Term
| sympathetic neurotransmitters |
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Definition
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine |
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Term
| parasympathetic neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
alpha 1
beta1
alpha 2
beta 2
dopaminergic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Mimicking neurotransmitters
•Interfering with neurotransmitter release
•Blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors
•Interfering with the breakdown or reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
cholinergic direct acting
cholinergic indirect (anticholinesterase)
anticholinergic
adrenergic agonists (Sympathomimetic)
andrenergic antagonist (sympatholytic) |
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Term
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Definition
oxybarbituates: long acting and short acting
thiobarbituates- ultra short acting |
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Term
| indications for barbiturate use |
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Definition
| sedatives, anticonvulsants, general anesthetics, and euthanasia agents. |
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Term
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Definition
phencyclidine (PCP)
ketamine
tiletamine (Telazol). |
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Term
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Definition
Involuntary muscle rigidity (catalepsy)
amnesia
analgesia
Pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes are maintained
muscle tone is increased.
deep abdominal pain is not eliminated |
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Term
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Definition
restraint, diagnostic procedures, and minor surgery.
Dissociative agents are combined with other agents for abdominal surgery. |
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Term
| opiate receptors and effects |
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Definition
1.Mu—found in pain-regulating areas of the brain; contribute to analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and hypothermic actions
2.Kappa—found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord; contribute to analgesia, sedation, and miosis
3.Sigma—may be responsible for struggling, whining, hallucinations, and mydriatic effects
4.Delta—modify mu receptor activity |
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Term
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Definition
| analgesia, sedation, restraint, anesthesia, treatment of coughing, and treatment of diarrhea. |
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Term
| effects of narcotic overdose |
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Definition
| respiratory depression, excitement (cats and horses), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, defecation, panting, and convulsions. Overdose causes profound respiratory depression. |
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Term
| how opiate antagonists work |
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Definition
| Opioid antagonists block the effects of opioids by binding with opiate receptors, displacing narcotic molecules already present, and preventing further narcotic binding at the sites. These antagonists are classified as pure antagonists or as partial antagonists. The partial antagonists may have some agonist activity (analgesic and respiratory depressant effects). |
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Term
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Definition
Naloxone (naloxone HCl injection, Narcan). Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist that is chemically similar to oxymorphone, with high affinity for mu receptors. It has no agonist activity.
• Nalorphine (Nalline). Nalorphine is a partial antagonist that may produce untoward analgesic and respiratory depressant effects.
• Butorphanol-mu antagonist used primarily as a sedative or analgesic. It is rarely used as an antagonist. |
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Term
| neuroleptanalgesics examples |
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Definition
A neuroleptanalgesic agent consists of an opioid and a tranquilizer. Acepromazine and morphine
• Acepromazine and oxymorphone
• Xylazine and butorphanol
Fentanyl and droperidol |
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Term
| drugs that control seizures |
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Definition
diazepam
phenobarbital
pentobarbital
phenitoin sodium
bromide
primidone
clorazepate
felbamate
levitiracetam
zonisamide
gabapentin |
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Term
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Definition
sevoflurane
isoflurane
halothane
methoxyflurane
nitrous oxide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
benzodiazapenes (diazepam, midaz, alpraz, loraz)
azapirones (buspirone)
tricyclics (Clomipramine)
SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, and fluvoxamine)
monooxidase b inhibitors (selegiline) for dimentia
synthetic progestins
misc agents:
Gabapentin. Gabapentin may be used for anxiety or social phobias.
• Clorazepate (Tranxene-SD). Clorazepate is used for anxiety or social phobias; it is a Class IV controlled substance. It's a benzodiazapene.
• Methylphenidate (Ritalin). Methylphenidate has been used for hyperactivity in dogs; it is a Class II controlled substance |
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Term
| characteristics of good euthanasia agent |
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Definition
rapidly produce unconsciousness without struggling, vocalizations, or excessive involuntary movement.
Death should follow quickly as a result of the cessation of all vital functions, such as respiratory and cardiac functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| class of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. When given therapeutically, catecholamines mimic the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
| A neurotransmitter that allows a nerve impulse to cross the synaptic junction (gap) between two nerve fibers or between a nerve fiber and an organ (e.g., muscle, gland). |
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Definition
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Term
| An enzyme that brings about the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic gap. |
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Definition
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Term
| A term used to describe an action or a receptor that is activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
| The absence of the sensation of pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| The loss of all sensation. May be described as local (affecting a small area), regional, or surgical (accompanied by unconsciousness). |
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Definition
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Term
| That portion of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities. |
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Definition
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Term
| A state of involuntary muscle rigidity that is accompanied by immobility, amnesia, and variable amounts of analgesia. Some reflexes may be preserved. |
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Definition
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Term
| The class of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. When given therapeutically, catecholamines mimic the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Activated by or transmitted through acetylcholine; also called parasympathomimetic. Cholinergic drugs increase activity in the gastrointestinal tract. |
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Definition
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Term
| gland, organ, or tissue that responds to nerve stimulation with a specific action. |
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Definition
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Term
| The site of the synapse between neuron one and neuron two of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors activated by acetylcholine and muscarine that are found in glands, the heart, and smooth muscle. An acronym for remembering muscarinic effects is SLUD: S, salivation; L, lacrimation; U, urination; D, defecation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscarinic effects is SLUD: S, salivation; L, lacrimation; U, urination; D, defecation. |
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Term
| Receptors activated by acetylcholine and nicotine found at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle and at the ganglionic synapses. |
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Definition
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Term
| That portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the craniosacral portion of the spinal cord, is mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and is concerned primarily with conserving and restoring a steady state in the body. |
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Definition
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| That portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracolumbar spinal cord, is mediated by catecholamines, and is concerned with the fight-or-flight response |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| define neuroleptanalgesics |
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Definition
| consists of an opioid and a tranquilizer. |
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Term
| uses for cholinergic drugs |
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Definition
Help diagnose myasthenia gravis (a neuromuscular disease that causes muscle weakness and breathing problems)
Reduce eye pressures with glaucoma (a disease that causes damage to the inner eye)
Stimulate gastrointestinal motility (bowel movements)
Treat urinary retention (inability to eliminate urine)
Control vomiting
Act as an antidote for agents that prevent neuromuscular functioning |
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Term
| uses for anticholinergic drugs |
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Definition
Decrease gastrointestinal motility (treat diarrhea and vomiting)
Act as a preanesthetic agent (dry secretions and prevent bradycardia)
Dilate (enlarge) pupils for eye examinations
Relieve ciliary (muscle) spasms in the eye (which controls pain)
Treat sinus bradycardia (when the sinus node [producer of electrical impulses] causes a slower-than-normal heartbeat) |
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Term
| anticholinergic drug adverse effects |
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Definition
Drowsiness
Disorientation
Tachycardia (faster-than-normal heartbeat)
Photophobia (abnormal sensitivity to light)
Constipation
Anxiety
Burning sensation at the site of injection |
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Term
| examples of anticholinergic drugs |
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Definition
| Atropine, glycopyrrolate, and aminopentamide (Centrine |
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Term
| pure beta stimulator used to bronchodilate |
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Definition
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Term
| common alpha blocker that can cause seizures and hypotension. |
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Definition
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Term
| shouldn’t be used in the boxer breed of dogs (for some reason, a percentage of them suffer sudden death!). |
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Definition
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Term
| side effects of acepromazine |
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Definition
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Muscle tremors
Seizures |
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Term
| side effects of beta blockers |
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Definition
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Bronchoconstriction
Heart block (when the heart works in an uncoordinated manner, causing inefficient blood circulation) |
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