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Nervous System
CNS, PNS, Cranial Nerves, Eye, Ear
172
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/01/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What should happen with the neural tube?
Definition
Zips up and should form the future brain & spinal cord
Term
Anencephaly
Definition
Failure of the neural tube zipping up at the top. Results in a weird looking baby.
Term
Spina Bifida
Definition
Late or no closure of the neural tube
Term

Rachischisis

 

Definition
No spinal cord & have no feeling
Term
Occulta Spina Bifida
Definition
No problems as long as the person doesn't get hit in that area
Term
Meningocele
Definition
Sac forms outside the body
Term
Meningomyelocele
Definition
Sac forms outside the body with the spinal cord being exposed
Term
What happens with a person with Meningomylocele?
Definition
Spinal cord pulls dorsally on the brain stem & blocks the CSF from circulating = enlarged head
Term
Epidermis
Definition
Very top layer of skin
Term
Stratum Corneum
Definition
Dead skin cells & has Keratin
Term
Keratin
Definition
Protein found in the Stratum Corneum that protects the skin from abrasions
Term
Stratum Lucidum
Definition
Very thin & only found in hands and soles
Term
Stratum Granulosum
Definition
Contain Keratohyaline
Term
Stratum Spinosum
Definition
Have desmosomes
Term
Stratum Basale
Definition
Produce the other layers of the epidermis & contain Melanocytes
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
Produce Melanin & seen in skin pigment. They help prevent UV light from hurtin the skin
Term
Dermis
Definition
Middle layer of the three main layers of the skin
Term
Dermal Papillae
Definition
Made of Loose Areolar CT
Term
Reticular Layer
Definition
Made of Dense Irregular CT & thick collagen fibers
Term
Appendages
Definition
Hair, Skin, Glands
Term
Erector Pili
Definition
Smooth muscle that makes hair stand up
Term
Papilla
Definition
If destroyed, hair will not grow back. Have Melanocytes & produce your hair color!
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
Produce oil (Sebum) on the skin
Term
Sebum
Definition
Oil that is found on skin
Term
Myoepithelial Cells
Definition
Found on sweat glands, they squeeze sweat to the surface of our skin
Term
Nucleus of Nueron
Definition
Owl's eye
Term
Nissil Substance
Definition
Produce proteins
Term
Neurofibrils
Definition
Surround nissil substances & protect the neuron from breaking or tearing
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Receive impulses & and carry impulses toward the cell body
Term
Axons
Definition
Carry impulses away from the cell body
Term
Axon Hillock
Definition
Initiates action potentials
Term
Axon Terminal
Definition
Synapses with a dendrite
Term
Multipolar Neurons
Definition
More than two processes
Term
Psudo-unipolar Neurons
Definition
Only one process & found on SENSORY NEURONS
Term
Reflex Arch
Definition
Sensory neuron-interneuron-motor neuron
Term
Attachment of Sensory & Motor Neurons
Definition
Sensory neurons attach dorsally & Motor neurons attach ventrally
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
Cell bodies & interneurons
Term
White Matter
Definition
Axons
Term
Spinal Roots
Definition
Strictly either sensory or motor neurons
Term
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Definition
Found only on sensory neurons
Term
Spinal Nerve
Definition
Sensory & motor neurons meet
Term
Dorsal & Ventral Ramus
Definition
Mix of sensory & motor neurons
Term
CNS
Definition
Brain & spinal cord
Term
PNS
Definition
Nerves & ganglion!!
Term
Synapses
Definition
The release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic element to the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic element
Term
Axo-dendritic
Definition
synaps with dendrite
Term
Axo-somatic
Definition
synaps with cell body
Term
Axo-Axonic
Definition
Synaps with axon hillock
Term
Neuroglia
Definition
Support the CNS
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Stars, move ions, regulate blood flow, make sure synapses are working!
Term
Microglia
Definition
Oval body, thorn bush, is phagocytic!
Term
Ependymal Cells
Definition
Insulates the central canal
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Form myelin & only in CNS!
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
Layers and layers of myelin & only found in PNS!
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Impulse jumps from node to node & speeds up the impulse
Term
Myelinated & Unmyelinated Axons
Definition
Myelinated causes impulse to be quicker compared to unmyelinated
Term
Proprioception
Definition
Sensing stretch in tendons, ligaments, & muscles (need to know how far to reach for something, etc.)
Term
Neuron
Definition
Nerve cell
Term
Nerve Fiber
Definition
Long axon
Term
Nerve
Definition
Bundle of nerve fibers (in PNS only!)
Term
Nerve Tract
Definition
Bundle of nerve fibers in white matter (CNS only!)
Term
Afferent
Definition
Toward the CNS (sensory)
Term
Efferent
Definition
Away from the CNS (motor)
Term
Somatic
Definition
Outer body (skin)
Term
Visceral
Definition
Inner body (organs)
Term
General Somatic Sensory
Definition
Pressure, pain, temperature, touch, joint/tendon/muscle stretch
Term
Special Somatic Sensory
Definition
Hearing, vision, smell, balance
Term
General Visceral Sensory
Definition
Pain & stretch in organs (stomach, bladder, etc.)
Term
Special Visceral Sensory
Definition
Taste
Term
General Somatic Motor
Definition
Movment of skeletal muscles (includes tongue & eyes!)
Term
General Visceral Motor
Definition
Smooth muscle contraction & glands secreting
Term
Special Visceral Motor
Definition
Pharyngeal muscles (chewing & swallowing)
Term
Sulcus Limitans
Definition
Border that seperates the Alar & Basal plates!
Term
Alar Plate
Definition
Future interneurons
Term
Basal Plate
Definition
Future motor neurons
Term
Neural Crest
Definition

