Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Nervous system path terminology
Basic definitions
103
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
04/17/2012

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
encephal-
Definition
relating to the brain
Term
myel-
Definition
relating to the SC
Term
polio-
Definition
relating to the grey matter
Term
leuko-
Definition
relating to the white matter
Term
meingo-
Definition
relating to the meninges
Term
malacia-
Definition
relating to large area of (soft) necrosis
Term
Dysautonomia
Definition
any dz or malfunction of the autonomic nervous system
Term
Gitter cells
Definition
large macrophages w. foamy cytoplasm
Term
Chromatolysis
Definition
Degenerative change affecting neuronal cell body with breakdown of cytoplasmic Nissl substance
Term
Wallerian degeneration
Definition
Degeneration of the axon and myelin following nerve injury
Term
Neuronophagia
Definition
Infiltration of phagocytes (microglia/macro.) to remove neuronal cellular debris
Term
Vacuolation
Definition
Cytoplasmic vacuolation of neuronal cell bodies
Term
Gliosis
Definition
Glial cell hypertrophy or hyperplasia or both
Term
Astrogliosis
Definition
Astrocyte hypertrophy - astrocytic processes enlarge and may become longer
Term
Astrocytosis
Definition
Astrocyte proliferation
Term
Satellitosis
Definition
Swelling and hypertrophy of perineuronal oligodendrocytes around injured neurones
Term
Perivascular cuffing
Definition
Accumulation of inflam cells around b.v.
Term
Dural ossification
Definition
Mineralised / ossified plaques on the dura of dogs
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
Curved spine
Term
hypermetria
Definition
ataxia in which mvmts over-reach the desired goal
Term
Abiotrophy
Definition
Degeneration or loss of function or vitality in an organism or cells that do not appear to have sustained any injury
Term
Empyema
Definition
Collection of pus within a naturally exisitng anatomical cavity
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition
Increased vol. of CSF
Term
Hydranencephaly
Definition
Large CSF-filled cavities in brain
Term
Porencephaly
Definition
Small, cystic, CSF-filled spaces in cerebral hemispheres, usually communicate w. subarachnoid space or lateral ventricel
Term
Meningocoele
Definition
protrusion of meninges through defect in calvarium or vertebrae
Term
Meningoencephalocoele
Definition
protrusion of meninges and brain tissue/nerves through defect in calvarium or vertebrae
Term
Spina bifida
Definition
failure of closure of dorsal aspect of one or multiple vertebrae (a type of dysraphia)
Term
Myeloschisis
Definition
opening of the vertebral canal, muscle and skin resulting in exposure of the SC
Term
Proencephalic hypoplasia
Definition
Lack of cerebral hemispheres / malformed diencephalon
Term
Lissencephaly
Definition
Smooth brain surface
Term
Myelodysplasia
Definition
spinal cord malformation
Term
Diplomyelia
Definition
Duplication of SC which is fused and contained in a single dural sheath
Term
Diastematomyelia
Definition
Duplication of SC with 2 distinct cords each with own dural sheath and vertebral canal
Term
Hydromyelia
Definition
Dilation of spinal central canal
Term
Syringomyelia
Definition
fluid-filled cystic cavitation (syrinx) of SC parenchyma
Term
Syringohydromyelia
Definition
syringomyelia (fluid-filled cystic cavitation (syrinx) of SC parenchyma) and hydromyelia (dilation of spinal central canal), often w. communication between syrinx and central canal
Term
Border disease / "hairy shakers" in sheep
Definition
Infection w. pestivirus in utero results in hypomyelination of brain and SC w. hypo/amyelination of axons
Term
Cerebellar abiotrophy
Definition
Progressive primary cerebellar degeneration
Term
Neuronal dystrophy
Definition
Neurons have axonal swellings (spheroids) in various nuclei, in brainstem, cerebellum, SC, possibly w. neuronal loss
Term
Motor neurone dz (MND)
Definition
Primary degeneration (abiotrophy) of neurons in SC ventral grey matter and brainstem nuclei
Term
Age related degenerative myelopathy
Definition
In older dogs, regions of degeneration of myelin sheaths w. ballooning, disruption and phagoc. of myelin, w. some axonal fragmentation and loss
Term
Peripartum asphyxia syndrome
Definition
"Barker foals" - disruption of umbilical cord blood flow during parturition
Term
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Definition
A stroke - acute cerebral haemorrhage w. rapid loss of brain function due to disturbances in blood supply to brain
Term
Fibrocartilaginous embolism / ischaemic myelopathy
Definition
Embolic fibrocartilaginous material occludes spinal and/or meningeal b.v. causing infarction and ischemia
Term
Haemorrhagic myelomalacia
Definition
Trauma results in dissecting haemorrhage (often in G. matter) and necrosis in SC (myelomalacia)
Term
Polioencephalomalacia / Cerebrocortical necrosis (CNN)
Definition
Thiamine deficiency
Term
Swayback
Definition
Congenital copper deficiency in lambs - recumbent, flaccid limbs, ataxic, blind, deaf
Term
Enzootic ataxia
Definition
Delayed, progressive copper deficiency ie. normal at birth.
