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Nervous System - General
General nervous system and neuroanatomy
101
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/19/2012

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Cards

Term
(T/F) The nervous system is the fastest and most complex system in the human body
Definition
True
Term
What does the nervous system function in?
Definition
Communication and control
Term
What are the 3 pathways of the nervous system?
Definition
1. Sensory (afferent)
2. Integration
3. Motor (efferent)
Term
What does the sensory system do?
Definition
Detects stimuli/changes
Term
What does the motor system do?
Definition
Evokes response by targeting effector
Term
What are the 2 subdivisions of the nervous system?
Definition
1. CNS
2. PNS
Term
What does the CNS contain?
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
Term
What is the function of the CNS?
Definition
Integration, processing and co-ordination of the sensory input and motor output
Term
What does the PNS contain?
Definition
Cranial and spinal nerves.
Term
There are how many cranial nerves?
Definition
12
Term
There are how many spinal nerves?
Definition
31
Term
What is the function of the PNS?
Definition
Takes info from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs
Term
What are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS?
Definition
1. Sensory (afferent) division
2. Motor (efferent) division
Term
What does the afferent division do?
Definition
Takes info from periphery to CNS
Term
(T/F) The afferents take info from both somatic and visceral sources.
Definition
True.
Term
Examples of somatic afferents.
Definition
Skin, skeletal muscles, joints, etc
Term
Exampls of visceral afferents.
Definition
Visceral organs in central cavity.
Term
Funcion of the efferent system?
Definition
Inputs from CNS to the effector organs
Term
Name the subdivisions of the efferent system.
Definition
1. Somatic NS
2. Autonomic NS
Term
The SNS is classified as a _______ NS.
Definition
Voluntary.
Term
SNS contains nerve fibres that go to?
Definition
Skeletal muscles.
Term
(T/F) The SMS allows conscious control of skeletal muscles
Definition
True
Term
The ANS is classified as a ___________ NS.
Definition
Involuntary
Term
ANS contains nerve fibres that go to? (3)
Definition
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
Term
(T/F) The ANS gives conscoious control of its targets?
Definition
False
Term
The nerve fibres of the ANS are called?
Definition
Visceral motor neurons
Term
Name the 2 divisions of the ANS.
Definition
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
Term
The sympathetic pathway _______.
Definition
Activates (generally)
Term
The parasympathetic pathway _______.
Definition
Inhibits (generally)
Term
(T/F) The sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways target the same organs with opposing functions.
Definition
True
Term
What organ is the exception to this general rule?
Definition
Medulla
Term
What are the 2 types of neural tissue?
Definition
1. Neurons
2. Supporting
Term
Neurons are also known as ________ _____.
Definition
Nerve cells
Term
What does the neuron containt (2)
Definition
1. Cell body
2. Cytoplasmic processes
Term
What is the cell body also known as?
Definition
Soma/perikaryon
Term
What is the diameter of the soma?
Definition
5-150 micrometres
Term
The cell body contains all of the normal organelles except which?
Definition
Centrioles
Term
(T/F) Neurons can undergo mitosis and divide.
Definition
False
Term
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum called in neurons?
Definition
Nissl bodies
Term
(T/F) Nissl bodies are very abundant
Definition
True
Term
Why are most neural cell bodies in the CNS
Definition
Less likely to get damaged in CNS
Term
What are clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?
Definition
Nuclei
Term
What are clusters of nerve cell bodies in the PNS called?
Definition
Ganglion
Term
Nuclei or ganglia are more abundant?
Definition
Nuclei
Term
(T/F) All neurons have cytoplasmic processes?
Definition
True
Term
(T/F) The CNS contains equal amounts of cell bodies and cytoplasmic processes, and if not, which is more abundant?
Definition
True
Term
(T/F) The PNS contains equal amounts of cell bodies and cytoplasmic processes, and if not, which is more abundant?
Definition
False; higher amount of cytoplasmic processes.
Term
(T/F) Cytoplasmic processes all extend from the soma
Definition
True
Term
What are the bundles called in the CNS?
Definition
Tracts
Term
What are the bundles called in the PNS?
Definition
Nerves
Term
What are the short branching divisions of the cell body called?
