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Nervous System
Carl Christensen Exam III
258
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/05/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The nervous system is divided into what 2 systems?
Definition
Central Nervous System and Peripheral nervous system
Term
CNS consists of what two structures?
Definition
Brain and Spinal cord
Term
PNS consists of what structures?
Definition
Cranial and spinal nerves
Term
What are teh two functional classifications of nerves?
Definition
Motor and Sensory
Term
Afferent means
Definition
Sensory
Term
Efferent means
Definition
Motor
Term
PNS can be subdivided into what two divisions or systems? Give the effectors and the control
Definition

Somatic motor innervates skeletal muscles and it is voluntary

Visceral or Autonomic motor innervates cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands and is involuntary

Term
What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? what do they control?
Definition

Sympathetic is fight or flight

Parasympathetic is food and fuck.

Term
What are the two nervous system cells and function?
Definition

Neurons conduct electrical activity and are irritable and excitable

Neuroglial cells tend to be more supportive to the neurons

Term

 

List the six different neuroglial cells found in the CNS and PNS. Give a brief explanation of each cell type and the role each plays in the CNS and PNS.

Definition

  Astrocytes are the most numerous and largest glial cells in the CNS. They help form the blood-brain barrier, regulate tissue fluid composition, strengthen and reinforce the nervous tissue in the CNS, replace damaged neurons, and assist with neuronal development. Ependymal cells and nearby blood capillaries form the choroid plexus, which produces CSF. The ependymal cells have patches of cilia on their apical surfaces that help circulate the CSF. Microglia are small phagocytic cells that wander through the CNS and phagocytize cellular debris from dead nervous tissue, microorganisms, waste products, and other foreign matter. Oligodendrocytes myelinate the axons in the CNS. Satellite cells, located in the PNS, separate peripheral nervous system neuron cell bodies from their surrounding interstitial fluid and regulate the continuous exchange of nutrients and waste products between peripheral neurons and their environment. Neurolemmocytes myelinate the axons in the PNS.

