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| relating to the grey matter |
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| relating to the white matter |
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| relating to large area of (soft) necrosis |
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| any dz or malfunction of the autonomic nervous system |
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| large macrophages w. foamy cytoplasm |
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| Degenerative change affecting neuronal cell body with breakdown of cytoplasmic Nissl substance |
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| Degeneration of the axon and myelin following nerve injury |
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| Infiltration of phagocytes (microglia/macro.) to remove neuronal cellular debris |
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| Cytoplasmic vacuolation of neuronal cell bodies |
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| Glial cell hypertrophy or hyperplasia or both |
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| Astrocyte hypertrophy - astrocytic processes enlarge and may become longer |
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| Swelling and hypertrophy of perineuronal oligodendrocytes around injured neurones |
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| Accumulation of inflam cells around b.v. |
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| Mineralised / ossified plaques on the dura of dogs |
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| ataxia in which mvmts over-reach the desired goal |
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| Degeneration or loss of function or vitality in an organism or cells that do not appear to have sustained any injury |
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| Collection of pus within a naturally exisitng anatomical cavity |
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| Large CSF-filled cavities in brain |
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| Small, cystic, CSF-filled spaces in cerebral hemispheres, usually communicate w. subarachnoid space or lateral ventricel |
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| protrusion of meninges through defect in calvarium or vertebrae |
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| protrusion of meninges and brain tissue/nerves through defect in calvarium or vertebrae |
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| failure of closure of dorsal aspect of one or multiple vertebrae (a type of dysraphia) |
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| opening of the vertebral canal, muscle and skin resulting in exposure of the SC |
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| Lack of cerebral hemispheres / malformed diencephalon |
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| Duplication of SC which is fused and contained in a single dural sheath |
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| Duplication of SC with 2 distinct cords each with own dural sheath and vertebral canal |
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| Dilation of spinal central canal |
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| fluid-filled cystic cavitation (syrinx) of SC parenchyma |
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| syringomyelia (fluid-filled cystic cavitation (syrinx) of SC parenchyma) and hydromyelia (dilation of spinal central canal), often w. communication between syrinx and central canal |
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Term
| Border disease / "hairy shakers" in sheep |
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Definition
| Infection w. pestivirus in utero results in hypomyelination of brain and SC w. hypo/amyelination of axons |
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Definition
| Progressive primary cerebellar degeneration |
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Definition
| Neurons have axonal swellings (spheroids) in various nuclei, in brainstem, cerebellum, SC, possibly w. neuronal loss |
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Definition
| Primary degeneration (abiotrophy) of neurons in SC ventral grey matter and brainstem nuclei |
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Term
| Age related degenerative myelopathy |
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Definition
| In older dogs, regions of degeneration of myelin sheaths w. ballooning, disruption and phagoc. of myelin, w. some axonal fragmentation and loss |
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Term
| Peripartum asphyxia syndrome |
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Definition
| "Barker foals" - disruption of umbilical cord blood flow during parturition |
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Term
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
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Definition
| A stroke - acute cerebral haemorrhage w. rapid loss of brain function due to disturbances in blood supply to brain |
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Term
| Fibrocartilaginous embolism / ischaemic myelopathy |
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Definition
| Embolic fibrocartilaginous material occludes spinal and/or meningeal b.v. causing infarction and ischemia |
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Term
| Haemorrhagic myelomalacia |
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Definition
| Trauma results in dissecting haemorrhage (often in G. matter) and necrosis in SC (myelomalacia) |
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Term
| Polioencephalomalacia / Cerebrocortical necrosis (CNN) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Congenital copper deficiency in lambs - recumbent, flaccid limbs, ataxic, blind, deaf |
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Definition
Delayed, progressive copper deficiency ie. normal at birth.
-Show progressive swaying hind linb ataxia, flaccid paralysis, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, muscular atrophy |
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Definition
-calves born blind
-loss of photoreceptor function
-compression and degeneration of optic nn due to stenosis of optic canals (decr. bone remodelling) and dural thickening by fibrous |
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| Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy |
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Definition
Vit E deficiency / disorder of vit. E metabolism in young horses.
