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Nervous System
Chapter 8
236
Anatomy
Not Applicable
07/09/2013

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Term
control of the body's billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide communication systems:
Definition
1. The Nervous System
2. The endocrine system
Term
transmits information very rapidly by nerve impulses conducted from one body area to another
Definition
nervous system
Term
transmits information more slowly by chemicals secreted by ductless glands into the bloodstream and circulated from the glands to other parts of the body
Definition
endocrine system
Term
________ and _________ communicate information to body structures, increasing or decreasing their activities as needed for healthy survival
Definition
hormones and nerve impulses
Term
__________ is possible only if our physiological control and integration systems function properly
Definition
homeostasis
Term
"neuro" refers to
Definition
nerves
Term
"dendro" means
Definition
branch
Term
"oglio" means
Definition
few, or little
Term
the function of the _______ _________ is accomplished by the conduction of the nerve impulses and the passing of nerve impulses across a synapse
Definition
nervous system
Term
______ ________ are an exchange of ions between the interior and exterior of the neuron.
Definition
nerve impulses
Term
list the 5 organs of the nervous system
Definition
1. brain
2. spinal cord
3. nerves
4. specialized sense organs
5. microscopic sense organs found in skin
Term
two principal divisions of the nervous system
Definition
1. central nervous system
2. peripheral nervous system
Term
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Definition
central nervous system
Term
the term ____________ is appropriate because nerves extend to outlying parts of the body
Definition
peripheral
Term
the nervous system connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body
Definition
peripheral nervous system
Term
division of the human nervous system that regulates involuntary actions
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
subdivision of the peripheral nervous system
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
system that controls heart rate, and contractions of the stomach and intestines
Definition
autonomic system
Term
2 types of cells in the nervous system
Definition
1. neurons
2. neuroglia
Term
nerve cell; including its processes
Definition
neuron
Term
supporting cells of the nervous tissue
Definition
neuroglia
Term
difference between neurons and neuroglia
Definition
neurons conduct impulses, neuroglia supports neurons.
Term
3 parts of a neuron
Definition
1. axon
2. dendrite
3. cell body
Term
transmits to the cellbody
Definition
dendrite
Term
transmits away from the cell body or dendrite
Definition
axon
Term
main part of a neuron from which the dendrites and axons extend
Definition
cell body
Term
branching, or tree-like; a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the body
Definition
dendrite
Term
nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body (elongated projection)
Definition
axon
Term
3 types of neurons
Definition
1.sensory neurons
2.motor neurons
3. interneurons
Term
_______ neurons transmit to spinal cord and brain
Definition
sensory/afferent
Term
_________ neurons transmit away from the brain and cord
Definition
motor/efferent
Term
________ neurons transmit from sensory neurons to motor neurons
Definition
inter/central/connecting
Term
motor neurons only conduct impulses to two kinds of tissue:
Definition
1. muscle tissue
2. glandular epithelial tissue
Term
white fatty substance formed by schwann cells that wrap around some axons outside the central nervous system
Definition
myelin
Term
axons outside the central nervous system that are surrounded by a segmented wrapping of myelin
Definition
myelinated fibers
Term
indentations that are found between adjacent Schwann cells
Definition
Nodes of Ranvier
Term
Nerve sheath (outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell)
Definition
neurilemma
Term
Large nucleated cells that form myelin
Definition
Schwann Cells
Term
Plays an essential part in the regeneration of cut and injured axons
Definition
neurilemma
Term
the potential for regeneration of the _____ nervous system is far less that in the _________ nervous system
Definition
central, peripheral
Term
do NOT specialize in transmitting neurons; support cells; special types of connective tissue cells; vary in size and shape
Definition
neuroglia
Term
derived from greek word meaning "glue"
Definition
glia
Term
one function of the _________ is to hold functioning neurons together and protect them