Term
oligodendrocytes are found in the ....? system
Definition
CNS and they form myelin
Term
Schwann cells are found in the .....? system
Definition
PNS and they form myelin
Term
What is a neurilemma
Definition
Delicate outer neuron sheath around an axon formed by Schwann cells that encases it with myelin. Only in the PNS
Term
What is the function of nodes of Ranvier?
Definition
They are gaps between adjacent schwann cell sheathes and allow for salutatory conduction along the nerves
Term
Why does regeneration not occur in CNS?
Definition
There is no neuron tube to allow the neuron fibers to track down
Term
What is the function of axons?
Definition
Axons conduct impulses away from the cell body
Term
What is the function of dendrites?
Definition
Dendrites conduct impulses to the cell body.
Term
Define Soma
Definition
The cell body of a neuron cell
Term
What is the functional classification of multipolar neurons
Definition
sensory and motor
Term
Functional classification of Bipolar neurons?
Definition
Sensory
Term
Functional classification of unipolar neurons?
Definition
Sensory
Term
What structural classification is an Association neuron?
Definition
Multipolar
Term
What is the structural classification of a sensory neuron?
Definition
Could be multipolar, bipolar, unipolar.
Term
What is the structural classification of a motor neuron?
Definition
multipolar
Term
What is the structural classification of neurons based on?
Definition
The number of processes coming off the cell body
Term
How do neurons communicate with other neurons and effects?
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
What is the first event to occur at a neuromuscular junction?
Definition
A.P. travels down the axon terminal to the synaptic end bulb.
Term
What is the second event to occur at a neuromuscular junction?
Definition
Vesicles carrying neurotransmitters move to the surface of the synaptic end bulb.
Term
What is the third event to occur at a neuromuscular junction?
Definition
Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.
Term
What is the fourth even to occur at a neuromuscular junction?
Definition
Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft.
Term
What is the fifth event to occur at a neuromuscular junction?
Definition
Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and results in an AP.
Term
Name 4 neurotransmitters
Definition
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, serotonin. etc.
Term
Define neuromuscular junction?
Definition
The site where a nerve and skeletal muscle fiber form a synapse.
Term
What are the 3 types of cells a neuron can synapse with?
Definition
Axodendritic, Axosomatic, Axoaxonic.
Term
What are the three coverings of the spinal cord and brain from superficial to deep.
Definition
Dura mater, Arachnoidmater, pia mater.
Term
Where does the epidural space occur?
Definition
Above the dura and inside the vertebral canal. It is usually filled with fat and veins.
Term
Where does the subarachnoid space occur?
Definition
Between the arachnoid and pia mater.
Term
Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
Definition
Begins at the foramen magnum and ends at inferior border of Lumbar 1. L1
Term
The initial tapering of the cord below L1 is called .......
Definition
Conus Medullaris
Term
The horse tail of the spinal cord is called....nerves arising from the lowest portion of the cord.
Definition
Cauda Equina
Term
How many pairs of Spinal nerves exist?
Definition
31
Term
Each pair of spinal nerves serves a specific region of the body surface known as a ....
Definition
dermatome.
Term
Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord at 2 points called the....
Definition
Dorsal roots and the Ventral roots.
Term
What causes the swelling in the posterior root?
Definition
Dorsal root ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies.
Term
Is the dorsal root sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent)
Definition
Dorsal root = afferent = sensory
Term
Is the Ventral root sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent)
Definition
Ventral root = efferent - motor
Term
What are the 3 distal branches of the spinal nerves?
Definition
Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus and meningeal branch.
Term
Which distal branch innervates ventral and lateral skin and trunk muscles and gives rise to limb nerves?
Definition
Ventral ramus
Term
Which distal spinal nerve branch innervates m eninges, vertebrae, and spinal ligaments?
Definition
Meningeal branch
Term
Which distal branch of the spinal nerves innerates the muscles and joints ini that region of the spine and skin of the back?
Definition
Dorsal ramus
Term
What is a nerve plexus?
Definition
A network of interweaving ventral rami of spinal nerves.
Term
What are the 3 major plexuses that I need to know?
Definition
Cervical, Brachial, and Lumbar
Term
The lumbrosacral plexus includes what 3 plexuses?
Definition
Lumbar, sacral and coccygeal plexuses.
Term
What plexus innervates the cutaneous nerves of the sk in of the neck ear and shoulder?
Definition
Cervical plexus
Term
What plexus innervates the ulnar nerve?
Definition
Brachial plexus
Term
What plexus innervates the sciatic nerve?
Definition
Lumbrosacral plexus.
Term
What plexus innervates the phrenic nerve?
Definition
Cervical plexus.
Term
What nerve are you compressing when you hit your funny bone?
Definition
Ulnar nerve
Term
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Definition
Phrenic
Term
C H A P T E R F I F T E E N Define the term reflex arc. List the structures that makeup a reflex and give an example of a somatic and visceral reflex.
Definition

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

A reflex are Rapid, Involuntary, and Predictable reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus. A reflex arc is the neural wiring of a single reflex.

 

 

It begins when a stimulus activates a receptor such as temp, or pressure.

Nerve impulse travels through the sensory neuron to the CNS (spinal cord)

Information from nerve impulse is processed by interneurons typically, sometimes the sensory neuron immediately synapses into the motor neuron.

The Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to the effector

The effector responds to the nerve impulse from the motor neuron.

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

Define CSF and explain where it is formed and the route of its circulation. What are the functions of CSF in bathing the brain and spinal cord.

 

Definition

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

CSF is a clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space. It bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS and surrounds it to offer buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability by means of providing nutrients and excreting waste products.  CSF is formed in the choroid plexus surrounding the ventricles by ependymal cells and produced by secretion of a fluid that originates from blood plasma. . CSF flows from the lateral ventricles and third ventricle into the cerebral aqueduct (Mesencephalic aqueduct)  and then into the fourth ventricle. Most of the CSF in the fourth ventricle flows into the subarachnoid space by passing through openings in its membranous roof, either the paired lateral apertures or the single median aperture. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord.  As additional CSF is incorporated into the subarachnoid space, the hydrostatic pressure on the CSF within the arachnoid villi forces the CSF into the dural venous sinuses, allowing excess CSF to be released into the venous bloodstream without allowing any venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space.