Pelvic limb ataxia / spasticity which slowly progresses to forelimbs. |
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Definition
Accumulation of neurotoxic products (eg. ammonia, amines) normally removed by the liver cause neurological dysfunction
-BBB damaged (vasogenic oedema)
-head pressing, hypersalivation |
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Definition
CATTLE: has a direct neurotoxic effect on CNS cells (neurones and astrocytes) and can interfere w. neurotransmitter function
HORSES: peripheral neuropathy resulting in laryngeal and pharngeal bi-lateral paralysis |
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Definition
| Blocks release of inhib neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine) resulting is spastic muscle rigidity |
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Term
Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
“pulpy kidney dz” |
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Definition
| Clostridium perfringens toxins break down BBB (and enothelium) = vasogenic oedema and necrosis |
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Definition
| during period of dehydration / hyper-natraemia, brain creates new osmotic equilibrium, resulting in oedema when free access to water |
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| Epidural abscess or empyema |
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Definition
| Due to bacterial infection - only in SC (no epidural space in brain!) |
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| Bacterial infection in meninges themselves, in sub-arachnoid space w. purulent material |
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Definition
NB: rare in SC
Due to bact. infection from haematogenous infection, local extension or direct implantation |
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Definition
| Listeria monocytogenes invades oral mucosa, then trigeminal n. and travels to brain - lesions mainly confined to brainstem, may extend to cervical SC |
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| Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) |
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Definition
first in lymphoid tissue, causes im.supp., spreads to CNS in inf. MN cells
-some die of encephalomyelitits
-some survive but may develop subacute to chronic inflam. and demyelinating dz |
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Term
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) |
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Definition
-mainly seen in young cats
-most common cause of CNS inflam in cats – vasculitis in brain, leptomenigitis
-inflam tends to be focused on inner and outer surfaces – ventricle surfaces / choroid plexuses often affected
-poss. mild hydrocephalus/SC hydromyelia
-blindness quite common (affects optic n.)
NB: dry form affects NS more commonly |
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Definition
Seen in rabbits esp, also in dogs
Widespread, non-suppurative meningo-encephalomyelitis |
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Definition
in dogs: Meningoencephalo-myelitis, myositis/ neuritis w. hindlimb paresis/paralysis
in cattle: abortion, w. foci of necrosis in CNS of aborted fetus |
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Definition
Seen in cats, dogs, pigs
-similar to Neospora caninum in dogs:
Meningoencephalomyelitis, myositis/ neuritis w. hindlimb paresis/paralysis |
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Definition
"gid" in sheep
(Intermediate stage of taenia mutliceps tapeworm in dogs)
Results in fluid-filled cysts – acts as space occupying lesions and put P on brain = circling |
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Term
| Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) |
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Definition
Caused by prions (abnormal form of a normal cell protein), which can be transmitted horizontally and poss. reach brain via leukocytes in blood or retrograde axonal transport
-Prions cause nerve cell degeneration |
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Term
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Definition
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy = Mad Cow Disease
Caused by prions, which cause nerve cell degeneration |
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Definition
Ovine Spongiform Encephalopathy = Scrapie
Caused by prions, which cause nerve cell degeneration |
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Term
| Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitits (GME) |
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Definition
-Granulomatous inflam of meninges of brain and SC
-Unknown cause(poss. im-mediated mechanism)
-In dogs, esp small breeds, young-middle aged |
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Term
| Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) |
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Definition
Necrotising inflam of meninges of brain
“non-suppurative meningitis”
Seen in pugs, rarely also seen in other small breeds. |
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Term
| Cholesteatoma (Cholesterol granuloma) |
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Definition
-seen in old horses
-Non-neoplastic lesion of choroid plexus, thought to represent mild haemorr. in choroid plexus w. accumulation of chol. causing granulomatous FB-type reaction
-occurs in lateral ventricles (uni- or bilateral) |
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Term
Cervical stenotic myelopathy
“wobbler syndrome” |
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Definition
| Bone surrounding the cervical cord fails to resorb sufficiently to accommodate the growing SC - causes compressive trauma of SC resulting in neurological signs |
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Term
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Definition
Bone surrounding the cervical cord fails to resorb sufficiently to accommodate the growing SC
-Seen when neck is extended and flexed i.e. compression regardless of position