-Show progressive swaying hind linb ataxia, flaccid paralysis, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, muscular atrophy
Term
Vit A deficiency
Definition
-calves born blind
-loss of photoreceptor function
-compression and degeneration of optic nn due to stenosis of optic canals (decr. bone remodelling) and dural thickening by fibrous
Term
Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy
Definition
Vit E deficiency / disorder of vit. E metabolism in young horses.
Pelvic limb ataxia / spasticity which slowly progresses to forelimbs.
Term
Hepatic encephalopathy
Definition
Accumulation of neurotoxic products (eg. ammonia, amines) normally removed by the liver cause neurological dysfunction
-BBB damaged (vasogenic oedema)
-head pressing, hypersalivation
Term
Lead poisoning
Definition
CATTLE: has a direct neurotoxic effect on CNS cells (neurones and astrocytes) and can interfere w. neurotransmitter function
HORSES: peripheral neuropathy resulting in laryngeal and pharngeal bi-lateral paralysis
Term
Tetanus
Definition
Blocks release of inhib neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine) resulting is spastic muscle rigidity
Term
Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
“pulpy kidney dz”
Definition
Clostridium perfringens toxins break down BBB (and enothelium) = vasogenic oedema and necrosis
Term
Salt poisoning
Definition
during period of dehydration / hyper-natraemia, brain creates new osmotic equilibrium, resulting in oedema when free access to water
Term
Epidural abscess or empyema
Definition
Due to bacterial infection - only in SC (no epidural space in brain!)
Term
Purulent leptomeninges
Definition
Bacterial infection in meninges themselves, in sub-arachnoid space w. purulent material
Term
Brain abscesses
Definition
NB: rare in SC
Due to bact. infection from haematogenous infection, local extension or direct implantation
Term
Listeral encephalitis
Definition
Listeria monocytogenes invades oral mucosa, then trigeminal n. and travels to brain - lesions mainly confined to brainstem, may extend to cervical SC
Term
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
Definition
first in lymphoid tissue, causes im.supp., spreads to CNS in inf. MN cells
-some die of encephalomyelitits
-some survive but may develop subacute to chronic inflam. and demyelinating dz
Term
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Definition
-mainly seen in young cats
-most common cause of CNS inflam in cats – vasculitis in brain, leptomenigitis
-inflam tends to be focused on inner and outer surfaces – ventricle surfaces / choroid plexuses often affected
-poss. mild hydrocephalus/SC hydromyelia
-blindness quite common (affects optic n.)
NB: dry form affects NS more commonly
Term
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Definition
Seen in rabbits esp, also in dogs
Widespread, non-suppurative meningo-encephalomyelitis
Term
Neospora caninum
Definition
in dogs: Meningoencephalo-myelitis, myositis/ neuritis w. hindlimb paresis/paralysis
in cattle: abortion, w. foci of necrosis in CNS of aborted fetus
Term
Toxoplasa gondii
Definition
Seen in cats, dogs, pigs
-similar to Neospora caninum in dogs:
Meningoencephalomyelitis, myositis/ neuritis w. hindlimb paresis/paralysis
Term
Coenuris cerebralis
Definition
"gid" in sheep
(Intermediate stage of taenia mutliceps tapeworm in dogs)
Results in fluid-filled cysts – acts as space occupying lesions and put P on brain = circling
Term
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)
Definition
Caused by prions (abnormal form of a normal cell protein), which can be transmitted horizontally and poss. reach brain via leukocytes in blood or retrograde axonal transport
-Prions cause nerve cell degeneration
Term
BSE
Definition
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy = Mad Cow Disease
Caused by prions, which cause nerve cell degeneration
Term
OSE
Definition
Ovine Spongiform Encephalopathy = Scrapie
Caused by prions, which cause nerve cell degeneration
Term
Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitits (GME)
Definition
-Granulomatous inflam of meninges of brain and SC
-Unknown cause(poss. im-mediated mechanism)
-In dogs, esp small breeds, young-middle aged
Term
Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME)
Definition
Necrotising inflam of meninges of brain
“non-suppurative meningitis”
Seen in pugs, rarely also seen in other small breeds.
