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nervous system
test 3
146
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/08/2010

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Term
3 Major Functions of Nervous System
Definition
sensory stimuli: monitors changes internally and externally of body (stimuli, sensory input); integrates information: processes and interprets sensory information (integration); response: gives off effects and response
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
CNS; brain and spinal cord; dorsal cavities; integrating and command centers; interprets incoming signals
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
PNS; structures are outside of CNS; nerves extending from brain and spinal cord; spinal nerves and cranial nerves; carries impulses to and from the CNS
Term
2 Subdivisions of PNS
Definition
sensory division (afferent) and motor division (efferent)
Term
Sensory Division of PNS
Definition
afferent; somatic sensory fibers (skin, joints, muscles); visceral sensory fibers (visceral organs); keeps CNS constantly informed of events both inside and outside of the body
Term
Motor Division of PNS
Definition
efferent; somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle); autonomic nervous system (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands); sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
2 Types of Cells in Nervous System
Definition
supporting cells and neurons
Term
Supporting Cells of CNS
Definition
neuroglia ("nerve glue"; supports, insulates, and protects neurons); many types; cannot transmit impulses; lose ability to divide
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
CNS glial cells; star shaped; make up half of neural tissue; brace and support; anchors neurons to capillaries and to their nutrient supply; protect from harmful substances; controls chemical environment
Term
Microglia
Definition
disposes of debris including dead brain cells and bacteria
Term
Ependymal
Definition
glial cells; line central cavities of brain and spinal cord; helps to circulate CSF in cavities and cushion brain
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
glial cells; wrap tightly around nerve fibers producing myelin covering; CNS only
Term
Neurons
Definition
transmit signals and lose ability to divide; has body that contains at least one dendrite; body contains nucleus; neurofibrils help to maintain shape
Term
Supporting Cells of PNS
Definition
schwann cells (form myelin sheath around nerve fibers of PNS); satellite cells (protect and cushion)
Term
Dendrite
Definition
conveys incoming messages toward cell body (reciever)
Term
Axon
Definition
conveys outgoing messages away from cell body (transmitter); many have branches called collaterals; branch at terminals; tiny vesicles in terminals contain neurotransmitters; carry impulses
Term
Dendrite to Axon Ratio
Definition
approx 100:1
Term
Axon Hillock
Definition
part of cell body that connects to axon
Term
Synaptic Cleft
Definition
tiny gap between axon and next neroun; aka neurotransmitter junction
Term
Synapse
Definition
functional junction
Term
Myelin
Definition
whitish (composed of white matter), fatty material covering long nerve fibers; insulates and protects; increases speed of impulses
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
provide myelin covering for nerve cells in PNS
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
formed when Schawnn cells wrap around the axon in a tight coiled manner enclosing the axon
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
outer most ring of Schwann cells wrapped around nerve fiber; only in PNS (?)
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
gaps between individual Schwann cells
Term
Nuclei
Definition
only in CNS; clusters of nerve cell bodies (gray/dark matter)
Term
Tract
Definition
bundle of nerve fibers running through CNS (myelinated/white matter); only in CNS
Term
Ganglia
Definition
small collections of nerve cell bodies found in few sites outside PNS; myelinated
Term
Nerve
Definition
bundle of nerve fibers running through PNS; myelinated
Term
White Matter
Definition
myelinated regions of CNS; interior of brain; dense collection of myelinated fibers; tracts
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
outer rim of brain; contains cell bodies
Term
Sensory
Definition
afferent; incoming; dorsal (enter through back of spinal cord); (SAID)
Term
Motoric
Definition
outgoing; ventral (exits from front of spinal cord); efferent; (MOVE)
Term
Motor/Efferent Neurons
Definition
neurons carrying impulses from CNS to muscles, glands, and/or viscera; cell bodies of motor neurons always located in CNS (have very long axons)
Term
Motor/Efferent Neurons
Definition
neurons carrying impulses from CNS to muscles, glands, and/or viscera; cell bodies of motor neurons always located in CNS (have very long axons)
Term
Interneurons/Association Neurons
Definition
connects motor and sensory neurons; cell bodies are located in CNS
Term
Central Nervous System Development
Definition
first appears as simple tube/neural tube in first trimester of development
Term