Future sensory neurons

 

Term
Exteroceptors
Definition
In skin
Term
Enteroceptors
Definition
In hollow organs
Term
Unencapsulated Receptors
Definition
Sense pain & temperature
Term
Encapsulated Receptors
Definition
Covered by connective tissue!
Term
Meissner's Corpuscles
Definition
Senses light touch (lips & hands) & in Dermis (dermal papillae)
Term
Pacinian Corpuscles
Definition
Senses deep pressure & vibrations
Term
Golgi Tendon Organs
Definition
Prevents the ripping of tendons
Term
Muscles Spindles
Definition
Monitor if muscles are stretched
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
Motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it innervates
Term
Formation of Gray Matter
Definition
Alar Plate neurons migrate out through the white matter!
Term
Neuromuscular Junction (motor end plate)
Definition
Synapse of motor nueron & muscle = acetylcholine released & excites membrane to contract
Term
Ascending Tracts
Definition
Carry general somatic sensory information to cerebral cortex & cerebellum
Term
Dorsal Column Pathway
Definition

Fine touch, pressure, proprioception sensations

 

Pathway = dorsal column tract-medulla-medial lemniscus tract (crosses over!!)-thalamus-cerebral cortex

Term
Spinothalamic Pathway
Definition

Pain & temperature

 

Pathway = interneuron-crosses over!!-spinothalamic tract-thalamus-cerebral cortex

Term
Spinocerebellar Pathway
Definition

Proprioception sensations

 

Pathway = interneuron-cerebellum

Term
Crossing Over
Definition

Stimulus to either side of body will affect opposite cerebral cortex

Example = stroke to right side of brain will damage left side of body

 

Term
Multi-Neuron Pathway
Definition
More than one neuron is needed to transfer info to the brain
Term
Somatotopy
Definition
Axons carrying info from different parts of the body!
Term
Telencephalon
Definition
Cerebral Cortex
Term
Primary Somatosensory Area
Definition
Located on the Postcentral Gyrus
Term
Homunculus
Definition
"Little Man", brain regions relate to our body parts
Term
Brodmann's 47 Areas
Definition
Parts of our brain that relate to bodily functions
Term
Higher-Order Processing Areas
Definition

Recognizing & interpreting sensory inputs

 

Example = feel keys in pocket & hear a sound and know what it is

Term
Prefrontal Lobe
Definition

Higher mental function

 

deep thought, planning & organizing, concentration, inhibit inappropriate impulses, social skills

Term
Primary Motor Area
Definition
Located on Precentral Gyrus
Term
Pyramidal Tracts
Definition
Pyramidal cells in Primary Motor Area go to spinal cord
Term
Pre-Motor Cotrext
Definition
Controls complex movements
Term
Limbic Lobe
Definition

Consist of hippocampus & Amygdala

 

Involve emotions & memory

Term
Hippocampus
Definition
Long term memories
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Remembering fear (fear almond!!)
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Relates to both emotional & visceral functions
Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition
Carries out our movements, starting & stopping movements, repetitive behavior
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Thalamus & hypothalamus
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Relay stations for sensory information to the cerebral cortex
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Visceral control = temperature, hunger, metabolism
Term
Mesencephalon
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Superior Colliculi
Definition
Involved in visual aspects (tracking down a fence while driving)
Term
Inferior Colliculi
Definition
Moving our vision to a loud source of sound (being startled!!)
Term
Periaqueduct
Definition
Don't feel pain during fear (leopard & man story)
Term
Substantia Nigra
Definition
Can be destroyed by toxins
Term
Metencephalon
Definition
Cerebellum & Pons
Term
What are the three cerebellum inputs?
Definition
Balance, proprioception, voluntary movements
Term
Cerebellum Input (Balance)
Definition

Ear-medulla-cerebellum cortex

 

Axon goes through inferior cerebellar peduncle

Term
Cerebellum Input (Proprioception)
Definition

Spinocerebellar pathway!