Term
Cholesteatoma (Cholesterol granuloma)
Definition
-seen in old horses
-Non-neoplastic lesion of choroid plexus, thought to represent mild haemorr. in choroid plexus w. accumulation of chol. causing granulomatous FB-type reaction
-occurs in lateral ventricles (uni- or bilateral)
Term
Cervical stenotic myelopathy
“wobbler syndrome”
Definition
Bone surrounding the cervical cord fails to resorb sufficiently to accommodate the growing SC - causes compressive trauma of SC resulting in neurological signs
Term
Cervical static stenosis
Definition
Bone surrounding the cervical cord fails to resorb sufficiently to accommodate the growing SC
-Seen when neck is extended and flexed i.e. compression regardless of position
-In horses 1-4yrs old, mostly C5-C7
Term
Cervical dynamic stenosis aka cervical vert. instability
Definition
Bone surrounding the cervical cord fails to resorb sufficiently to accommodate the growing SC
-Seen only when neck is flexed
-In horses 8mnths-1.5yrs old, mostly C3-C5
Term
Intervertebral disc herniation
Definition
Replacement of nucleus pulposus of intervert. disc w. cartilage (metaplastic change), which then herniates and compresses the SC
-Mainly in dogs, esp. chondrodysplatic breeds and esp. thoracolumbar region
Term
Medulloblastoma
Definition
Primary tumour of neurone origin which occurs in YOUNG animals
Term
Meningioma
Definition
Most common tumour of CNS
Tumour of mesothelium / fibroblasts which arises on surface of cerebrum, cerebellum or SC
Term
Neuropathy
Definition
Disease of nerves - generally uncommon
Term
Mono/polyneuropathy
Definition
Disease of solitary / multiple nerve(s)
Term
Neuronopathy
Definition
Disease affecting the neuronal cell body
Term
Axonopathy
Definition
Primary dz. affecting the axon with or without myelin sheath damage
Term
Myelinopathy
Definition
Disease affecting the myelin sheath of nerves (involving myelin formation, maintenance or stability) - generally uncommon
Term
Radiculo-
Definition
Affecting the nerve root
e.g. radiculitits
Term
Horner’s syndrome
Definition
Disruption to sympathetic innervation to the eye
Clin signs: miosis (smaller pupil)
-ptosis (dropping upper eyelid)
-protrusion of 3rd eyelid
-enopthalmus (eyeball sinks into orbit)
Term
Neuritis of cauda equine
Definition
-Inflam of the cauda equine.
-May result in adhesions of spinal nerves into a mass
Clin. signs: tail paralysis, perineal par/anaesthesia, urinary incontinence, faecal retention, muscle atrophy, hind limb weakness
Term
Protozoal polyradiculitis
Definition
Inflam of multiple nerve roots due to protozoa usually Neospora caninum in puppies
-results in progressive hind limb paralysis
Term
Neuritis associated w. guttural pouch mycosis
Definition
Inflam affecting glossopharyneal nn, pharyngeal br. of vagus, int. carotid nn (post-gang. symp) and facial nn:
-Pharyngeal and laryngeal paralysis
-Can cause Horner’s syndrome
-Facial paralysis
Term
Otitis media
Definition
Inflam of middle ear can result in inflam of facial and sympathetic nn:
-facial paralysis
-Horner’s syndrome
Term
Otitis interna
Definition
Inflam of inner ear:
Signs of vestibular dz. – head tilt, falling or rolling to one side, nystagmus
Term
"Downer cow"
Definition
Damage to obturator and sciatic nn. during calving
Term
Neuropraxia
Definition
Mild injury e.g. mild compression - causes temporary disturbances/block
Term
Neuroma
Definition
bulbous mass at end of proximal stump of nerve, formed after regenerative attempts by transected nn. are aborted (because gap between ends of nerve fibers is too large or there is fibrosis blocking growth of n. ending sprouts). Can be painful.
Term
Diabetic neuropathy
Definition
Neuropathy of nn. due to diabetes mellitus - esp. tibial nn (and so plantigrade stance) and esp. in cats
Term
Hypothyroid neuropathy
Definition
Neuropathy of nn. due to hypothyroidism
Term
Botulism
Definition
Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum blocks acetyl choline release in synapses - results in flaccid paralysis, incl. diaphragm, and death due to resp. failure
Term
Organophosphates - acute toxity
Definition
Inactivation of acetyl-cholinesterase and so overstimulation of cholinergic synapses
Term
Organophosphates - delayed toxicity
Definition
Inactivation of acetyl-cholinesterase and so overstimulation of cholinergic synapses
See delayed paralytic syndrome w. central and peripheral axonopathy
Term
Grass sickness
Definition
aka Equine dysautonomia
Degeneration (chromatolysis) and death of ganglion cells in peripheral autonomic ganglia, and other sites
Often euthanased
Term
Key-Gaskell syndrome
Definition
Dysautonomia of cats:
Destruction of autonomic ganglia and occ. neurones in dorsal root ganglia and spinal root neurons – acute onset
-Often die or euthanased
Term
Peritonitis induced dysautonomia
Definition
Peritonitis can cause degeneration of autonomic neurons in int. autonomic submucosa and myenteric ganglion
-results in paralytic ileus
-care don't confuse for grass sickness!
Term
Myasthenia gravis
Definition
AchR deficiency (congenital) or production of AB against AchR on post-synaptic membranes at NMJ (aquired AI) - results in flaccid paralysis
Term
Schwannomas
Definition
aka Peripheral nerve sheath tumours
i.e. tumour of PNS
Can be malignant or benign
Supporting users have an ad free experience!