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Nervous System
Medical School Gross Anatomy
37
Anatomy
Graduate
08/21/2011

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Cards

Term
What are the two general components of the nervous system?
Definition
Central and Peripheral Nervous systems
Term
How many pairs of spinal nerves exist?
Definition
31
Term
How many pairs of cranial nerves exist?
Definition
12
Term
The Autonomic Nervous system is composed of what two categories?
Definition
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Term
What types of nerves are motor nerves?
Definition
Efferent
Term
What type of nerves are sensory nerves?
Definition
Afferent
Term
[image]
Identify the structures
Definition
1.Ventral horn
2.Dorsal horn
3.Dorsal Rootlets
4.Dorsal Root
5.Dorsal Ramus
6.Ventral Ramus
7.Spinal nerve
8.Ventral Root
9.Ventral Rootlets
10.Dorsal Root ganglion
Term
What is proprioception?
Definition
the sense of relative position of neighboring parts of the body as well as strength of effort deployed in movement
Term
What is the Synapse Decussation in the Medulla and what is its significance?
Definition
The synapse decussation in the medulla is a point where nerve fibers cross over and switch sides.

This is clinically important as lesions below the decussation (for all somatic reflexes except 3) will cause same side (Epsilateral) loss of function whereas lesions above the decussation will cause contralateral loss of function
Term
What are the three senses that do no cross over in the medulla decussation?
Definition
Pain, Temperature, and Gross Touch
Term
What are Dermatomes and what are their clinical significance?
Definition
An area of skin supplied by only one nerve is a dermatome. These regions are useful clinically as they can help determine damage to particular nerves or referred pain.
Term
From where do sympathetic nerves originate?
Definition
From T1-L2(conus medullaris)
Term
From where do parasympathetic nerves originate?
Definition
Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10

Sacral nerves 2, 3, and 4
Term
What does the parasympathetic system enervate?
Definition
The parasympathetic system enervates: cardiac muscle(heart), smooth muscle (organs), and glands (but not sweat glands)
Term
What does the sympathetic system enervate?
Definition
Cardiac Muscle(heart), Smooth Muscle(organs), Glands, Hair follicles, and Blood vessels

This creates the distinction that the sympathetic system reaches extremities but the parasympathetic does not
Term
What is the general function of the sympathetic nervous system
Definition
fight-or-flight, as well as homeostasis

increase heart rate
decrease peristalsis
vasoconstriction
stimulate arrector pili (hair stand up)
Dilates pupils
Retention of urine
ejaculation
Term
What is the general function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Definition
rest-and-digest, as well as homeostasis

decrease heart rate
increase peristalsis
constrict pupil
release urine
Erection
Term
How many paravertebral ganglion exist for the cervical nerves?
Definition
3 ganglion they consist of:
Superior cervical
Middle cervical
Inferior cervical
Term
Visceral pain is mostly carried by which fibers?
Definition
Sympathetic Afferent (although pelvis is the exception)
Term
What differentiates sympathetic efferent nerve fibers from somatic efferent nerve fibers?
Definition
Sympathetic efferent nerve fibers synapse outside of the spinal cord in paravertebral ganglion.

Afferent sympathetic nerves behave much like Afferent sympathetic nerves (follow efferents back and synapse at the dorsal root ganglion)
Term
The dorsal root contains which nerve fibers?
Definition
afferent
Term
The ventral root contains which nerve fibers?
Definition
efferent
Term
What is referred pain?
Definition
This is the event of visceral pain being expressed on the skin. Dermatomes can be used in this situation to track the pain and figure out what organ is affected
Term
[image]
Identify the structures
Definition
1.Ventral Ramus
2.White Ramus Communicans
3.Paravertebral Ganglion
4.Grey Ramus Communicans
5.Sympathetic trunk
6.Spinal nerve
7.Dorsal Ramus

Remember: White Ramus Communicans goes into the Ventral Ramus
Term
The White Ramus Communicans contains mostly what kind of fibers?
Definition
Pre-ganglionic and therefore myelinated fibers
Term
The Gray Ramus Communicans contains mostly what kind of fibers?
Definition
Post-ganglionic fibers
Term
Where can one expect to find White Rami Communicans?
Definition
T1-L2
Term
Where can one expect to find Grey Rami Communicans?
Definition
Along the entire sympathetic trunk, wherever paravertebral ganglia can be detected
Term
Where do sympathetic fibers for C1-C8 come from?
Definition
Typically from T1-T2
Term
Where do sympathetic fibers for L3-Cocc1 come from?
Definition
mostly L1-L2
Term
What are sympathetic splanchnic nerves?
Definition
Pre-ganglionic nerves that go to body cavities. Efferent splanchnic nerves synapse at the prevertebral ganglion.
Term
Which Splanchnic Nerves are parasympathetic?
Definition
Pelvic Splanchnic nerves
Term
Where are prevertebral ganglion found?
Definition
In nerve plexuses situated away from the sympathetic trunk such as the aortic and the hypogastric plexus
Term
Sympathetic Splanchnic nerves that synapse at the Aortic Plexus originate from where?
Definition
T5-L2
Term
Where do the parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerves synapse?
Definition
In ganglion and plexi within the organ. Called Enteric Ganglia
Term
Sympathetic Splanchnic nerves that synapse at the Hypogastric plexus originate from where?
Definition
L3-S3
Term
[image]
Identify the structures
Definition
1. Aortic Plexus
2.Superior Hypogastric Plexus
3.Right and Left Hypogastric nerves
4.Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
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