 

Axon goes through inferior cerebellar peduncle

Term
Cerbellum Input (Voluntary Movement)
Definition

Primary motor area-pyramidal tract-pons-cerebellum cortex

 

Axon goes through middle cerebellar peduncle

Term
Cerebellum Communicationg Back With Cerebral Cortex
Definition

Purkinjie nuerons-cerebral cortex

 

Axong goes through superior cerebellar peduncle

Term
Purkinjie Neurons
Definition
Found in the cerebellum cortex
Term
Pons
Definition
Have pontine nuclei = relay station betweent cerebral cortex & cerebellum
Term
Myelencephalon
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
Olive
Definition
Has inferior olivary nucleus = relay station for spinocerebellar pathway!
Term
Pyramid
Definition
Part of pyramidal tract
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
Visceral functions = heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure
Term
Reticular Activating System
Definition

Reticular formation-cerebral cortex

 

Stimulates cerebral cortex & keeps you awake!

Term
Neuroimaging
Definition
Blood flow on the brain shows where activity is occuring
Term
CN I
Definition
Olfactory Nerve
Term
CN II
Definition
Optic
Term
CN III
Definition
Oculomotor
Term
CN IV
Definition
Trochlear
Term
CN V
Definition
Trigeminal
Term
CN VI
Definition
Abducens
Term
CN VII
Definition
Facial
Term
CN VIII
Definition
Vestibulocochlear
Term
CN IX
Definition
Glossopharyngeal
Term
CN X
Definition
Vagus
Term
CN XI
Definition
Spinal Accessory
Term
CN XII
Definition
Hypoglossal
Term
Which CN's are Sensory?
Definition
Olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear
Term
Which CN's are Motor?
Definition
Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, hypoglossal
Term
Which CN's are Mixed?
Definition
Trigeminal, Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus/spinal accessory
Term
What CN innervates the skin of the face?
Definition
Trigeminal (CN V)
Term
Which CN innervates the nasal cavity?
Definition
Trigeminal (CN V)
Term
Which CN innervates touch on the tongue?
Definition
Trigeminal (CN V)
Term
Which CN innervates taste on the tongue?
Definition
Facial (CN VII)
Term
Which CN innervates the throat?
Definition
Vagus (CN X)
Term
Which CN innervates the pharynx?
Definition
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Term
Which CN innervates the facial expressions?
Definition
Facial (CN VII)
Term
Which CN innervates the chewing muscles?
Definition
Trigeminal (CN V)
Term
Which CN innervates swallowing?
Definition
glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
In PNS, only General Visceral Motor, two neuron chain (pre & postganglionic neuron)
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
Activates organs (resting & digesting)
Term
Where does parasympathetic branch off from?
Definition
Cranial & Sacral part
Term
What are the CN's that come off the cranial part of the parasympathetic?
Definition

3 - eye constriction

7 - lacrimal gland

9 -parotid gland

10 - heart & all organs in the body

Term
What does the sacral part of the parasympathetic innervate?
Definition
Digestion & urination
Term
Sympathetic
Definition
Shuts down organs (fight, fright, flight)
Term
Locations of the Sympathetic ns
Definition
Thoracic & Lumbar
Term
What does the Sympathetic ns mainly innervate?
Definition
Blood vessels, glands, errector pili
Term
Sympathetic: once the neruon goes through the white ramus communicantes & enters the chain ganglion... it can do what three things?
Definition

1. Synapse & go straight to organ

2. Go through a different chain ganglion & synapse to organ

3. Ascend or descend to another chain ganglion

Term
Sympathetic: If it needs to go back to the skin....
Definition
Once it arrives in the chain ganglion, goes through gray rami communicantes & goes through either dorsal or ventral ramus!
Term
Three tunics of the eye
Definition
Fibrous, Vascular, Retina
Term
Where is aqueous humer made, located, & leave to circulate?
Definition

Ciliary body, anterior segment, sinus venosus sclerae

 

Term
Path of Photon
Definition
Bipolar neuron-ganglion neuron-thalamus-visual cortex
Term
Three parts of the ear
Definition
Outer, middle, inner
Term
Auditory Impulses to the Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Sound waves-tympanic membrane-malleus-incus-stapes-oval window-scalla vestibuli (perilymph)-cochlear duct(endolymph)-basilar membrane-spiral organ of corti(hair cells)(attaches to tectorial membrane)
Term
Auditory Pathway to Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Vestibulocochlear nerve-cochlear nuclei-thalamus-auditory cerebral cortex
Term
CSF
Definition
In CNS, lightens CNS, so the soft brain is not crushed under its own weight!!
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