 

Term
Where does CSF return to venous circulation? Why is this necessary?
Definition
Arachnoid Granulations in superior saggital sinus. If it is not reabsorbed it will cause hydrocephaly and increased cranial pressure which could be fatal.
Term
Samples of CSF can be obtained from the subarachnoid space through a ....?
Definition
Lumbar puncture
Term
Where exactly is the location of the blood brain barrier?
Definition
Capillaries wrapped by astrocytes and capillaries in the choroid plexus
Term
What kinds of substances if the barrier permeable to? Impermealbe to?
Definition

Permeable to fats, fatty acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, anesthetics and fat soluble molecules.

Impermeable to proteins, water soluble molecules, toxins and large molecular weight drugs.

Term
Why would the barrier be almost absent in some areas of the brain?
Definition
It is absent in parts of the third and fourth ventricles to sample the blood for noxious or toxic substances that may have gotten into the stomach and absorbed into the blood. These areas are near the emetic centers of the brainstem and will cause vomiting before the noxious substance is absorbed in too large a quantity.
Term
What part of the brain seperates the 2 lateral ventricles?
Definition
Septum Pellucidum
Term
What part of the brain has large bundles of white matter connecting 2 hemispheres
Definition
Corpus Callosum
Term
What part of the brain is responsible for memory?
Definition
Left cerebral hemisphere, Right cerebral hemisphere, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe.
Term
What part of the brain is the visual reflex center?
Definition
Superior colliculi
Term
What part of the brain auditory reflex center?
Definition
Inferior colliculi
Term
What part of the brain is the "bridge" connects cord with brain and regulates breathing rate
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
What part of the brain is sensory relat station; gateway to cerebral cortex.
Definition
Thalamus
Term
What part of the brain is responsible for spoken / written language, numberial scientific skills
Definition
Parietal lobe
Term
What part of the brain musical / artistic awareness imagination?
Definition
Parietal lobe, temporal lobe.
Term
What part of the brain is responsible for taste areas?
Definition
Insula
Term
What part of the brain is the primary visual area?
Definition
Occipital lobe
Term
What part of the brain is the primary auditory and olfactory areas and memory
Definition
Mamillary bodies
Term
What part of the brain is the cardiac / resp/ vasomotor center also controlling vomitting and coughing?
Definition
Pons
Term
What part of the brain controls voluntary movement, cognitive functions, and speech center
Definition
Cerebral cortex
Term
What part of the brain is olfaction and limbic system functions?
Definition
Fornix
Term
What part of the brain is the master gland?
Definition
Pituitary gland
Term
What part of the brain secretes melatonin which regulares biorhythms.
Definition
Pineal gland
Term
What part of the brain is the motor area of brain controlling balance, coordination, and posture.
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
What part of the brain controls all qualities associated with conscious behavior?
Definition
Frontal lobe
Term
What part of the brain is visceral control center; thermostat; part of limbic system, secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, regulates endocrine system, thirst/ hunger centers.
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What part of the brain is the part of cortex taht receives sensory info. from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, mapped into sensory homonculus?
Definition
Postcentral gyrus.
Term
Pimary motor area of cortex, mapped into the motor homonculus?
Definition
Precentral gyrus
Term
Gray matter within white matter of cerebrum, help to plan and program voluntary movement especially highly practiced behaviors
Definition
Basal nuclie
Term
What is the function of the limbic system?
Definition
Emotion, sex drive, fear rage, arouses one to familiar smells that have pleasant or emotional odors of ones memories.
Term
What are the parts of the limbic system?
Definition
Amygdala, hippocampus, cingulated gyrus, septum, fornix, thalamus, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, olfactor bulbs and tracts.
Term
What four structures make up the corpora quadrigemina?
Definition
2 superior colliculi coordinate visual reflexes, 2 inferior colliculi coordinate auditory reflexes.
Term
What are the arbor vitae?
Definition
Whtie matter tracts in the cerebellum that form a structure similar to a tree.
Term
What is the difference between gyri, sulci, and fissures?
Definition
Gyri are ridges, sucli are grooves and fissures are deep grooves. All are found in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices.
Term
CN1
Definition
Olfactory Sensory
Term

