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| peripheral nervous system |
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includes all neural tissue outside CNS 2 divisions: afferent and efferent |
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constists of the brain and spinal cord: function responsible for intergrating,processing, and coord. sensory data and motor commands. also intelligence, memory learning, and emotion. |
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division of PNS brings sensory info to CNS starts at receptors (dendrites) |
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division of PNS carries motor commands to muscles and glands begins at CNS and ends at effector (muscle cell or gland) |
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| somatic sensory receptors |
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| monitors skeletal muscles, joints, and skin |
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| monitor internal tissues such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
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| somatic nervous system (SNS) |
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part of efferent division(voluntary or involuntary) controls skeletal muscle contractions conscious control |
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perikaryon-around nucleus dendrites-receives info axon-conducts nerve inpulses synaptic terminal-communicates with other cells |
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| supporting cells, provides a supporting framework for neural tissue, acts as phagocytes |
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largest and most numerous glial cell; shield from direct contact with other cells. Blood brain barrier: isolates CNS from circulation,repairs damaged neural tissue,guiding neuron dev. |
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| wrap around neurons(myelin) which improves speed at which nerve impulses are conducted |
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| remove cell debris,wastes, and pathogens |
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| line ventricals and central canal. assist in circulating cerebral spinal fluid |
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| cell bodies clustered in masses creating peripheral nerves |
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| surround the neuron cell bodies in peripheral ganglia. Exchange of nutrients and waste products between cell body and extracellular fluid |
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| produce covering around every peripheral axon |
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exteroceptors-temp,pressure,sensations,special senses of sight, smell and hearing proprioceptors- monitor position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints. interoceptors- monitor digestive,respiratory,cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive sys. deep pressure and pain |
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| axons extending from CNS to ganglion |
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| axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors |
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PNS schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves. |
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| the abililty of a cell membrane to conduct electrical impulse. Such as skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac cells,gland cells, axolemma of neurons. |
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| membrane is stimulated to threshold, membrane permeability to Na+ and K+, ion movement the produces a sudden change |
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| a neurotransmitter released at presynaptic membrane of a synoptic knob binds to receptor protein on postsynaptic membrane and triggers a transient change in the potential of the receptive cell |
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cell bodies of sensory and visceral motor neurons are found in the ganglia. Axons are bundled together in nerves |
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portion of the brain is covered by gray matter called nueral corex. White matter contains bundles of axons that share common destination called tracts. in spinal cord called columns. |
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| gray matter is increase substantially in segments fo the spinal cord concerned with sensory and motor innvervation of the limbs |
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| cervical enlargments of the spine |
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| supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs |
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| provides innervation to structures of the pelvis and lower limbs |
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| contains cell bodies of sensory neurons. Lie between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae |
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contains the axons of the sensory neurons |
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| contains the axons of both somatic and visceral motor neurons that control peripheral effectors |
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| provides protection,physical stability and shock absorption. duramater, arachnoid,piamater. |
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| contain somatic and visceral nuclei |
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contain neurons concerned with somatic control |
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| found in superior lumbar segments and thoracic segments, contain visceral motor neurons |
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| join together axons crossing from one side to another |
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pos. white column- between pos. gray horn and pos. med. sulcus ant. white columns-between ant. gray horn and and ant. med. fissure |
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| carry sensory info toward the brain |
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| convey motor commands into the spinal cord |
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| peripheral spinal nerve layers |
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epineurium-dense collagen fiber, continuous with dura mater in spinal cord perineurium- div. nerves into bundles of axons(fascicle) endoneurium- surround indiv. axons |
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| innervate the muscles of the neck and extend into the thoracic cavity to control the diaphragm muscles (C1-C4) |
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| provide entire nerve supply to diaphragm, branches of this nerves, neck, shoulder, and sup. chest |
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innervates pectoral girdle and upper limb (C5-T1). Branches off into other divisions |
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| pelvic girdle and lower limbs. Sacral- sciatic nerve passes through femur and biceps femoris muslce |
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1. arrival of stimulus 2. relay info to CNS 3. info processing 4. activation of motor neurons 5. response of peripheral effector |
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Conscious thought process, intellectual fxn, memory storage and retrieval, complex motor motot patterns originate here. Memory storage and processing conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissures
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Thalamus- relay and processing centers for sensory info, forms walls Hypothalamus-central control of emotions, autonomic fxn and hormone production,visceral control center. pituitary gland ( controls endocrine) epithalamus- contains hormone-secreting pineal gland
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processing of visual and auditory generation of reflexive somatic motor responses maintenance of consciousness Pons-nuclei involved with both somatic and visceral motor control cerebellum-automatically adjusts motor activities on the basis of sensory info and memories of learned patterns medulla oblongata-relays sensory info to thalamus and other centers. autonomic fxn heart rate, bp, and dig. activities
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