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nervous system
nervous system flash cards
242
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2010

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Term

What are the 3 major functions of the nervous system?

 

Definition
Sensory input, integration, and motor output
Term
Sensory input
Definition
The nervous system uses its millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occuring both inside and outside of the body
Term
Integration
Definition
The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment.
Term
Motor output
Definition
The nervous system causes a response by activating effector organs-the muscles and glands
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
Term
Somatic nervous system
Definition
subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of the skeletal muscles
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system
Term
central nervous system
Definition
a major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
a major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS
Term
neuroglia
Definition
support, insulate, and protect cells
Term
neurons
Definition
demonstrate irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one area of the body to another area
Term
neurons
Definition
release neurotransmitters
Term
neurons
Definition
are amitotic
Term
neuroglia
Definition
able to divide; therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms
Term
axon terminal
Definition
what part of a neuron releases neurotransmitters?
Term
dendrite
Definition
conducts electrical currents toward the cell body
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
increases the speed of impulse transmission
Term
cell body
Definition
location of the nucleus
Term
axon
Definition
generally conducts impulses away from the cell body
Term
bare nerve endings and muscle spindles
Definition
What receptor types would be activated by walking on hot pavement?
Term
bare nerve endings and pacinian corpuscle
Definition
What receptor types would be activated by feeling a pinch?
Term
bare nerve endings
Definition
What receptor type would be activated by leaning on a shovel?
Term
golgi tendon organ and muscle spindles
Definition
What receptor types would be activated by the muscle sensations when rowing a boat?
Term
meissner's corpuscle
Definition
what receptor type would be activated by feeling a caress?
Term
cutaneous sense organs
Definition
sensory receptors found in the skin, which are specialized to detect temperature, pressure changes, and pain
Term
schwann cells
Definition
specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS
Term
synapse
Definition
junction or point of close contact between neurons
Term
tract
Definition
bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS
Term
association neuron
Definition
neuron, serving as part of the conduction pathway between sensory and motor neurons
Term
nodes of ranvier
Definition
gaps in a myelin sheath
Term
ganglion
Definition
collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS
Term
efferent neuron
Definition
neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands
Term
proprioreceptors
Definition
sensory receptors found in muscle and tendons that detect their degree of strength
Term
stimuli
Definition
changes, occuring within or outside the body, that affect nervous system functioning
Term
afferent neuron
Definition
neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands
Term
stimulus, receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, effector organ
Definition
the order of a reflex arc with minimum elements
Term
refractory period
Definition
period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus
Term
depolarization
Definition
state in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron
Term
polarized
Definition
electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron
Term
repolarization
Definition
period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron
Term
action potential
Definition
transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron's membrane
Term
potassium ions
Definition
the chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron
Term
sodium-potassium pump
Definition
process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron
Term
somatic reflex
Definition
what type of reflex is a patellar reflex?
Term
autonomic reflex
Definition
what type of reflex is the pupillary light reflex?
Term
somatic reflex
Definition
what type of reflex happens when the effectors are skeletal muscles?
Term
autonomic reflex
Definition
what type of reflex happens when the effectors are smooth muscle and glands?
Term
somatic reflex
Definition
what type of reflex produces a flexor reflex?
Term
autonomic reflex
Definition
what type of reflex regulates blood pressure?
Term
autonomic reflex
Definition
what type of reflex is the salivary reflex?
Term
cerebral hemispheres
Definition
the largest pert of the human brain
Term
brainstem and cerebellum
Definition
other major subdivisions of the brain
Term
ventricles
Definition
the cavities found in the brain
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
liquid inside ventricles
Term
pons, medulla, and midbrain
Definition
structures that are part of the brain stem
Term
gyrus
Definition
an elevated ridge of cerebral cortex tissue
Term
neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
Definition
gray matter is composed of
Term
myelinated fibers
Definition
white matter is composed of this, which provides communication between different parts of the brain as well as with lower CNS centers
Term
basal nuclei
Definition
the lentiform nucleus, the caudate, and other nuclei are known as
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
site of regulation of water balance and body temperature in the brain
Term
pons
Definition
contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction with lower brain-stem centers
Term
cerebellum
Definition
responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements
Term
thalamus
Definition
important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
contains autonomic centers, which regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm, as well as coughing and sneezing centers
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres
Term
cerebralaqueduct
Definition
connects the third and fourth ventricles
Term
thalamus
Definition
encloses the third ventricle
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
forms the cerebrospinal fluid
Term
cerebral plexus
Definition
midbrain area that is largely fiber tracts; bulges anteriorly
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
part of the limbic system; contains centers for many drives (rage, pleasure, hunger, sex, etc.)