4 Major Regions of Brain
Definition
cerebral hemispheres (4); diencephalon; brain stem; cerebellum
Term
Cerebral Hemispheres
Definition
cerebrum; 2; most superior and largest part of brain; gyrus; sulcus; fissure; lobes
Term
Gyrus
Definition
elevated ridges
Term
Sulcus
Definition
shallow grooves
Term
Fissure
Definition
deep groove separating larger areas
Term
Lobes
Definition
division of each cerebral hemisphere
Term
Cerebral Lobes
Definition
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital (named for underlying bones);
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
3 regions: superficial-gray matter, internal-white matter, deep-basal nuclei (islands of gray matter)
Term
4 Landmarks of Cerebral Cortex
Definition
longitudinal fissure; central sulcus; lateral sulcus; parietal-occipital sulcus
Term
Longitudinal Fissure
Definition
separates R and L hemispheres
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
separates frontal and parietal lobes
Term
Lateral Sulcus
Definition
separates temporal lob from parietal and frontal lobes
Term
Parietal-Occipital Sulcus
Definition
spearates occipital and parietal lobes
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
language, intellect, impulse control, social/sexual behavior, judgement, word meanings, problem solving, safety awareness, reasoning, motor function, memory, comprehension; pre-central gyrus-motor cortex; Broca's area
Term
Pre-Central Gyrus-Motor Cortex
Definition
frontal lobe; anterior to central sulcus; primary motor area; corticospinal/pyramidal tract; hands, mouth and face
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
frontal lobe; specialized area on left side of frontal obe involved in ability to speak; at base of pre-central gyrus motor cortex; left hemisphere only; meeting of temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes; damage results in inability to speak (know what to say, just cannot say it)
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
sensation and perception of sensory input, recognition of sensation, cognition, and spatial relations; post central gyrus
Term
Post Central Gyrus
Definition
parietal lobe; posterior to central sulcus; primary somatic sensory area; hand and lips-most sensory receptors
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
organization of sensory input (esp. hearing); language, word recognition, memory and recall; verbal skills, hearing; site of seizures (epilepsy); Weirnikes area
Term
Weirnikes Area
Definition
temporal lobe; speech, junction of frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes; allows you to sound out words; only in left hemisphere
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
vision and visual perception; visual spatial relations
Term
Cerebral Hemisphere
Definition
deeper tissue is white matter; fiber tracts carry impulses to and from and within cortex; corpus callosum (connects cerebral hemispheres)
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
areas of grey matter deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres; regulates voluntary motor control activity (initiation, termination, quality of movement); modifies instructions sent to the skeletal muscles by primary motor cortex; motor control center; Globus Pallidus; Putamen; Caudate Nucleus (head/tail); Substantianigra; amygdala (base of caudate nucleus's tail)
Term
Parkinson's Disease
Definition
disease of basal ganglia; substantia nigra issues
Term
Huntington's Disease
Definition
disease of basal ganglia; related to striatum issues between putamen and caudate
Term
Tremors
Definition
problem with basal ganglia
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
large, cauliflower-like structure projecting from underneath occipital lobe; 2 hemispheres; convoluted surface; outer surface is gray matter; inner surface is white matter; vermis; balance and coordination; monitors body position and initiates appropriate corrective measures; movements are smooth and precise; integrates information received from eyes, inner ears, and proprioceptors of the muscles and tendons; alcohol inhibits function of cerebellum
Term
Vermis
Definition
holds right and left cerebellum together
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
sits on top of brain stem; covered by cerebral hemispheres; includes thalamus and hypothalamus; involved in emotion and drive; limbic system; pituitary gland; mammillary bodies; epi thalamus; pineal body; choroid plexus
Term
Thalamus
Definition
diencephalon; relay station for sensory impulses passing upwards to cortex; interprets sensation; encloses 3rd ventricle
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
diencephalon; part of autonomic nervous system; works with pituitary; center that regulates body temp, H2O balance, and metabolism; NOT and endocrine gland; regulates pituitary gland; secretes 2 hormones of its own
Term
Limbic System
Definition
diencephalon; emotional center of brain; thirst, appetite, pleasure and pain centers
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
diencephalon; master gland; hangs from bottom of hypothalamus by slender stalk structure