Definition
neuroglia
Term
one of the most common brain tumors
Definition
glioma
Term
a somewhat star-shaped glial cell with threadlike branches that attach to neurons and to small blood vessels, holding theses structures to each other
Definition
astrocyte
Term
two-ply wall formed by the wall of capillaries and the surrounding extensions of astrocytes; functions to prevent harmful chemicals from entering vital brain tissue
Definition
blood-brain barrier
Term
one type of connective tissue found in the brain and spinal cord; smaller; usually remain stationary; however, if there is an inflamed or degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge, move about, and act as a microbe-eating scavenger
Definition
microglia
Term
serve to produce fatty myelin sheath; holds nerve fibers together
Definition
oligodendroglia
Term
a group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together like the strands of a cable
Definition
nerve
Term
________ _________ make nerves look white
Definition
myelin sheaths
Term
a single nerve pathway made up of several bundles of axons and extending through the central nervous system
Definition
tracts
Term
_______ form the white matter in the brain and spinal cord
Definition
tracts
Term
nerves covered with myelin are ________ matter
Definition
white
Term
tissue comprising cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites are ________ matter
Definition
gray
Term
the thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each axon in a nerve
Definition
endoneurium
Term
small bundle of fibers
Definition
fascicles
Term
connective tissue that encircles a bundle of nerve fibers within a nerve
Definition
perineurium
Term
a tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve
Definition
epineurium
Term
only ___________ can produce/provide rapid communication between cells necessary for maintaining life
Definition
neurons
Term
if all impulse conduction ceases, _______ ceases
Definition
life
Term
another name for nerve impulse
Definition
action potentials
Term
routes traveled by nerve impulses
Definition
neuron pathways
Term
allows an impulse to travel in only one direction; specialized neuron pathway
Definition
reflex arc
Term
simplest reflex arc
Definition
two-neuron arc
Term
two kinds of reflex arcs
Definition
1. two-neuron arc
2. three-neuron arc
Term
_______ __________ are like a one way street
Definition
reflex arcs
Term
2nd simplest kind of reflex arc
Definition
three-neuron arc
Term
peripheral beginning of a sensory neuron's dendrite; often located a distance away from the spinal cord (i.e. tendons, skin, mucous membranes)
Definition
receptors
Term
tapping the knee is an example of a ____ neuron reflex arc
Definition
two
Term
a group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system; located near the spinal cord; contains 100's of cell bodies in each; usually gray matter
Definition
ganglion
Term
ganglion located near the spinal cord; where the neuron cell body of the dendrites of the sensory neuron is located
Definition
dorsal (posterior) root ganglion
Term
a self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron's plasma membrane
Definition
nerve impulse
Term
__________ _________ do not continually race along every nerve cell's surface; first have to be initiated by a ______, or a change in environment
Definition
nerve impulse, stimulus
Term
junction (space) between adjacent neurons
Definition
synapse
Term
responding organ; puts nerve signals "into effect"
Definition
effector
Term
involuntary action; the response to impulse conduction over a reflex arc
Definition
reflex
Term
example of three-neuron reflex arc
Definition
exposing hand to hot stove and pulling it away (withdrawal reflex)
Term
reflex that moves a body part away from an irritating stimulus
Definition
withdrawal reflex
Term
all _____________ lie within the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord
Definition
interneurons
Term
________ matter forms the H-shaped inner core of the spinal cord
Definition
gray
Term
three-neuron arcs have _____ synapses
Definition
two
Term
diseases involved with oligodendrocytes and myelin formation
Definition
myelin disorders
Term
most common primary disease of the central nervous system; a myelin disorder
Definition
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Term
think of a ________ __________ as a tiny spark sizzling its way along a fuse
Definition
nerve impulse
Term
when a nerve impulse encounters myelin and "jumps" from one node of Ranvier to the next; very fast; faster than nonmyelinated sections
Definition
saltatory conduction
Term
how does a nerve impulse conduct across a neuron?
