sheaths in CNS
-Myelinates multiple sections of many axons
Term
Glial Cells of the PNS
Definition
-satellite cell
-neurolemmocyte
Term
Satellite cell:
Definition
protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia
Loc: Dorsal root ganglia of PNS
Term
neurolemmocyte/Schwann cell
Definition
myelinates PNS axons
-Myelinates one section of one axon
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
Protective, white, fatty coating
Supports, protects, and insulates axon
Greatly increases speed of conduction
Nerve impulses jump from node to node
Term
nerves
Definition
a cable-like bundle of parallel axons
Term
endoneurium
Definition
surrounds individual axon
Term
Perineurium
Definition
Surrounds individual fascicles
Term
Epineurium
Definition
Surrounds whole nerve
Term
3 parts of Synapses
Definition
-presynaptic neuron
-synaptic cleft
-postsynaptic neuron
Term
PNS Axon Regeneration
Definition
Axons can regenerate if only minor damage has occurred
Term
Nerve Regeneration
Definition
Research indicates that neural stem cells may be able to regenerate CNS axons
Term
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Definition
Lou Gehrig Disease
Fatal degeneration of the somatic motor system
Atrophied muscles cause breathing, speaking, and swallowing difficulties
No effective treatment or cure exists
Term
Multiple Sclerosis
Definition
Autoimmune disease
Patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord destroyed
Affects 1 out of every 1000 people
Symptoms: blindness, weakness, clumsiness
Term
Anencephaly
Definition
Disorder at the cranial end of the neural tube
Substantial or complete absence of a brain
Only brain stem forms
Infants rarely live longer than a few hours following birth
Usually detected with prenatal ultrasound
Term
Spina Bifida
Definition
Disorder at the caudal end of the neural tube
Vertebral arch is not fully formed
May be mild (spina bifida occulta) or severe (spina bifida cystica)
Increased intake of vitamin B12 and folic acid of pregnant women decreases incidence of spina bifida
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