-In horses 1-4yrs old, mostly C5-C7 |
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Term
| Cervical dynamic stenosis aka cervical vert. instability |
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Definition
Bone surrounding the cervical cord fails to resorb sufficiently to accommodate the growing SC
-Seen only when neck is flexed
-In horses 8mnths-1.5yrs old, mostly C3-C5 |
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Term
| Intervertebral disc herniation |
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Definition
Replacement of nucleus pulposus of intervert. disc w. cartilage (metaplastic change), which then herniates and compresses the SC
-Mainly in dogs, esp. chondrodysplatic breeds and esp. thoracolumbar region |
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Definition
| Primary tumour of neurone origin which occurs in YOUNG animals |
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Definition
Most common tumour of CNS
Tumour of mesothelium / fibroblasts which arises on surface of cerebrum, cerebellum or SC |
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| Disease of nerves - generally uncommon |
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Definition
| Disease of solitary / multiple nerve(s) |
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| Disease affecting the neuronal cell body |
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Definition
| Primary dz. affecting the axon with or without myelin sheath damage |
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Definition
| Disease affecting the myelin sheath of nerves (involving myelin formation, maintenance or stability) - generally uncommon |
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Definition
Affecting the nerve root
e.g. radiculitits |
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Definition
Disruption to sympathetic innervation to the eye
Clin signs: miosis (smaller pupil)
-ptosis (dropping upper eyelid)
-protrusion of 3rd eyelid
-enopthalmus (eyeball sinks into orbit) |
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Definition
-Inflam of the cauda equine.
-May result in adhesions of spinal nerves into a mass
Clin. signs: tail paralysis, perineal par/anaesthesia, urinary incontinence, faecal retention, muscle atrophy, hind limb weakness |
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Term
| Protozoal polyradiculitis |
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Definition
Inflam of multiple nerve roots due to protozoa usually Neospora caninum in puppies
-results in progressive hind limb paralysis |
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Term
| Neuritis associated w. guttural pouch mycosis |
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Definition
Inflam affecting glossopharyneal nn, pharyngeal br. of vagus, int. carotid nn (post-gang. symp) and facial nn:
-Pharyngeal and laryngeal paralysis
-Can cause Horner’s syndrome
-Facial paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
Inflam of middle ear can result in inflam of facial and sympathetic nn:
-facial paralysis
-Horner’s syndrome |
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Definition
Inflam of inner ear:
Signs of vestibular dz. – head tilt, falling or rolling to one side, nystagmus |
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Definition
| Damage to obturator and sciatic nn. during calving |
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Definition
| Mild injury e.g. mild compression - causes temporary disturbances/block |
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Definition
| bulbous mass at end of proximal stump of nerve, formed after regenerative attempts by transected nn. are aborted (because gap between ends of nerve fibers is too large or there is fibrosis blocking growth of n. ending sprouts). Can be painful. |
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Definition
| Neuropathy of nn. due to diabetes mellitus - esp. tibial nn (and so plantigrade stance) and esp. in cats |
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Definition
| Neuropathy of nn. due to hypothyroidism |
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Definition
| Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum blocks acetyl choline release in synapses - results in flaccid paralysis, incl. diaphragm, and death due to resp. failure |
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Term
| Organophosphates - acute toxity |
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Definition
| Inactivation of acetyl-cholinesterase and so overstimulation of cholinergic synapses |
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Term
| Organophosphates - delayed toxicity |
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Definition
Inactivation of acetyl-cholinesterase and so overstimulation of cholinergic synapses
See delayed paralytic syndrome w. central and peripheral axonopathy |
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Definition
aka Equine dysautonomia
Degeneration (chromatolysis) and death of ganglion cells in peripheral autonomic ganglia, and other sites
Often euthanased |
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Term
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Definition
Dysautonomia of cats:
Destruction of autonomic ganglia and occ. neurones in dorsal root ganglia and spinal root neurons – acute onset
-Often die or euthanased |
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Term
| Peritonitis induced dysautonomia |
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Definition
Peritonitis can cause degeneration of autonomic neurons in int. autonomic submucosa and myenteric ganglion
-results in paralytic ileus
-care don't confuse for grass sickness! |
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Term
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Definition
| AchR deficiency (congenital) or production of AB against AchR on post-synaptic membranes at NMJ (aquired AI) - results in flaccid paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
aka Peripheral nerve sheath tumours
i.e. tumour of PNS
Can be malignant or benign |
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