Definition
chain of events
1. it is stimulated
2. positive Na+ rushes inward; temporarily becoming positive
3. section immediately recovers and impulse moves to the next section
Term
the place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another neuron
Definition
synapse
Term
neuron situated proximal (before) a synapse
Definition
presynaptic neuron
Term
neuron situated distal (after) to a synapse
Definition
postsynaptic neuron
Term
3 structures that make up a synapse
Definition
1. synaptic knob
2. synaptic cleft
3. plasma membrane of postsynaptic neuron
Term
a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon that contains vesicles with neurotransmitters
Definition
synaptic knob
Term
small, neurotransmitter containing sac
Definition
vesicle
Term
chemicals by which neurons communicate
Definition
neurotransmitter
Term
the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
Definition
synaptic cleft
Term
the ______ __________ of the _________ neuron has protein molecules embedded in it opposite the synaptic knob; these serve as receptors to which neurtransmitters bind
Definition
plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
Term
specific ______________ are localized in discrete groups of neurons and released in specific pathways
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
chemical neurotransmitter; released at some of the synapses in the spinal cord and other neuromuscular junctions
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; released by sympathetic nervous system; neurotransmitter
Definition
norepinephrine
Term
norepinephrine and epinephrine; may play a role in sleep, motor function, mood, and pleasure recognition
Definition
catecholamines
Term
chemical (neurotransmitter) in central nervous system that influences pain perception; a natural pain killer; morphine-like
Definition
endorphins
Term
peptide chemical in the central nervous system that acts as a natural painkiller; morphine-like
Definition
enkephalins
Term
diffuses directly across the plasma membrane of neurons rather than being released from vesicles
Definition
nitric oxide
Term
fluid containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Definition
meninges
Term
4 major divisions of the brain
Definition
1. brainstem
2. diencephalon
3. cerebellum
4. cerebrum
Term
3 components of the brain stem
Definition
1. medulla oblongata
2. pons
3. midbrain
Term
lowest part of the brainstem; an enlarged extension of the spinal cord; the vital centers are located in this area; lies just above the foramen magnum
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
located in brain; where bits of gray and white matter mix intricately
Definition
reticular formation
Term
the part of the brainstem between the medulla oblongata and midbrain
Definition
pons
Term
top part of the brainstem
Definition
midbrain
Term
cardiac, respiratory, and vasometer centers located in the medulla; they control heartbeat, respirations, and blood pressure
Definition
vital centers
Term
brainstem has ____-way conduction paths
Definition
two
Term
brainstem sends messages _____ and _____ the brain
Definition
to/from
Term
neurons that conduct impulses up the spinal cord and to the brain
Definition
sensory
Term
neurons that conduct impulses from the brain and to the spinal cord
Definition
motor
Term
"between" brain; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesencephalon (or midbrain); small, consists of the hypothalamus and the thalamus
Definition
diencephalon
Term
the 2 main parts of the diencephalon
Definition
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
Term
vital neuroendocrine and autonomic control center located beneath the thalamus
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
functions of the hypothalamus
Definition
regulation of body temperature, water balance, sleep-cycle control, appetite, and sexual arousal
Term
posterior pituitary and extensions of the third ventricle are extensions of the
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
exerts major control over virtually all internal organs
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
what is meant by "don't judge by appearances" in accordance with the hypothalamus
Definition
by the looks of it, (smallness) it doesn't look very important, but it is one of the most important things in the brain
Term
hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water; affects the volume of urine excreted; ultimately controlled by hypothalamus
Definition
antidiuretic hormone (adh)
Term
hormone produced by the hypothalamus that causes the anterior pituitary to release its hormones
Definition
releasing hormone
Term
___________ indirectly helps control the functioning of every cell in the body
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
located just above the hypothalamus
Definition
thalamus
Term
functions to help produce sensations and associate sensations with emotions; plays a part in the arousal mechanism; dumb bell shaped gray matter; composed chiefly of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons that have axons extend up toward the sensory areas of the cerebrum
Definition
thalamus
Term
functions of the thalamus
Definition
sensory relay station from various body areas to cerebral cortex; emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms
Term
second largest part of the human brain
Definition
cerebellum
Term
lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
Definition
cerebellum
Term
gray matter composes the outer layer; white matter composes the bulk of the interior of the __________
Definition
cerebellum
Term
functions of the cerebellum
Definition
1. produce smooth coordinated movement
2. maintain equilibrium
3. sustain normal posture
Term
largest and uppermost part of the brain
Definition
cerebrum
Term
ridges of the brain
Definition
convolutions (gyri)
Term
groove (furrows) of the brain
