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Nervous System
Nervous System for Massage Therapy
61
Anatomy
Not Applicable
01/28/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How many pairs of nerves in the PNS
Definition

43

12 pair cranial

31 pair spinal

Term
Another name for Voluntary Nervous System
Definition

Somatic Nervous System

(part of the PNS)

Term
Another name for involuntary nervous system
Definition

Autonomic Nervous System

(part of the PNS)

Term
Describe the two division of the PNS
Definition

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Term
Neuroglia
Definition

aka. glia

 

connective tissue that supports, nourishes, insulates, and organizes neurons.

 

4 types exist in CNS:

astrocytes, ependymoctyes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

 

2 types exist in PNS:

satellite cells, Schwann cells (neurolemmoctyes)

Term
astrocytes
Definition
CNS: form blood brain barrier, structural support
Term
ependymocytes
Definition
CNS: line cranial ventricles and spinal cord canal; assist in circ. spinal fluid
Term
microglia
Definition
CNS: destroy pathogens and remove dead neural tissue
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
CNS: myelin sheath surrounding axons
Term
satellite cells
Definition
PNS: structure support, ONLY found surrounding ganglia (a knot-like mass of neurons)
Term
Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
Definition
PNS: myelin sheath called the neurolemma or Sheath of Schwann--regenerates neurons
Term
Estimated # of neurons in body
Definition
100 billion
Term
Properties of a neuron
Definition

Excitability: converts stimulus into impulse

 

Conductability: transmit impulses

Term
Nissl bodies
Definition
make protein in nerve cells
Term
What is gray matter?
Definition
Neural cell bodies found on outer layer of brain (cortex), deep brain and sp. cord
Term
Name 5 parts of an axon
Definition

Synaptic bulb (axon terminate into)

 

Telodendria (distal end of axon)

 

Synaptic vesicles (within synaptic bulb, store neurotransmitters--chemicals facilitating or inhibiting transmission of impulses)

 

Myelin Sheath (white matter--prevents signal leakage, increases impulse speed--are formed by Schwann cells

 

Nodes of Ranvier: gaps at intervals between Schwann cells along axon.  Impulses jump over gap, increasing speed)

Term
Describe the nerve classifications afferent vs. efferent nerves
Definition

afferent carry impulses away from the PNS (to CNS)

called sensory nerves

 

efferent carry impulses from brain(CNS) to the body (PNS) Impulses effect the body systems,

called motor nerves

Term
Describe the nerve classification interneuron
Definition
aka. association nerves: connect sensory nerves to motor nerves and vice versa.  Make up most of nerves in the body--found in brain and spinal cord
Term
reflex arc
Definition
the simplest functional component of nervous system, consisting of three neurons: afferent, interneuron, efferent.  It's a conduction route
Term
somatic reflex
Definition
responsible for m. contraction
Term
visceral (autonomic) reflexes
Definition
maintain homeostasis through coughing, sneezing, blinking, heart rate correction, respiratory rate and bl. pressure
Term
physiopathological reflex arc
Definition

Caused by increased stimuli or amount of afferent impulses entering sp. cord. 

 

Could be a result of accident or emotional stress, etc.

 

Vasoconstriction occurs, starving m. of oxygen and nutrients due to lack of bl. supply.

 

Cellular waste is produced and accumulates in m. causing pain and trigger points

 

TrP pain is referred to other m., causing a cycle

Term
nerve
Definition

neurons are held together by endoneurium

 

bundles of neurons (nerve fascicles) wrapped by perineurium

 

Nerves bound together by epineurium

 

 

Term
action potential
Definition
an active neuron conducting an impulse
Term
resting potential
Definition
a nerve that is not conducting and impulse
Term
sodium-potassium pump
Definition

The method that produces and maintains resting potential

 

Na and K is transported inside and outside the neuron at unequal rates (3 Na to 2 K), producing a negative charge

 

Because so little sodium enters the cell, this helps maintain an imbalance or resting potential.

Term
Action potential conduction (a neuron conducting an impulse)
Definition

Stimulus is added

 

Na channels open.  Other channels sense the change in electrical charge and respond by moving more Na into cell.

 

Now the cell is positively charged and is conducted all along the entire neuron and onto the next neuron.

 

Sodium-potassium pump reinstates behind the impulse, causing a resting potential once again.

