Shared Flashcard Set

Details

nervous system terminology
n/a
80
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/28/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
synapse
Definition
junction between an axon of one neuron with another neuron or another cell type
Term
presynaptic neuron
Definition
the neuron belonging to the axon
Term
postsynaptic neuron
Definition
the nueron receiving information from the axon
Term
axon collaterals
Definition
branches of main axon
Term
myelin
Definition
white sheath of fatty material around nerve fibers (axons)
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
many layers of cell membrane of glial cell wrapped around axon
Term
nuclei
Definition
group of nerve cell bodies (soma) in CNS
Term
ganglia
Definition
group of nerve cell bodies in PNS
Term
tracts/facsiculi
Definition
bundle of nerve processes in PNS
Term
nerves
Definition
bundle of nerve processes in PNS
Term
gray mater
Definition
aggregates of neuronal cell bodies
Term
white mater
Definition
regions of tracts
Term
Cells of nervous system
Definition
2 major types:
neurons-functional signal conducting cells/ neuroglia- supporting cells (glial)
Term
astrocytes
Definition
star-shaped, abundant, versatile. involved in the formation of the BBB (blood brain barrier)
Term
microglia
Definition
specialized immune cells that act as the macrophages of the CNS (wbc)
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
low columnar epithelias-esque cells that line the ventricles of the brain & the central canal of the spinal cord, some are ciliated which facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS
Term
Of midbrain: peduncle
Definition
a large bundle of nerves connecting spinal cord & brain stem to cerebral hemispheres - consist of descending motor fiber tracts
Term
of midbrain: colliculi
Definition
small bumps on dorsal side of brain - Right & left rostral colliculi is visual reflex - right 7 left caudal colliculi relay nuclei for hearing
Term
of diencephalon: thalamus
Definition
relay center for nerve fibers connecting cerebrum to brainstem/cerebellum/ spinal cord
Term
of diencephalon: HYPOTHALAMUS
Definition
ventral to thalamus; ventral part attached to ventral part is hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Term
of diencephalon: third ventricle
Definition
it is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Term
pia mater
Definition
deepest of meninges, delicate membrane that forms a sheath around blood vessels.
Term
arachnoid
Definition
"spider" web-like filaments
Term
duramater
Definition
tough fibrous covering of CNS, it fills the role of periosteum in cranium - (outside, tough, connective tissue layer)
Term
synapse
Definition
specialized junctions for information exchange between neurons OR neuron and another cell.
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
neuromuscular junction- cholinergic neurons (2 classes) nicotinic & muscarinic receptors
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
adrenergic neurons
Term
GABA (Gama-aminobutyric acid)
Definition
most predominant inhibitory NT in CNS - binding to GABA receptor cause hyperpolarization (inhibition) - ex) sedative, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants
Term
Glutamate
Definition
predominant excitatory NT in CNS - Glutamate receptors in high concentration in brains, memory/learning.