Definition
sulci
Term
part of the brain that plays an essential role in the production of normal movements
Definition
cerebrum
Term
deepest sulci
Definition
fissures
Term
divides the brain into right and left hemispheres
Definition
longitudinal fissure
Term
where the right and left cerebral hemispheres are joined
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
4 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Definition
1. frontal lobe
2. occipital lobe
3. parietal lobe
4. temporal lobe
Term
_______ are named for the ________ that lie over them
Definition
lobes, bones
Term
a thin layer of gray matter made up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies that compose the surface of the cerebrum
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
functions of the cerebrum
Definition
sensory perception, emotions, willed movements, consciousness, and memory
Term
without cerebral neurons, we would be ____________
Definition
unconscious
Term
islands of gray matter located in the base of the cerebrum that are responsible for automatic movements and posture; also called basal nuclei/ganglia
Definition
cerberal nuclei
Term
a hemorrhage, or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels resulting in destruction of neurons; commonly called a stroke
Definition
cerebrovascular accident (cva)
Term
when the victim can no longer voluntarily move the parts of the body on the side opposite to the side on which the CVA has occured; the patient has had a ______
Definition
stroke
Term
if you are of average height, your spinal cord is about ___ or ____ inches long
Definition
17 or 18
Term
lies inside the spinal column in the spinal cavity
Definition
spinal cord
Term
the spinal cord extends from the _________ ______ to the bottom of the ____ _________ vertebra
Definition
occipital bone, 1st lumbar
Term
the hips (top of iliac crest) align with the _____ ________ vertebra
Definition
4th lumbar
Term
H-shaped core of the spinal cord is composed of ________ ________
Definition
gray matter
Term
columns of _________ matter form the outer portion of the spinal cord
Definition
white
Term
the white columns of the spinal cord that provide two-way conduction paths to and from the brain
Definition
spinal tracts
Term
_________ tract carries information to the brain
Definition
ascending
Term
___________ tract conducts impulses from the brain
Definition
descending
Term
_________ are functional organizations; meaning that all axons composing each one serve one general function
Definition
tracts
Term
a chronic nervous disorder resulting from a deficiency of the neurtransmitter dopamine in the cerebral nuclei of the cerebrum
Definition
parkinson disease
Term
___________ is characterized by rigidity and trembling of the head and extremeties, a forward tilt of the trunk, and shuffling manner of walking
Definition
parkinsonism
Term
________ injection into the blood/pills are not effective treatments because they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
Definition
dopamine
Term
____________ can cross the blood-brain barrier to treat parkinsons
Definition
levodopa
Term
_________ ___________ is the primary reflex center of the body
Definition
spinal cord
Term
________ ____________ contains thousands of relex arcs, which transfer incoming sensory impulses to outgoing motor impulses, thereby making it possible for a reflex to occur
Definition
spinal cord
Term
two common kinds of spinal cord reflexes
Definition
1. jerk
2. withdrawal
Term
___________ __________ carries impulses to and from the brain
Definition
spinal cord
Term
reflexes that result from conduction over arcs whose centers lie in the spinal cord
Definition
spinal cord reflexes
Term
spinal cord injury that produces a loss of sensation
Definition
anesthesia
Term
spinal cord injury that results in the loss of the ability to make voluntary movements
Definition
paralysis
Term
__________ tissue is NOT a sturdy tissue
Definition
nervous
Term
nervous tissue is covered by _________ for protection, which then are covered by bone; filled with fluid
Definition
meninges
Term
three layers of spinal meninges
Definition
1. dura mater
2. pia mater
3. arachnoid mater
Term
literally "strong or hard mother"; outermost layer of the meninges; lines the vertebral canal
Definition
dura mater
Term
the vascular innermost meninge of the brain and spinal cord
Definition
pia mater
Term
delicate; weblike middle membrane covering the brain; this meninge resembles a cobweb with fluid in its spaces
Definition
arachnoid mater
Term
means "cobweb like"
Definition
arachnoid
Term
fluid that fills the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord in the cerebral ventricles; formed continuously in the choroid plexus; one of the body's circulating fluids
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid
Term
small cavities; in the brain; filled with cerebrospinal fluid; irregular shapes
Definition
cerebral ventricles
Term
a network of brain capillaries that are involved with the production of cerebrospinal fluid; forms continually from blood, circulates, and is resorbed into the blood
Definition
choroid plexus
Term
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; "water on the brain"
Definition
hydrocephalus
Term
treatment for hydrocephalus
Definition
involves a catheter to drain the excess cerebrospinal fluid to another location in the body
Term
____________ nervous system consists of the nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body
Definition
peripheral
Term
any f the 12 pairs of nerves that attach to the undersurface of the brain and conduct impulses between the brain and structures in the head, neck, and thorax (and abdomen)
Definition
cranial nerves
Term
nerve that connects the spinal cord to the peripheral structures such as skin, and skeletal muscles
Definition
spinal nerves
Term
olfactory
Definition