1. Oh - Some

2. Oh - Say

3. Oh - Marry

4. To - Money

5. Touch - But

6. And - My

7. Feel- Brother

8. A - Says

9. Girls - Big

10. Vagina - Boobs

11. Ahhh - Matter

12. Heaven - More

Definition
Term
CN II
Definition

Oh Optic

Say Sensory

Term
CN III
Definition

Oculomotor motor

Oh Marry

Term
CN IV
Definition

Trochlear Motor

To Money

Term
CN V
Definition

Trigeminal Both

Touch But

Term
CN VI
Definition

Abducens Motor

And MY

Term
CN VII
Definition

Facial Both

Feel Brother

Term
CN VIII
Definition

Vestibulocochlear Sensory

A Says

Term
CN IX
Definition

glossopharyngeal

Girl's Big

Term
CN X
Definition

Vagus Both

Vagina Boobs

Term
CN XI
Definition

Accessory Motor

AHHHHHH Matter

Term
CN XII
Definition

Hypoglossal Motor

Heaven, More

Term
What are the two divisions of the Peripheral nervous system? What control do they Have?
Definition

Somatic and Visceral (autonomic) divisions

Somatic consists of sensory from skin and skeletal muscles and motor to the organs

Visceral is sensory and motor to all smooth and cardiac muscles as well as glands.

Term
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
Definition

Sympathetic - fight or flight

Parasympathetic - rest and digest

Term
2 motor neurons is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
ANS
Term
1 motor neuron is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
SNS
Term
effector is cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
ANS
Term
effector is skeletal muscle is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
SNS
Term
lightly myelinated fibers is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
ANS
Term
heavily myelinated fibers is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
SNS
Term
thick axons is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
SNS
Term
thin axons is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
ANS
Term
Fast conduction is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
SNS
Term
slow conduction is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
ANS
Term
Neurotransmitter is ACh only is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
SNS
Term
neuotransmitters include ACh adn Norepinephrine is a characteristic of ANS or SNS?
Definition
AnS
Term
Short pre ganglionic nuron and long post ganglionic neuron is a characteristic of sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Long pre ganglionic nuron and Short post ganglionic neuron is a characteristic of sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
more complex is a characteristic of sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
innervates more organs is a characteristic of sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Craniosacral  is a characteristic of sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Thoracolumbar  is a characteristic of sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Synapses with the adrenal medulla  is a characteristic of sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
Sympathetic Division
Term
Fight or flight response  is a characteristic of sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Resting and digesting, food or fuck, fun and fornicate,  is a characteristic of sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Why is the medulla sometimes called a misplaced sympathetic gangion?
Definition
Because it is innervated by a preganglionic sympathetic neuron and ACh is the neurotransmitter that brings about the release of epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine ( 20 %) from the adrenal medulla when the sympathetic division is activated. It acts as a sympathetic ganglion.
Term
salivation - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
pupil dialation (iris contracts) - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
pupil constrictions - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
lacrimation - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Pissing - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Increased heart rate - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Increased Blood pressure - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Defecation - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Increased perspiration from sweat glansd - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Stimulates Adrenal Medulla - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Inhibits Digestion - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Increased respiratory rate? - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Bronchoconstriction - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
pSD
Term
Bronchodilation - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Increased blood glucose levels - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Arrector pili muscles in skin contract - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
SD
Term
Decreased haert rate - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Slow respiratory rate - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Digestion - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Regulates Body Temp - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Stimulates secretory activity of pancreas? - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
Stimulates Gallbladder? - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Definition
PSD
Term
The sympathetic preganglionic fibers exit the cord and lead to sympathetic chain ganglion called the......
Definition
Paravertebral Chain Ganglion on each side of the vertebral column
Term
In the sympathetic division, postganglionic nerve fibers leave paravertebral ganglia by 3 routes. List the 3 routes
Definition

1. They may pass directly through the paravertebral ganglion into a whit eramus communicans and synapse with a postganglionic neuron which then passes into a gray ramus out to the effector organ.

2.  They may synapse at the same level at a higher or lower level from where they leave the cord. They would pass intoa  whit eramus communicans and then up or down the paraverteberal ganglion chain to synapse with a postganglionic neuron. The postganglionin neuron leaves via the gray ramus to  innervate the effector organ.

3. The preganglionic neuron will pass through the paravertebral ganglion chain intoa  whtie ramus communicans and out of the ganglion chain to synapse in a prevertebral ganglion with a postganglioninc neuron.