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
charge at membrane when there is more + charge on the outside and negative inside. said to have resting potential
Term
depolarization
Definition
3 Na+ ions responsible for the rapid opening of voltage-gated sodium channels, when they rush in the cell/ membrane
Term
repolarization
Definition
2K+ ions move from inside to go outside of the cell, opening voltage-gated potassium channels
Term
hyperpolarization
Definition
inhibition of nerve impulses takes place - this results from too many ions moving from one side, no action potential
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
stretch, proprioception; skeletal muscle
Term
thermoreceptors
Definition
hot, cold, infrared
Term
nociceptors
Definition
dull vs. sharp pain
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
light; rods & cones
Term
chemoreceptors
Definition
taste, smell, CO2, pH - tastebuds
Term
exteroception
Definition
nervous system receives information about external environment
Term
interoception
Definition
NS receives info about internal environment
Term
proprioception
Definition
NS receives info about position & movement of body
Term
unencapsulated receptors
Definition
sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping ex.) free nerve endings and hair receptors
Term
encapsulated receptors
Definition
dendrites with a glial cell wrap or connective tissue covering ex.) meissners corpuscles (cell), pacinian corpuscles in skin - all found in skin
Term
tympani & stapedius
Definition
muscles between middle and inner ear that dampen vibrations of the ossicles (small bones in ear). this is the pain perceived after a concert with loud music
Term
three middle ear ossicles
Definition
1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes
Term
malleus
Definition
looks like a hammer attaches to tympanic membrane and connected to the incus
Term
incus
Definition
looks like anvil and connected to the stapes
Term
stapes
Definition
looks like a stirrup; footplate attaches to oval window of inner ear where it creates ossicilations in the scala vesibuli
Term
three tunics of eyeball
Definition
fibrous (scelra, cornea), vascular (choroid,ciliary body, iris), nerve (retina)
Term
three tunics of eyeball
Definition
fibrous (scelra, cornea), vascular (choroid,ciliary body, iris), nerve (retina)
Term
fibrous
Definition
sclera, cornea-allows light to pass easily
Term
vascular
Definition
choroid, ciliary body -controls the shape of the lens, which focuses light onto retina, iris - controls how much light gets into eye by regulation size of pupil
Term
nerve
Definition
retina-photoreceptors - rods(black & white), cones(color)
Term
photopsin
Definition
helps with color vision
Term
rhodopsin
Definition
formed of retinal & opsin - helps with black & white - adapts for darkness
Term
tapetum
Definition
reflective layer of inner choroid, eyeshine, colored part of back of eye
Term
ducts
Definition
hormones produced go through ducts first
Term
ductless
Definition
secretion of hormones goes straight to surface
Term
endocrine route
Definition
hormone is transported via the blood to target organ
Term
exocrine route
Definition
hormone is secreted to the exterior of the body where it interacts with a target organ (not exterior of body, exterior of organ)
Term
paracrine route
Definition
hormones secreted into the space in between cells and teh interstitial fluid carries them to the target organ - no use of junctions
Term
autocrine route
Definition
hormone produced by the cell, regulates the activity of the cell that produced it (like ductless)
Term
neurocrine route
Definition
hormones diffuse through syaptic clefts similar to neurotransmitters
Term
epicrine route
Definition
hormone passes through gap junctions cells and alters the function of adjacent cells
Term
peptides
Definition
(type of hormone) chain of AA
Term
Amines
Definition
(type of hormone) modified AA - more simple
Term
steroids
Definition
cholesterol (type of hormone) must be synthesized, not stored & only made when needed
Term
upregulation
Definition
when # of cell receptors increased on cell surface
Term
downregulation
Definition
an invagination is formed around receptor & is internalized. receptor is being carried in vesicle b/c it has been pinched off
Term
peptide hormones
Definition
-receptors found in cell membrane - response is rapid and quickly reversed as well - cellular components that bring about desired effects of hormone after binding of hormone to receptor
Term
steroid hormones
Definition
receptors are found in cytoplasm/nucleus - biological responses develop slowly but last longer than peptide hormones - hormone binding triggers transcription of DNA which leads to mRNA for specific proteins to be produced - increase in protein production brings about desired effect of hormone
Term
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands
Definition
organs whose only function is to produce hormones
Term
pancreas, ovary, testis
Definition
organs that produce hormones & carry out other functions
Term
Thyroxine
Definition
T4 - thyroid hormone- more than T3- increases BMR and receptor found in almost all tissues
Term
Triiodothyronine
Definition
T3- thyroid hormone- less than T4 - increases BMR - almost all tissues have receptors
Term
calcitonin
Definition
peptide hormone which helps control Ca+. acts to decrease blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts
Term
parathyroid gland
Definition
secrete pth - increases blood Ca and lower blood P - stimulates release of Ca and P from bone.
Term
insulin
Definition
lowers blood glucose levels by decreasing permeability
Term
glucagon
Definition
raises blood glucose by the breakdown of glucagon
Supporting users have an ad free experience!