smell
Term
optic
Definition
vision
Term
oculomotor
Definition
eye movements
Term
troclear
Definition
eye movements
Term
trigeminal
Definition
sensations of the face, scalp, teeth, and chewing
Term
abducens
Definition
turning eyes outward
Term
facial
Definition
sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles
Term
vestibulocochlear
Definition
hearing, balance
Term
glossopharyngeal
Definition
sensation of throat, taste, swallowing
Term
vagus
Definition
sensations of throat and larynx; heart rate; sensations of thoracic and abdominal organs
Term
accessory
Definition
shoulder movements, turning head
Term
hypoglossal
Definition
tongue movements
Term
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Definition
I Olfactory (Sensory)
II Optic (Sensory)
III Oculomotor (Motor)
IV Trochlear (Motor)
V Trigeminal (Both)
VI Abducens (Motor)
VII Facial (Both)
VIII Vestibulocochlear (Sensory)
IX Glossopharyngeal (Both)
X Vagus (Both)
XI Accessory (Motor)
XII Hypoglossal (Motor)
Term
_____ pairs of spinal nerves
Definition
31
Term
________ cervical nerves
Definition
8
Term
________ thoracic nerves
Definition
12
Term
_____ lumbar nerves
Definition
5
Term
______ sacrospinal nerves
Definition
5
Term
____ coccygeal nerves
Definition
1
Term
____________ nerves have NO special names
Definition
spinal
Term
reorganization nerve fibers from several spinal nerves that form a single peripheral nerve; intersecting; "braided" branches
Definition
plexus
Term
______ ________ conduct impulses between the spinal cord and parts of the body not supplied by the cranial nerves; involve motor and sensory neurons
Definition
spinal nerves
Term
_______ _________ make possible sensation and movement
Definition
spinal nerves
Term
"mapping" of the body; skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve
Definition
dermatomes
Term
autonomic nervous system conducts from the spinal cord and brainstem to these 3 kinds of tissues:
Definition
1. cardiac muscle tissue
2. smooth muscle tissue
3. glandular epithelial tissue
Term
_________ nervous system controls involuntary functions
Definition
autonomic
Term
________ nervous system consists of motor nerves that control voluntary actions of the skeletal muscles
Definition
somatic
Term
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
1. sympathetic nervous system
2. parasympathetic nervous system
Term
part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions as an emergency system; stress
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term
part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord; controls many visceral effectors under normal conditions; peaceful
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system
Term
_________ nervous system responses are usually wide-spread, involving many organs and not just one
Definition
sympathetic
Term
functions as an emergency system
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term
junction boxes where autonomic neuron axons terminate
Definition
ganglia
Term
autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion
Definition
preganglionic neurons
Term
autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses from a ganglion to a cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue
Definition
postganglionic neurons
Term
tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses
Definition
autonomic (visceral) effectors
Term
how does autonomic conduction occur?
Definition
1. impulse travels over pregangliotic neurons to the autonomic ganglia
2. then they are relayed across synapses to postgangliotic neurons
Term
difference between autonomic and somatic conduction
Definition
somatic conductions do not need to jump synapses
Term
the changes produced by increased sympathetic impulses allowing the body to deal with any type of stress
Definition
"fight or flight" response
Term
________________ nervous system frequently involves response by only one organ
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
dominates control of many visceral effectors under normal, every day conditions
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system
Term
axons whose terminals release acetylcholine; includes the parasympathetic preganglionic axon, the sympathetic preganglionic axon, and the parasympathetic postganglionic axon.
Definition
cholinergic fibers
Term
the only neurotransmitter that releases norepinephrine; eaxon of the sympathetic postganglionic neuron
Definition
adrenergic fibers
Term
the emotional brain
Definition
limbic system
Term
also called the craniosacral system
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system
Term
short fibers that extend between the sympathetic ganglia that look like 2 chains of beads
Definition
sympathetic chain ganglia
Term
sometimes called the thoracolumbar system
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term
dendrites and cell bodies are located in the gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar segment of the spinal cord; leaves the cord through an anterior root of a spinal nerve and terminates in a collateral ganglion
Definition
sympathetic pregangliotic neurons
Term
dendrites and cell bodies are in sympathetic ganglia and axons travel to a variety of visceral effectors
Definition
sympathetic postgangliotic neurons
Term
left brained people are __________
Definition
analytical
Term
right brained people are _________
Definition
creative
Term
right side of the body is controlled by the _________ side of the brain
Definition
left
Term
the withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid from just below the 4th lumbar vertebra
Definition
lumbar puncture
Term
unique viral infection that results in a painful eruption of red, swollen plaques or vesicles that eventually rupture and crust before clearing in 2 to 3 weeks
Definition
herpes zoster; shingles
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