Term
gray matter
Definition
what kind of gray matter is in the cortex of cerebellum?
Term
gray matter
Definition
what sort of matter is in the basal nuclei?
Term
white matter
Definition
what sort of matter is in the anterior commisure?
Term
white matter
Definition
what sort of matter is in the corpus callosum?
Term
white matter
Definition
what sort of matter is in the pyramids?
Term
gray matter
Definition
what kind of matter is in the thalamic nuclei?
Term
white matter
Definition
what sort of matter is in the cerebellar peduncle?
Term
postcentral gyrus
Definition
the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral hemisphere is found in the
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
cortical areas involved in audition are found in the
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
the primary motor area in the ____ and is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements
Term
broca's area
Definition
the specialzed motor speech area is located at the base of the precentral gyrus in an area called
Term
left
Definition
the right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from the ____ side of the body
Term
precentral gyrus
Definition
the primary motor cortex is located in the _____
Term
premotor cortex
Definition
centers for control of repetitious or stereotyped motor skills are found in the
Term
fingers
Definition
the largest parts of the motor humunculi are the lips, tongue, and _______
Term
general interpretation area
Definition
sensations such as touch and pain are integrated in the _____
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
the primary visual cortex is in the _____ of each cerebral hemisphere
Term
left
Definition
in most humans, the area that controls the comprehension of language is located in the ____ cerebral hemisphere
Term
flat
Definition
a ____ EEG is evidence of clinical death.
Term
alert
Definition
beta waves are recorded when an individual is awake and ______
Term
dura mater
Definition
outermost covering of the brain, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue
Term
pia mater
Definition
innermost covering of the brain; delicate and vascular
Term
arachnoid villi
Definition
structures that return cerebrospinal fluid to the venous blood in the dural sinuses
Term
arachnoid mater
Definition
middle meningeal layer; like a cobweb in structure
Term
dura mater
Definition
its outer layer forms the periosteum of the skull
Term
choroid plexuses
Definition
capillary knots that form cerebrospinal fluid
Term
ventricles
Definition
choroid plexuses hang from _____ of the brain.
Term
cerebral aqueduct
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle and then through the ____________ to the fourth ventricle
Term
central canal
Definition
some cerebrospinal fluid continues down the _____ of the spinal cord
Term
subarachnoid space, fourth ventricle
Definition
nost of cerebrospinal fluid circulates into the _____ by passing through 3 tiny openings in the walls of the _______
Term
hydrocephalus
Definition
a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid drainage is blocked and results in increased pressure on the brain
Term
concussion
Definition
slight and transient brain injury
Term
contusion
Definition
traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue
Term
coma
Definition
total nonresponsiveness to stimulation
Term
intracranial hemorrhage
Definition
may cause medulla oblongata to be wedged into foramen magnum by pressure of blood
Term
cerebral edema
Definition
after head injury, retention of water by brain
Term
cerebrovascular accident
Definition
results when a brain region is deprived of blood or exposed to prolonged ischemia
Term
alzheimer's disease
Definition
progressive degeneration of the brain with abnormal protein deposits
Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition
autoimmune disorder with extensive demyelination
Term
transient ischemic attack
Definition
a ministroke; fleeting symptoms of a CVA
Term
foramen magnum, lumbar
Definition
The spinal cord extends from the _____ of the skull to the _____ region of the vertebral column
Term
lumbar puncture
Definition
the meninges which cover the spinal cord extend more inferiorly to form a sac from which cerebrospinal fluid can be withdrawn without damage to the spinal cord. this procedure is called a _____
Term
31
Definition
__ pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord.
Term
8
Definition
how many pairs of spinal nerves extend from the cervical part of the vertebral column
Term
12
Definition
how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?
Term
5
Definition
how many pairs of lumbar and sacral nerves are there?
Term
cauda equina
Definition
the tail-like collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord
Term
association neurons
Definition
neuron type found in the dorsal horn
Term
efferent
Definition
neuron type found in the ventral horn
Term
afferent
Definition
neuron type in a dorsal root ganglion
Term
efferent
Definition
fiber type found in the ventral root
Term
afferent
Definition
fiber type found in the dorsal root
Term
both afferent and efferent
Definition
fiber type in a spinal nerve
Term
both afferent and efferent
Definition
fiber type in the anterior ramus
Term
afferent
Definition
damage to this fiber type would lead to a loss of sensory function
Term
efferent
Definition
damage to this fiber type results in a loss of motor function
Term
nerve
Definition
another name for a bundle of nerve fibers
Term
mixed nerves
Definition
nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers
Term
afferent nerves
Definition
nerves carrying just sensory fibers
Term
efferent nerves
Definition
nerves carrying just motor fibers
Term
accessory nerve XI
Definition
which cranial nerve helps shrug the shoulders?