Term
In the Splanchnic nerve route fibers pass through ganglia without synpasin when then theyform the ........ nerves
Definition
Splanchnic nerves
Term
The splanchnic nerve lead to .......... ganglia which contribute to the abdominal aortic.
Definition
prevertebral
Term
Which plexus serves the heart?
Definition
Cardiac
Term
Which plexus serves the liver stomach intestines kidneys pancreas. ect.
Definition
aortic plexus
Term
Which plexus serves the lungs?
Definition
Pulmonary plexus
Term
In the parasympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers are long and end in the .......... ganglia in or near the target organ.
Definition
terminal
Term

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

List and describe at least 5 different receptor types found in exteroreceptors and or interoreceptors. Give a brief description of the function of each and how they protect the body.

 

Definition

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

Exteroreceptors are sensitive to changes outside the body, and are found on or near the body surface. Intero-receptors are sensitive to changes in the viscera.  Mechanorecptors detect physical deformation due to pressure, stretch, tension, touch, or vibration (primarily cutaneous tactile receptors) Nociceptors detect tissue damage and function as the primary pain receptors. Chemoreptors detect chemicals and chemical balances in body fluids; respond to odors and tastes and ensure the body is at functional Ph. Thermoreptors detect changes in temperature and ensure the body is maintaining a homeostatic temperature.  Photoreceptors detect changes in light intensity and are necessary for vision.  Barorecptors detect changes in pressure within body structure.

 

Term
Pain receptors are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Nociceptor
Term
retina are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
photoreceptor
Term
responds to chemicals in solution are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Chemorecptors
Term
Sensitive to heat are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Thermoreceptors
Term
Sensitive to touch, pressure vibration and stretch are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Mechanorecptor
Term
Receptors associated with vision are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Photoreceptor
Term
extreme cold are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Thermoreceptor
Term
olfactory epithelium are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Chemorecptor
Term
Taste buds are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
chemorecptor
Term
Organ of Corti are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Mechanorecptor
Term
Vestibule and Semicircular canals are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Mechanorecptor
Term
Pacinian corpuscles are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
nociceptor
Term
Meissner's corpuscles is are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
nociceptor
Term
Extreme pressure are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
mechanorecptor and nocicpeptor
Term
muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ is are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Mechanorecptor.
Term
Located in skeletory muscles, tendons, joints and ligaments are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Exteroreceptor
Term
Vestibule and semicircular canals are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Interoceptors
Term
Respond to stimuli outside of the body
Definition
Exteroceptors
Term
retina are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
Interoceptor
Term
Responds to stimuli arising within the body are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
interoceptors
Term
tastes buds are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
exteroceptors
Term
found in viscera and walls of blood vellses are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
interoceptors
Term
olfactory epithelium is are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
exteroceptors
Term
organ of corti is are what kind of sensory receptor?
Definition
exteroceptor and interoceptor
Term
retina is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
complex
Term
Pacinian corpuscle is is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
simple
Term
Meissner's corpuscle is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
simple
Term
olfactory epithelium is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
complex
Term
taste buds are is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
complex
Term
organ of corti is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
complex
Term
vestibules and semicircular canals is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
complex
Term
golgi tendon organ muscle spindle is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
simple
Term
nociceptors is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
simple
Term
taste receptors is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
complex
Term
thermoreceptors is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
simple
Term
root hair plexuses is a simple or complex sensory receptor?
Definition
simple.
Term
What are the five special senses?
Definition
Vision, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium
Term
What part of the eye is the nervous layer and functions in image formation?
Definition
Retina
Term
Name the two types of photoreceptors found in the retina give a function for each.
Definition