Term
Mammillary Bodies
Definition
diencephalon; reflex centers; sense of smell; bulge from the floor of the hypothalamus behind the pituitary gland
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
diencephalon; forms roof of 3rd ventricle
Term
Pineal Body
Definition
diencephalon; gland involved in the body's response to light (sleep/wake cycle)
Term
Choroid Plexus
Definition
diencephalon; capillaries within each ventricle that form the CSF
Term
Brain Stem
Definition
includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; ascending and descending tracts; many small gray matter areas
Term
Small Gray Matter Areas of Brain Stem
Definition
autonomic programmed systems critical to survival; control vital activities (breathing, bp) cranial nerves
Term
Midbrain
Definition
brain stem; right below diencephalon; small portion of brain stem; from mamillary bodies to pons; cerebral aqueduct; cerebral peduncles; corpora quadrigema
Term
Cerebral Aqueduct
Definition
part of midbrain; tiny canal connecting 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle
Term
Cerebral Peduncles
Definition
part of midbrain; anteriorly in midbrain; convey ascending and descending impulses
Term
Coropora Quadrigema
Definition
part of midbrain; contains 2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi; 2 medial and 2 lateral geniculate
Term
Pons
Definition
brain stem; rounded structure protruding just below the midbrain; pons=bridge; mostly fiber tracts; many important nuclei involved in breathing
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
brain stem; most inferior part of brain stem; merges into spinal cord; important fiber tract; contains many nuclei that regulate vital visceral activities (heart rate, bp, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting); 4th ventricle is posterior to pons and medulla oblongata, but anterior to cerebellum
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
extends entire length of brain stem; diffuse mass of gray matter; reticular activation system; damage may result in permanent coma
Term
Reticular Activation System
Definition
RAS; consciousness levels and sleep/wake cycles
Term
Protection of Brain
Definition
skull, membranes (meninges); watery cushion (CSF); blood brain barrier
Term
Meninges
Definition
dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater
Term
Dura Mater
Definition
outermost layer of meninges; leathery double layer; periosteal layer; meningeal layer; continuous covering of brain and spinal cord; subdural hematoma
Term
Periosteal Layer
Definition
dura mater; attached to inner skull
Term
Meningeal Layer
Definition
dura mater; forms outer covering of brain
Term
Arachnoid Mater
Definition
middle layer of meninges that looks like a spider web; has thread-like extensions; subarachnoid space contains CSF; subarachnoid hemorrhage
Term
Pia Mater
Definition
innermost layer of meninges; delicate tissue; clings to brain and spinal cord surface; follows every fold of brain
Term
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Definition
CSF; water plasma that cushions the brain; contains vitamin C and ions; formed by choroid plexus; protects fragile nervous tissue from blows and trauma; circulates in subarachnoid space; returns blood via dural sinuses; total volume of CSF is replace multiple times a day
Term
Ventricles
Definition
right and left ventricles are hollow C-like structures; offshoot from lateral ventricles and connect to 3rd ventricle in middle
Term
3rd Ventricle
Definition
connects down aqueduct to 4th ventricle
Term
4th Ventricle
Definition
connects to central canal going to spinal cord
Term
Blood Brain Barrier
Definition
maintains constant homeostatic internal environment; neurons are kept separated from blood borne substances by the least permeable capillaries in the body; water, glucose, and essential amino acids can pass through; metabolic waste and most drugs are prevented from entering brain tissue; cannot keep out fats, gases, and other fat soluble molecules; end stage liver disease
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
continuation of brain stem; runs from foramen magnum of skul to 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae; major reflex center; gray matter look like an 'H'; dorsal/posterior horns; ventral/anterior horns; central canal in middle contains CSF; dorsal and ventral roots fuse together to form spinal nerve; funiculi;
Term
Funiculi
Definition
lateral (efferent information), dorsal (afferent information), anterior (efferent information)
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
31 pairs; each is composed of dorsal and ventral root; exit foramen above corresponding vertebrae (hence there are 8 cervical nerves); cauda equina is where they exit;
Term
Anterior Circulation to Brain
Definition
internal carotid arteries; enter skull at carotid canal; divide into anterior (ACA) and middle (MCA) cerebral arteries which serve the anterior and middle section of the cerebrum
Term
Posterior Circulation to Brain
Definition