Term
olfactory I
Definition
which cranial nerve helps in smelling a flower?
Term
oculomotor III
Definition
which cranial nerve helps with raising the eyelids and focusing the lens of the eye for accomadation and constricts the eye pupils?
Term
Vagus X
Definition
which cranial nerve slows the heart and increases the mobility of the digestive tract?
Term
Facial VII
Definition
which cranial nerve is involved in smiling?
Term
trigeminal V
Definition
which cranial nerve is involved in chewing gum?
Term
vestibulocochlear VIII
Definition
which cranial nerve is involved in listening to music and seasickness?
Term
Facial VII
Definition
Which cranial nerve is involved in secretion of the saliva and tasting well-seasoned food?
Term
Oculomotor III, trochlear IV, and Abducens VI
Definition
what three cranial nerves are involved in rolling the eyes?
Term
trigeminal V
Definition
which cranial nerve is involved in feeling a toothache?
Term
optic II
Definition
which cranial nerve is involved in reading?
Term
olfactory I, optic II, facial VII
Definition
which cranial nerves are purely sensory?
Term
cervical plexus
Definition
which nerves serve the neck and shoulders?
Term
lumbar plexus
Definition
which nerves serve the abdominal wall
Term
femoral nerve
Definition
which nerve serves the anterior thigh?
Term
phrenic nerve
Definition
which nerve serves the diaphragm?
Term
sciatic nerve
Definition
which nerve serves the posterior thigh?
Term
fibular and tibular nerves
Definition
which nerves serve the leg and foot?
Term
sympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system is involved with postganglionic axons secreting norepinephrine and adrenergic fibers?
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system is involved with postganglionic axons secreting acetylcholine and cholinergic fibers?
Term
parasympathtic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system has a long preganglionic axon and a short postganglionic axon?
Term
sympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system has short preganglionic axon and long postganglionic axon?
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system arises from cranial and sacral nerves?
Term
sympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system arises from spinal nervers T1 to L3?
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system is normally in control?
Term
sympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system is the fight-or-flight system?
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system has more specific control?
Term
sympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system causes dry mouth and dilates bronchioles?
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system constricts the eye pupils and decreases heart rate?
Term
bipolar neurons
Definition
what kind of neurons are found in the head and are always part of an afferent pathway?
Term
arrector pili muscle cell
Definition
which skin cells would form a junction with a motor neuron?
Term
axosomatic
Definition
a synapse between an axon terminal and a neuron cell body
Term
epithalamus
Definition
the pineal gland is located in the ____
Term
association fibers
Definition
when neurons in wernicke's area send impulses to neurons in broca's area, what are the white matter tracts that are utilized?
Term
regulation of the heart and respiration and visceral motor function
Definition
functions that are at least partially overseen by the medulla
Term
ependymal cilia, ventricular choroid plexuses, and arachnoid villi
Definition
which srutctures are directly involved with formation, circulation, and drainage of CSF?
Term
mechanoreceptor
Definition
in an earthquake, which type of sensory receptor is most likely to sound the first alarm?
Term
musculosutaneous
Definition
which nerve stimulates muscles that flex the forearm?
Term
femoral nerve
Definition
an ability to extend the leg would result from a loss of function of which nerve?
Term
sympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system has some fibers that utilize gray rami communicantes?
Term
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Definition
which division of the autonomic system has splanchnic nerves?
Term
tarsal glands
Definition
oil-secreting glands that help lubricate the eyes
Term
cunjuctivitis
Definition
inflammation of the mucosa lining the eyelids and covering the anterior part of the eyeball
Term
extrinsic eye muscles
Definition
muscles attached to the eys that allow us to direct our eyes toward a moving object
Term
eyelids
Definition
protects the anterior aspect of the eye and has eyelashes protecting the edges
Term
lacrimal canals, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, then nasal cavity
Definition
the pathway that the secretion of the lacrimal glands take from the suface of the eye.
Term
elevates, medially
Definition
which movement of the eye does the superior rectus mucle cause?
Term
depresses, medially
Definition
which movement of the eye does the inferior rectus cause?
