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Nervous system
exam #3
36
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/02/2009

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Term
synapse
Definition
functional connection between axon of a neuron and dendrite or cell body of another neuron or membrane of another cell type
Term
motor neuron
Definition
(efferent) message always runs in one direction; one-way conduction; Impulse travels from dendrite to cell body to axon
Term
sensory neuron
Definition
(afferent) neurons that transmit impulses from receptors to the central nervous sytem
Term
association neuron
Definition
(internuncial) neuron between a sensory and a motor neuron
Term
Sensory, integrative, and motor
Definition
list 3 functions of the nervous system
Term
central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
Definition
two main parts of the nervous sytem are:
Term
presynaptic
Definition
axon terminals of the first nerve, before the synapse
Term
postsynaptic
Definition
dendrite of the second nerve
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
neuroglial cells in the PNS; surround axon of a peripheral neuron; form neurilemma and myelin sheath
Term
astrocytes
Definition
star-shaped neuroglial cells of the CNS; provide structural support for nerve tissue
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
occur in rows along nerve fibers; provide insulating myelin sheaths in CNS around axons, but do not form neurilemma (neuroglial cells)
Term
microglia
Definition
phagocytic cells of the CNS (neuroglial); eat bacteria and cellular debris
Term
ependyma
Definition
cuboidal or columnar cells; may have cilia; lines ventricals and cavities of the brain and central canal of cord, forms choroid plexus. (neuroglial cells of the CNS)
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of an undisturbed nerve cell membrane
Term
threshold potential
Definition
least stimulus necessary to excite receptor; may be a combination of subthreshold impulses, i.e. summation - a second impulse arrives before the 1st one finishes, and the combination causes the threshold potential to be reached
Term
action potential
Definition
when threshold potential is reached, electrical changes cause the channels for sodium to open which causes depolarization (an action occurs)
Term
minimal stimulus
Definition
the weakest stimulus that will excite the receptor
Term
all or nothing response
Definition
once depolarization happens, it will sweep through the whole nerve
Term
All or nothing response;
Electrical Changes;
Impulse speed depends on size of fibers (larger fibers = faster);
absolute refractory period
Definition
list 4 facts about conductivity
Term
EPSP - Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Definition
How a nerve can become excited: increase postsynaptic permeability to Na (an enormous amount of Na being avail. makes depolarization easier)
Term
IPSP - inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Definition
how a nerve can be inhibited: make postsynaptic membrane more permeable to K and Cl (K moves out of cell, Cl moves in; inside of cell is very negative == hyperpolarized)
Term
Acetylcholine (Ach); Norepinephrine (NE); Epinephrine (E); Dopamine (DA)
Definition
Name 4 chemicals that excite.
Term
glutamic acid and aspartic acid
Definition
2 amino acids that excite
Term
Seratonin; GABA; Glycine
Definition
a chem. and two amino acids that inhibit
Term
1)sensory neuron;
2)at the dorsal ganglion;
3)the efferent axon enters the cord;
4)synapses w/a dendrite;
5)motor axon exits the ventral root
Definition
path of a reflex arc:
Term
reflex arc
Definition
is a nerve pathway consisting of sensory neurons
Term
spinal tap
Definition
removing CSF from the subarachnoid space of the meninges in the spinal cord
Term
spinal anesthesia
Definition
anesthesia of the lower half of the body; caused by injury to the spinal cord or by injecting anesthesia (subarachnoid space)
Term
hydrocephalus
Definition
CSF collects in the ventricles of the brain due to blockage ("water on the brain"); head gets larger while brain gets smaller
Term
lateral ventricles
Definition
either of 2 ventricles on either side of hemisphere
Term
interventricular foramen
Definition
opening connects 3rd ventricle in diencephalon to lateral ventricle
Term
third ventricle
Definition
in midline of brain, beneath the corpus callosum
Term
4th ventricle
Definition
in brainstem; just anterior to cerebellum
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
Mass of specialized capillaries that secretes cerebrospinal fluid into a brain ventricle
Term
cerebral aqueduct
Definition
a narrow canal that connects 4th to the 3rd ventricle and passes lengthwise through the brainstem
Term
1) lateral ventricles;
2) interventricular foramen;
3) third ventricle;
4) cerebral aqueduct;
5) 4th ventricle;
6) foramen;
7) subarachnoid space;
8) arachnoid granulations;
9) blood filled dural space
Definition
List the flow and formation of CSF
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