vertebral arteries (paired); transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae; join together to form basilar artery; serves brain stem and cerebellum; basilar artery divides to form posterior cerebral arteries (PCA) that supply the posterior cerebrum
Term
Circle of Willis
Definition
where the anterior and posterior circulation systems of the brain meet
Term
Communicating Arteries
Definition
connections between anterior and posterior circulations
Term
Anterior Communicating Artery
Definition
connects right and left: aka ACOM
Term
Posterior Communicating Artery
Definition
connects front and back; PCOM
Term
Nerve Structure
Definition
nerves; endoneurium; perineurium; epinerium
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
wraps each nerve fiber
Term
Perineurium
Definition
coarser connective tissue which wraps groups of nerve fibers into bundles called fascicles
Term
Epinerium
Definition
tough fibrous sheath that binds together multiple fascicles to form the nerve
Term
Mixed Nerves
Definition
nerves that carry both sensory and motor information
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
12 pairs of cranial nerves; innervate the head and neck and special senses (vagus is exception); located on brain's anterior surface; are motor only, sensory only, or mixed
Term
Cranial Nerves Names
Definition
I Olfactory s
II Optic s
III Occulomotor m
IV Trochlear m
V Trigeminal b
VI Adducens m
VII Facial b
VIII Vestibulocochlear s
IX Glossopharyngeal b
X Vagus b
XI Accessory m
XII Hypoglossa m

(oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah heaven)
(some say money matters, but my brother says big boobs matter more)
Term
Plexus
Definition
PNS; complex network of nerves from spinal nerves
Term
Brachial Plexus
Definition
Roots (5)- 5 cord levels; C5-T1
Trunks (3)- superior, middle, inferior
Divisions (3 sets of 2)- anterior and posterior each
Cords (3)- lateral, posterior, medial
Branches (5)- nerves: axillary, musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar
Term
Risk Areas of Nerves of Brachial Plexus
Definition
median- carpal tunnel
radial- midshaft fracture or injury- suffer from wrist drop
unlar nerve damage- looks like holding a pistol (funny bone)
Term
Movement of Nerves of Brachial Plexus
Definition
median- wrist flexion and 3 finger flexion
radial- wrist and 3 finger extension
ulnar- 2 finger flexion
Term
Lower Extremity Nerves
Definition
sciatic nerve- huge; as big as thumb; tibial nerve- injured by break in tibia; peroneal nerve- injured by broken fibula
Term
Corticospinal Tract
Definition
descending; efferent; voluntary motor control; upper motor neuron (UMN, from brain to spinal cord) and lower motor neuron (LMN, from spinal cord down to nerve roots where muscles are innervated); primary motor cortex of frontal lobe; crosses over in medulla; descends spinal cord in lateral funiculus
Term
Spinothalamic Tract
Definition
ascending; afferent; sensory information; pain and temperature (lateral); light touch (anterior); sensory receptors in periphery; spinal nerve to dorsal ganglia;
Term
Phrenic Nerve
Definition
C3, C4, C5; innervate the diaphragm
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
hidden deep in temporal lobe; memory and spatial orientation; part of limbic system
Term
Insula
Definition
part of cerebral cortex hidden under lateral fissure and temporal lobe
Term
Ataxia
Definition
impaired coordination
Term
Dysphagia
Definition
impaired swallowing
Term
Apraxia
Definition
impaired sequencing abilities
Term
Anoxia
Definition
without oxygen supply
Term
Aphasia
Definition
impaired communication
Term
Facial Nerve
Definition
mentalis, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, frontalis, occipitalis, platysma
Term
Trigeminal Nerve
Definition
masseter
Term
Acessory Nerve
Definition
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
Term
Axillary Nerve
Definition
deltoid, teres minor
Term
Subscapular Nerve
Definition
subscapularis
Term
Suprscapular Nerve
Definition
infraspinatus, supraspinatus
Term
Rotator Cuff Group
Definition
axillary nerve, subscapular nerve, suprascapular nerve
Term
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Definition
biceps brachii, brachialis
Term
Radial Nerve
Definition
triceps brachii, brachioradialis, supinator, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis longus
Term
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Definition
levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major
Term
Ulnar Nerve
Definition
flexor carpii ulnaris
Term
Median Nerve
Definition
pronator teres, flexor digitorum, flexor carpi radialis
Term
Thoracodorsal Nerve
Definition
latissimus dorsi
Term
Superior Gluteal Nerve
Definition
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae
Term
Femoral Nerve
Definition
iliacus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis, vastus medius, sartorius
Term
Obturator Nerve
Definition
adductor group, gracilis
Term
Sciatic Nerve
Definition
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, emiteninosus
Term
Tibial Nerve
Definition
gastrocneius, soleus, tibialis posterior
Term
Peroneal Nerve
Definition
peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis anterior
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