 

 

Term
saltatory conduction
Definition

Occurs in myelinated fibers only

 

insulation properties resist ionic mvmt

 

impulses occur only at gaps (Nodes of Ranvier)

 

Action potential seems to leap from node to node, increasing speed of impulse

Term
summation
Definition

The amount of stimuli in both frequency and number of fibers stimulated needed to reach threshold stimulus

 

 

 

 

Term
Name the meninges from outermost to innermost layers
Definition

Pia mater

Arachnoid

Dura mater

Term
Under which meninge layer is the epidural space located
Definition
The dura mater, the innermost layer.  Contains fat, connective tissue and bl. vessels
Term
Where is CSF produced
Definition
Choroid plexus in the ventricles of brain.  It's a derivative of blood.
Term

filum terminale

 

cauda equina

Definition

lower end of sp cord, marked by threadlike fibrous extension anchored to coccyx

 

end of sp. cord fan out, resembling a horse's tail

Term
Which is largest part of brain
Definition

cerebrum

 

Term
what is the limbic system responsible for
Definition
It's within the cerebrum, governs emotional aspects of behavior needed for survival (sexual, rage, docility)
Term
corpus collosum
Definition
a communicate pathway for impulses to move from one brain hemisphere to the other
Term
name the five lobes of the brain
Definition

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Insula

Term
Name the 4 types of brain waves and their patterns, from fastest to slowest
Definition

Beta: wakeful consciousness and mental activity--busy waves, associated with extreme stress

 

Alpha:  awake but relaxed waves, associated with self-healing, creativity, meditation

Theta: Drowsiness, out of body experiences--used to access deep-rooted memories.  Drowsy waves

 

DeltaDeep sleep

Term
Which brain center houses the thalamus and hypothalamus
Definition
diencephalon
Term

Which hemisphere specializes in language and hand movements

 

 

Which hemisphere specializes in spatial relationships, nonspeech auditory sounds

Definition

Left

 

Right

Term
Functions of thalamus
Definition
relays sensory(except olfaction) info to cerebrum part of brain
Term
functions of hypothalamus
Definition

regulates ANS and endocrine system by governing the pituitary gland.

 

Controls circadian rhythm and ANS functions such as hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, temperature, sleep patterns and maintains conciousness

Term
Cerebellum
Definition

posterior, inferior brain--2nd largest part

 

regulates posture, balance, complex m. movements

Term
3 parts of brain stem
Definition

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

Term
substantia nigra
Definition
within midbrain, releases dopamine, involving movement control
Term
pons
Definition
Within brainstem, breathing and relaying impulses to cerebellum
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition

Within brainstem, considered most vital part of brain, controlling respiratory, cardiovascular, vasomotor, gastric secretions and reflexes (sweating, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting)

 

Allows right brain and left brain to associate with each other

Term
dermatome
Definition
an area of skin that a sensory nerve serves.
Term
myotome
Definition
a group of skeletal m. supplied by a single spinal segment
Term
another name for median nerve
Definition

the great flexor

(within forearm)

Term
what does the vagus nerve supply
Definition
heart, lungs, kidney, GI
Term
Which nerve pairs make up the brachial plexus?
Definition
C5, 6, 7, 8 and T1
Term
What are the 3 small bones of the ear that transmit sound waves?
Definition

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

 

are within middle ear

Term
Describe exteroreceptors
Definition
sensory nerve endings, located in skin, mucous membranes, sense organs, responding to stimuli from outside the body
Term
Describe proprioceptors
Definition
Located in skin, ears, muscles, tendons, joints and fascia, respond to mvmt and position
Term
Describe Interoceptors
Definition
Found in viscera, respond to stimuli from inside body regarding function of internal organs
Term
Describe chemoreceptors
Definition

In nose, tongue, brain, activated by smells, tastes and changes in blood chemistry.

 

Stimulate medulla oblongata to increase respiration rate if oxygen or carbon dioxide levels are off.

Term
Describe mechanoreceptors
Definition

Touch receptors

 

Include Meissner, Ruffini, Pacinian and Krause end bulbs.

 

Also, stretch receptors (m. spindles and GTO's)

 

Also, baroreceptors--detecting bl. pressure within carotid arteries and aortic arch.

Term
Describe photoreceptors
Definition

Sensitive to light--two types are:

 

rods: sense dim light, black, white and gray

cones: color vision

Term
Describe nociceptors
Definition

Free nerve endings--detect pain and located in almost every tissue of body, especially near surface.

 

 

Term
Describe thermoreceptors
Definition

Detect heat and cold.  10 x's more heat receptors than cold ones.

 

 

When temps fall below 50 degrees or rise above 113 degrees, nociceptors activate

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