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nervous tissue
lecture chapter 12
75
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2010

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Term
Nervous system
Definition
is specialized for rapidly transmitting signals from one part of the body to another part of the body by way of nerves
Term
edocrine system
Definition
is specialized for sending chemical messengers from glands to target cells by way of the blood stream
Term
nervous system and endocrine system share responsibility for what?
Definition
maintaining homeostasis
Term
sensory receptors
Definition
detect internal and/or external stimuli
Term
neural integration
Definition
incoming sensory information gets processed and analyzed by neural integration
Term
Effectors
Definition
outgoing signals are sent to the effectors, which carry out required response
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of what?
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
CNS functions?
Definition
integrates and correlates sensory information, generates thoughts and emotions, forms and stores memories, stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secret
Term
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) consists of what?
Definition
cranial and spinal nerves that are located outside of CNS
Term
somatic nervous sytem (SNS) consists of?
Definition

sensory (afferent) components and motor (efferent) component

-voluntary

Term
sensory (afferent) component of SNS contains?
Definition
neurons that carry information from skin, skeletaon, muscles and special sense organs toward CNA
Term
Motor (efferent) component of SNS contains?
Definition
neurons that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
Term
Autonomic Nervouse System is?
Definition
involuntary
Term
sensory (afferent) component of ANS function?
Definition
carries information from visceral receptors toward CNS
Term
Motor (efferent) component of ANS contains?
Definition
sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
Term
motor (efferent) component of ANS function?
Definition
conducts nerve signals from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
Term
sympathetic division (ANS) function
Definition
controls processes that tend to arouse body and invovle expenditure of energy
Term
parasympathetic division (ANS) function
Definition
controls processes that have calming effect on body and restore its energy
Term
Nervous Tissue excitability
Definition
ability of nerve cell fo respond to environmental stimuli
Term
Nervous tissue conductivity
Definition
ability of a nerve cell to transmit signals to another nerve cell
Term
nervous tissue mechanism
Definition
transmit signals by secreting neurotransmitters
Term
nuerons are classified based on what?
Definition
the direction the impulse travels in reference to the CNS
Term
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Definition
transmit signals about light, heat, pressure, and/or chemicals from receptors toward CNS
Term
Interneurons (association neurons)
Definition
lie within CNS to caryy out integrative function by transmitting signals between sensroy neurons and motor neurons
Term
Motor (efferent) neurons
Definition
send signals away from CNS to effectors (muscles,glands)
Term
Cell body or soma or perikaryon contains?
Definition
single, central nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that contains organelles
Term
cytoskeleton of neuron contains
Definition
microtubules and actin neurofibrils to form compartments in the rough ER called Nissl bodies
Term
nissl bodies
Definition
dark- staining regions involved in protein synthesis
Term
mature neuronsn have no what?
Definition
lack centrioles, which render that incapable of undergoing mitosis
Term
what can develop new neurons?
Definition
unspecialized stem cells in the CNS
Term
dendrites
Definition
short, branching processes with enormous surface area that allows them to recieve signals from adjacent neurons
Term
axons
Definition
long, thin, cylindrical processes that conduct signals away from cell body
Term
origin of axon
Definition

originated from elevation of the soma called axon hillock

-axoplasm lacks nissl bodies and golgi apparatus and is surrounded by axolema

Term
distal end of axon
Definition
branches extensively and each axon terminal ends in synaptic knob
Term
synaptic knob of axon contains what?
Definition
synaptic vesicles that store chemical neurotransmitters
Term
proteins needed by the neuron to function are synthesized where?
Definition
in cell body and transported to axon
Term
slow axonal transport
Definition
moves materials down axon and supplies new axoplasm needed for developing or regenerating neurons
Term
fast axonal transport
Definition
uses protein "motors" to move materials and organelles in both directions between soma and axon terminals
Term
how can pathogen invade nervous system?
Definition
through synaptic knobs and use fast transport to travel to soma (herpes, rabies)
Term
neurons are classified structurally by what?
Definition
number of processes that extend from soma
Term
unipolar neurons
Definition
have single axon extending from soma
Term
unipolar neurons are found where?
Definition
in nerves that carry snesory signals to spinal cord
Term
bipolar neurons
Definition
have single axon and single dendrite
Term
bipolar neurons are found where?
Definition
retina of eye, inner ear and nose
Term
multipolar neurons
Definition
have single axon and many dendrites
Term
multipolar neurons are found where?
Definition
most common neurons in brain and spinal cord
Term
anaxonic neurons
Definition
have no axon and multiple dendrites
Term
anaxonic neurons found where?
Definition
retina
Term
neuroglia
Definition
glial cells filled spaces between neurons and provide support for neurons
Term
number of neurons in the body
Definition
10 trillion
Term

number of glial cells in body

 

Definition
out number the 10 million neurons 50 to 1 and retain their ability to divide throughout life
Term
gilomas
Definition
maliganant brain tumors made up of glial cells that undergo mitosis, so they grow rapidly
Term
astrocytes are found where?
Definition
most abundant glial cells in CNS
Term
astrocyte organization
Definition
star-shaped cells with many processes cover brain and form a support framework for nervous tissue
Term
functions of astrocytes
Definition

-forms tight junctions with endothelial cells of blood capillaries to produce blood-brain barrier that can regulate passage of materials into brain

-maintain proper balance of potassium ions for generating nerve impulses

-produce scar tissue when neurons are damaged

Term
Oligodendrocytes are found where?
Definition
in CNS
Term
Oligodendrocytes function
Definition
process fewer processes that astrocytes, but wrap around neurons to produce myelin sheath, which forms insulating layer around neuron
Term
Ependymal cells are found where?
Definition
in CNS
Term
Ependymal cells function
Definition
resemble cuboidal epithelial cells line cavities in brain and spinal cord where they secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates through CNS
Term
Microglia are
Definition
small macrophages scattered throughout CNS
Term
Microglia function
Definition
phagocytize bacteria that invade CNS and remove debris caused by tissue damage
Term
Schwann cells are found where?
Definition
in PNS where they form a neurilemma around neurons
Term
Schwann cells function
Definition

-Produce myelin sheath around neurons in PNS

-also assist in regenerating peripheral neurons

Term
Satellite cells are found where?
Definition
in PNS around nerve cell bodies
Term
Myelin
Definition
lipoprotein that forms an insulating sheath around axon to incease speed at which nerve signals travel along neuron (20% and 80% lipid)
Term
in the PNS how is the multi layered myelin sheath formed?
Definition
schwann cells wrap around axons of neurons
Term
outermost myelin layer in the PNS
Definition
cytoplasm of schwann cell is gradually squeezed out, so myelin sheath consists of many concentric layers of schwann cell with outermost layer forming a bulging neurolemma that contains nucleus
Term
endoneurium
Definition
around neurilemma in endoneurium of fibrous CT
Term
nodes of ranvier
Definition
narrow gaps in myelin sheath between schwann cells
Term
how are myelin sheaths formed in the CNS?
Definition
oligodendrocytes spiral around axons
Term
what does not for around the neurons in the CNS?
Definition
neurilemma and endoneurium
Term
damaged neurons in the PNS
Definition
can be regenerated if cell body and some of neurilemma remains intact
Term
regeneration tube function and how formed?
Definition
formed by neurolemma and endoneurium across damaged area, which guides growth of new axonal
Term
damaged neurons in the CNS
Definition
they are not likely to be regenerated because they lack neurilemma and endoneuriem needed to form regeneration tube
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