Term
| central nervous system components |
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| peripheral nervous system components |
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Definition
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Ganglia |
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Definition
Transmit information FROM RECEPTORS TO CNS
Divided into somatic and visceral sensory |
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Transmit information FROM CNS TO MUSCLE OR GLAND
Divided into somatic and autonomic motor |
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| receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses |
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| Receives sensory info from viscera |
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| voluntary nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle |
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| involuntary nervous system: innrevates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands |
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| Excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses |
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Definition
| Non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons |
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Definition
High Metabolic Rate – need constant glucose and oxygen
Longevity – live and function for over 100 years
Nonmitotic – during fetal development lose ability to divide |
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Definition
Tumors may form in the meninges (meningiomas) or glial cells (gliomas)
Neurons are incapable of becoming tumors because they cannot divide |
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Definition
| Tumor forms in another site but spreads to the brain (lung, skin or breast cancers) |
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Definition
Carry impulses towards the cell body
Soma can have only one or many dendrites
Receive input and transfer to cell body for processing |
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Definition
Also called the Soma
Neuron control center
Contains nucleus and organelles
Comprise “gray matter”
Form clusters in PNS called ganglia
Form clusters in the CNS called nuclei |
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Definition
aka nerve fiber
-carry impulses away from cell body to another cell |
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Term
| most neurons have ___ axon(s). |
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-special senses
-uncommon in humans |
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-motor neurons
-most common type |
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Definition
| lie between motor and sensory neurons; entirely confined to CNS |
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Definition
-Astrocyte
-Ependymal Cell
-Microglial Cell
-Oligodendrocyte |
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Definition
Control ionic environment
Helps form blood-brain barrier |
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Definition
Help produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
-Line ventricles of CNS |
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Forms myelin sheaths in CNS
-Myelinates multiple sections of many axons |
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-satellite cell
-neurolemmocyte |
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Definition
protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia
Loc: Dorsal root ganglia of PNS |
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Term
| neurolemmocyte/Schwann cell |
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Definition
myelinates PNS axons
-Myelinates one section of one axon |
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Definition
Protective, white, fatty coating
Supports, protects, and insulates axon
Greatly increases speed of conduction
Nerve impulses jump from node to node |
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Definition
| a cable-like bundle of parallel axons |
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| surrounds individual axon |
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| Surrounds individual fascicles |
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-presynaptic neuron
-synaptic cleft
-postsynaptic neuron |
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| Axons can regenerate if only minor damage has occurred |
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Definition
| Research indicates that neural stem cells may be able to regenerate CNS axons |
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Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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Definition
Lou Gehrig Disease
Fatal degeneration of the somatic motor system
Atrophied muscles cause breathing, speaking, and swallowing difficulties
No effective treatment or cure exists |
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Term
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Definition
Autoimmune disease
Patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord destroyed
Affects 1 out of every 1000 people
Symptoms: blindness, weakness, clumsiness |
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Definition
Disorder at the cranial end of the neural tube
Substantial or complete absence of a brain
Only brain stem forms
Infants rarely live longer than a few hours following birth
Usually detected with prenatal ultrasound |
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Definition
Disorder at the caudal end of the neural tube
Vertebral arch is not fully formed
May be mild (spina bifida occulta) or severe (spina bifida cystica)
Increased intake of vitamin B12 and folic acid of pregnant women decreases incidence of spina bifida |
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