Term
depresses, laterally
Definition
which movement of the eye does the superior oblique muscle cause?
Term
laterally
Definition
which movement of the eye does the lateral rectus muscle cause?
Term
medially
Definition
which movement of the eye does the medial rectus muscle cause?
Term
elevates, laterally
Definition
which movement of the eye does the inferior oblique muscle cause?
Term
mucus
Definition
what does the conjunctiva secrete?
Term
oil
Definition
what does the tarsal glands secrete?
Term
lacrimal glands
Definition
what accessory eye structure secretes saltwater and lysozymes and has antibacterial properties?
Term
refraction
Definition
light bending
Term
accomadation
Definition
ability to focus for close vision
Term
emmetropia
Definition
normal vision
Term
hyperopia
Definition
inability to focus well on close objects; farsightedness
Term
photopupillary reflex
Definition
reflex constriction of pupils when they are exposed to bright light
Term
cataract
Definition
clouding of the lens, resulting in loss of sight
Term
myopia
Definition
nearsightedness
Term
astigmatism
Definition
blurred vision, resulting from unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea
Term
glaucoma
Definition
condition of increasing pressure inside the eye, resulting from blocked drainage of aqueous humor
Term
convergence
Definition
medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects
Term
accommodation pupillary reflex
Definition
reflex constriction of the pupils when viewing close objects
Term
night blindness
Definition
inability to see well in the dark; often a result of vitamin a deficiency
Term
convex
Definition
a lens that produces an image that is upside down and reversed from left to right
Term
real image
Definition
an image caused by a convex lens
Term
behind
Definition
what way is the light focused on the retina in farsightedness?
Term
convex
Definition
what type of lens is used to treat farsightedness?
Term
in front of
Definition
in what way is the light focused toward the retina in nearsightedness?
Term
concave
Definition
what type of lens is used to treat nearsightedness?
Term
ciliary zonule
Definition
attaches the lens to the ciliary body
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
fluid in the anterior segment that provides nutrients to the lens and cornea
Term
sclera
Definition
the white of the eye
Term
optic disc
Definition
area of retina that lacks photoreceptors
Term
ciliary body
Definition
contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens
Term
choroid
Definition
nutritive layer of the eye
Term
canal of schlemm
Definition
drains the aqueous humor of the eye
Term
retina
Definition
layer containing the rods and cones
Term
vitreous humor
Definition
gel-like substance that helps to reinforce the eyeball
Term
choroid
Definition
heavily pigmentes layer that prevents light scattering within the eye
Term
ciliary body and iris
Definition
intrinsic eye muscles
Term
fovea centralis
Definition
area of acute or discriminatory vision
Term
aqueous humor, cornea, lens, and vitreous humor
Definition
refractory media of the eye
Term
cornea
Definition
most anterior part of the sclera
Term
iris
Definition
pigmented diaphragm of the eye
Term
relaxed
Definition
during distant vision the ciliary muscle is ____
Term
decreased
Definition
during distant vision lens convexity is _____
Term
decreased
Definition
during distant vision the degree of light refraction is _____
Term
contracted
Definition
during close vision the ciliary muscle is ______
Term
increased
Definition
during close vision lens convexity is ______
Term
increased
Definition
during close vision the degree of light refraction is _____
Term
retina, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, synapse in thalamus, optic radiation, then optic cortex
Definition
the sequence of the visual pathway
Term
3
Definition
how many varieties of cones are there?
Term
rods
Definition
black and white vision is a function of ____
Term
externam acoustic meatus, pinna, tympanic membrane
Definition
structures composing the outer ear
Term
vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals
Definition
structures composing the bony or osseous labyrinth
Term
anvil (incus), hammer (malleus), stirrup (stapes)
Definition
collectively called the ossicles
Term
semicircular canals, vestibule
Definition
ear structures not involved with hearing
Term
pharyngotympanic tube
Definition
allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with the atmospheric pressure
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
vibrates as sound waves hit it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles
Term
cochlea
Definition
contains the organ of corti
Term
pharyngotympanic tube
Definition
connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear
Term
semicircular canals and vestibule
Definition
contain receptors for the sense of equilibrium
Term
oval window
Definition
transmits the vibrations from the stirrup to the fluid in the inner ear
Term
endolymph
Definition
fluid that bathes the sensory receptors of the inner ear
Term
perilymph
Definition
fluid contained within the osseous labyrinth, which bathes the membranous labyrinth
Term
eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, perilymph, membrane, endolymph, then hair cells
Definition
hearing pathway
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