Rods perceive black and white

Cones perceive color

Term
Rods and cones in the eye contain pigments that contain retinal, a derivative of what vitamin?
Definition
vit. A
Term
Which eye structure focuses light waves?
Definition
Lens
Term
What structure changes the shape of the lens?
Definition
Ciliary body and muscles.
Term
What structure changes the shape of the pupil?
Definition
Ciliary muscles
Term
How does  the ciliary muscle change the shape of the pupil?
Definition
Contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles to constrict or dilate the pupil
Term
Why does the pupil change shape?
Definition
Regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
Term
What is the function of the choroid layer?
Definition
Vascular tunic and provides nutrients to the retina adn removes metabolites
Term
What part of the choroid is responsible for night vision in animals?
Definition
The tapetum lucidum
Term
Why is the optic disc called the blind spot?
Definition
contains no rods or cones and cannot perceive light rays
Term
What is thefunction of the lacrimal gland?
Definition
Produces tears to wash over the eyes
Term
The optic nerve converges to form an X at what locatino?
Definition
Optic Chiasm
Term
Within the chiasma which fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain?
Definition
Those from the medial retina
Term
The L. cerebral hemisphere interprets what image?
Definition
right medial retina, and left lateral retina.
Term
The R. Cerebral hemisphere interprets what image?
Definition
Left medial retina and right lateral retina
Term
Optic tracts pass to the thalamu which relay sinformation to the cerebral cortex of which lobe?
Definition
Occipital
Term
What kind of vision would one have if they had a tumor on the optic chiasm?
Definition
tunnel vision, vision only fromthe lateral fields.
Term
The tympanic membrane is also called the
Definition
ear drum
Term
the smallest bones in the body and part of the middle ear are the
Definition
auditory ausicles
Term
What part of the ear functions in audition?
Definition
cochlear
Term
What are the 3 canals in the cochlear
Definition
Cochlear duct, scala vestibule, scala tympani
Term
Which canal is the membranous labyrinth?
Definition
cochlear duct filled with endolymph
Term
Which canal is considered the bony labyrinth?
Definition
Scala tympani and vestibule filled with perilymph
Term
What part of the cochlea is directly responsible for detecting sound waves and generateing a nerve impulse?
Definition
Organ of Corti
Term
Where do high frequency sound waves strike the vestibular membrane in the cochlea?
Definition
At the base of the cochlea
Term
Where do low frequency sound waves strike the vestibular membrane
Definition
at the apex or top of the cochlea
Term
What structure is responsible for absorbing excess waves entering the scala tympani?
Definition
Round window
Term
What is the function of the eustachian tube?
Definition
to equalize pressure in the middle ear and outside
Term
The thalamus relays auditory impulses to the cerebral cortex of which lobe?
Definition
temporal
Term
Define the two types of equilibrium. and identify the part of the inner ear that is responsible for each type.
Definition

Static - vestibule - saccule and utricule functions to allow a person to maintain balance and equilibrum when head is still or moves forward as in linear acceleration.

Dynamic involves the semicircular canals and ampullae which contains crista and help maintain balance and equilibrium during rotation movements.

Term
What is a sensory receptor for taste?
Definition
Taste buds
Term
Describe the sensory receptor for taste buds?
Definition
Taste buds contain taste pores and hairs that detect specific tastes.
Term
What are the 5 primary taste sensations?
Definition
salty, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami
Term
What are the 3 cranial nerves that carry gustary nerve impulses?
Definition
Glossopharynegeal, vagus, and facial.
Term
Gustatory nerve impulses travel to the medulla oblngata and then to the hypothalamus and amyglada to activate what autonomic reflexes?
Definition
Salivation, gagging, and vomiting.
Term
What part of the brain relays gustatory nerve impulses to the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Thalamus
Term
Describe the sensory receptor for smell?
Definition
Olfactory nerve cells in the olfactory epithelium and the receptors are c hemorecptor hair cells tha tsense odors only if moist they are attached to bipolar neurons the proceed upward throught eh cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
Term
What 2 properties must a chemical possess in order to be smelled.
Definition
volatile and moist
Term
Axons of olfactory neurons travel throught he cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and synapse with neurons in teh olfactory ...
Definition
bulb
Term
Olfactory tracts travel to the hypothalamus and temporal lobe part of the limbic system what kinds of emotional and reflex reactions can results?
Definition
Arousal, fear, pleasant, odors such as food or perfumes etc. That are associated with previous experiences and thus form memories.
Term
What is the only special sense that an reach the cerebral cortex before first passing through the thalamus?
Definition
Olfaction or smell.
Term
What is the function of cortex feedback to the olfactory bulbs?
Definition
To change the quality of the odors which may be more appealing and pleasant.
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