Definition
Dendrites
Term
Function of dendrites?
Definition
Convey incoming messages to the cell body.
Term
(T/F) Dendrites have a large surface area
Definition
True
Term
What main process comes from the cell body?
Definition
Axon
Term
The axon starts at the?
Definition
Axon hillock
Term
What does the axon hillock lack?
Definition
Nissl bodies
Term
How many axons per neuron?
Definition
1
Term
What are the branches of the axon called?
Definition
Axon collaterals
Term
What is the function of the axon?
Definition
To create AP's and to transmit away from cell body
Term
Name the 2 classification types of neurons
Definition
1. Structural
2. Functional
Term
Name the 3 structural classifications of neurons?
Definition
1. Multipolar
2. Bi-polar
3. Uni-polar
Term
Describe multipolar cells.
Definition
3/more cellular processes
Term
Describe bipolar cells.
Definition
2 processes, 1 axon and 1 dendrite
Term
Describe unipolar cells.
Definition
Single, very short process; pseudounipolar because it is the coming together of the axon and dendrite
Term
What is the most common type of neuron?
Definition
Multipolar
Term
What are the neurons in special sense organs?
Definition
Bipolar
Term
Where are unipolar cells located?
Definition
Ganglia of the PNS
Term
The functional classification of neurons is based on?
Definition
The direction of nerve impulse related to the CNS
Term
Name the 3 functional divisions.
Definition
1. Sensory (afferent)
2. Motor (efferent)
3. Association (interneurons)
Term
What are the sensory neurons?
Definition
Pseudounipolar cells with cell bodes in ganglia in PNS
Term
What are motor neurons?
Definition
Multipolar cells with cell bodies in CNS
Term
What are the interneurons?
Definition
Multipolar within CNS
Term
The interneurons are usually between the _____ and ______ neurons.
Definition
afferent; efferent
Term
What are the supporting cells in the nervous system called?
Definition
Neuroglia
Term
(T/F) Neuroglia is in both the CNS and PNS
Definition
True
Term
Description of neuroglia
Definition
Cell body with nucleus; processes
Term
(T/F) Neuroglia are smaller than neurons
Definition
True
Term
What % of the brain mass is neuroglia
Definition
50%
Term
Name the 4 neuroglia classifications in the CNS
Definition
1. Astrocytes
2. Microglia
3. Ependymal
4. Oligodendrocytes
Term
Describe astrocytes
Definition
Small, star shaped, numerous processes
Term
Function of astrocytes?
Definition
Maintains structural and functional integrity of neural tissue
Term
Describe microglia
Definition
Small oval cells; many processes
Term
Microglia make up what percentage of CNS neuroglia?
Definition
5%
Term
Function of microglia?
Definition
Breaks down waste and pathogens, maintains health and welfare of neurons
Term
What are microglia derived from?
Definition
WBC's
Term
Describe ependymal
Definition
Cubiodal to columnar shape; ciliated
Term
Where are ependymal cells located?
Definition
Lines cavities of brain/spinal cord
Term
Function of ependymal cells
Definition
Production, circulation and maintenance of CSF
Term
Describe oligodendrocytes
Definition
Wrap nerve fibres of CNS (myelin sheaths)
Term
How many neurons can one oligodendrocyte myelinate?
Definition
60
Term
What do the oligodendrocytes create along the axon
Definition
Myelin sheaths and nodes of ranvier
Term
Name the neuroglia in the PNS (2)
Definition
1. Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells
Term
Describe Schwann cells
Definition
Wrap PNS nerve fibres
Term
How many neurons can 1 schwann cell myelinate?
Definition
1
Term
Schwann cells create _____?
Definition
Nodes of ranvier and myelin sheath
Term
Describe satellite cells
Definition
Surrounds neural cell bodies of pseudounipolar cells in ganglia
Term
Function of satellite cells
Definition
Controls chem environment of neuron
Term
Describe a myelinated axon
Definition
processes or schwann cells wrapping axon in many layers
Term
Describe an unmyelinated axon
Definition
Schwann or processes embrace axon, but don't wrap and do nothing more
Term
White matter in the CNS is?
Definition
Myelinate fibres
Term
Grey matter in CNS is?
Definition
Cell bodies and unmyelinated axon
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