Term
| What are the two classes of neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do excitatory neurotransmitters do? |
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Definition
| -cause Na influx, AP travels through postsynaptic membrane |
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Term
| What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do? |
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Definition
-hyperpolarize postsynaptic membrane
-membrane potential is decreased, Cl- moves in K+ moves out
-inside of cell becomes more negative |
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Term
| Is acetyl choline excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
excitatory between somatic motor neurons & muscles
inhibitory between neurons & heart |
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Term
| Give an example of inhibitory neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
GABA
glycine
acetyl choline |
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Term
| Give an example of excitatory neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
acetyl choline
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine |
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Term
| What happens if a neurotransmitter remains in synapse? |
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Definition
| Continuous stimulation of post synaptic receptor (generation of AP's) |
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Term
| How is Ach released from the postsynaptic membrane? |
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Definition
| Achase breaks down Ach, components are reabsorbed by synaptic knob & re-synthesized into Ach |
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Term
| How is norepinephrine released from the postynaptic membrane? |
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Definition
| released by the receptor, picked up by the synaptic knob, broken down |
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Term
| What regulates the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate from? |
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Definition
| thoracic & abdominal regions of spinal cord |
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Term
| Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originated from? |
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Definition
| the brain & pelvic regions of spinal cord |
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Term
| Which classes of vertebrae is the ANS involved with? |
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Definition
| thoracic, lumbar & sacral |
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Term
| What is the preganglionic neuron? |
|
Definition
1st neuron of efferent nerves in SYM & PARA
-carries impulse to ganglia |
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Term
| What is the postganglionic neuron? |
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Definition
2nd neuron of efferent nerves in SYM & PARA
-carries impulse from ganglia to target organ |
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Term
| Where is the cell body of the 1st neuron found? |
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Definition
| in the brain or spinal cord |
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Term
| What does the preganglionic neuron synapse with? |
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Definition
-the sympathetic chain
or
-passes through chain & synapses with a ganglion outside the chain |
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Term
| Describe the length of post- & pre-ganglionic neurons in the SYM & PARA NS |
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Definition
SYM: short pre long post
PARA: long pre short post |
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Term
| What system deals with emergency situations? |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What are some changes that occur in the body when the sympathetic nervous system is active? |
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Definition
bronchodilation (increase gas exchange)
increased heart rate (increase O2 delivery)
dilate arterioles (increase O2 delivery)
dilate pupils (light & peripheral vision)
reduce blood flow to GIT, skin, kidneys (not necessary in emerg.)
decreased GIT activity (not needed in emerg.) |
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Term
| What is the key neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
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Term
| What neurons release norepinephrine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What neurons release Ach? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are alpha adrenergic receptors found? What is their function? |
|
Definition
blood vessels
-vasoconstriction of skin, GIT & kidneys |
|
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Term
| What is the function of B1 andrenergic receptors? |
|
Definition
| increase heart rate & force of contraction |
|
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Term
| What is the function of B2 andrenergic receptors? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
-decrease excitatory effect of fight/flight
-allow body to replenish stores
-return body to homeostasis |
|
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Term
True or False
PARA has little effect on blood vessels? |
|
Definition
True
Except blood vessels in the GIT |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is released by PARA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are reflexes? What are the two types? |
|
Definition
rapid automatic responses to protect the body
-somatic & autoomic |
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Term
| What do somatic reflexes do? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What do automatic reflexes do? |
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Definition
| regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, endocrine glands |
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Term
| What is the origin of a reflex? Describe the process briefly |
|
Definition
a sensory receptor
-receptor is stimulated to threshold, AP travels along sensory neuron, terminates in grey matter of SC or brain |
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Term
| What happens after an AP has reached the CNS grey matter? |
|
Definition
-information is integrated with impulses from other neurons
-integrated response is sent from SC or brain by the motor neuron to the target tissue |
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Term
| Describe the stretch reflex |
|
Definition
-muscle spindle stretches, impulse send via afferent neuron to SC
-sensory neuron synapses with motor neuron at SC
-stimulation of efferent motor neuron causes contraction |
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Term
| Describe the stretch reflex caused by tapping on the patellar tendon |
|
Definition
-quad muscle is stretched, reflex arc is stimulated, quadricep contracts, lower leg extends (kicks)
-afferent neuron also sends impulse that causes a 2nd reflex arc so the opposing muscles relax
-cerebellum is simultaneously informed of what is going on |
|
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Term
| What are the 4 different sections of the brain? |
|
Definition
cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brain stem |
|
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Term
| What region of the brain is responsible for the highest order functions & behaviours? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the cerebrum? |
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Definition
-receiving & processing sensory info
-initiate conscious nerve impulses
-integration of neuron activity for conscious activity
-reason & planning |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
-gyri, fissures & sulci on the brain surface
-longitudinal fissure separating L & R hemispheres
-hemispheres further divided into lobes
-outer layer is cerebral cortex |
|
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Term
| What are gyri, fissures & sulci? What is the function of gyri & sulci? |
|
Definition
Gyri: folds
Fissures: deep grooves
Sulci: Shallow grooves
-G&S increase surface area to allow large bundles of nerve cell bodies to connect with bundles of axons |
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Term
| An impulse in the left hemisphere will cause muscle movements on the ____ side of the body |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
-outer 6 layers of neurons
-made of grey matter
-mainly nerve cell bodies which receive info from all around the body via the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Describe the region below the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
-white matter dominated by axons
-nerve fibers linking different regions f the cortex & connect it to other parts of the brain & SC |
|
|
Term
| What is the basal ganglion? |
|
Definition
-pools of neurons controlling semivoluntary movements e.g. walking & running
-initiation & maintenance of normal motor activity |
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Term
| Describe the position of the cerebellum relative to the cerebrum |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
-coordinates motor activity
-compares the intent of the body w/ actual position
-fine tunes movements |
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Term
| What is the diencephalon, and what are its 3 major structures? |
|
Definition
-NS passageway btwn cerebrum & primitive brain stem
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland |
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Term
| What is the function of the thalamus |
|
Definition
| relay station, transferring sensory info from all over body to the cerebrum |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
interface between NS & endocrine system
integrates functions of ANS
-stimulate release of hormones to respond to temperature, hunger, thirst, rage, anger, stress, blood pressure, reproductive system etc |
|
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Term
| Does the hypothalamus have PARA or SYM components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
master gland of the endocrine system
regulates hormone production & secretion |
|
|
Term
| What is the most primitive part of the brain? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Waht is the function of the brain stem |
|
Definition
-connects rest of brain to spinal cord
-maintains basic support functions of body
heart rate, contractions, respiration, vasoconstriction, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the brain stem? |
|
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain |
|
|
Term
| What is the tissue surrounding the brain & spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the meniges |
|
Definition
| Cover & protect CNS, provide nutrients & oxygen to the superficial layers off brain & SC |
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 layers of the meniges |
|
Definition
Dura mater: outer ayer, tough, fibrous
Arachoid: delicate & spider web like
Pia mater: inner thin, lies directly on brain & SC |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid |
|
Definition
-protects CNS from the surfaces of skull & vertebral column
-minimize displacement of brain
-maintain external environment for brain cells
-route for removing metabolites from brain |
|
|
Term
| What is cerebrospinal fluid derived from? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the structure & function of the blood-brain barrier |
|
Definition
-separates brain capillaries from nervous tissue
-not porous, prevents ions, drugs etc from reaching brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized glial cells which selectively transport materials into the brain |
|
|
Term
| When does the brain stem become the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
-conduct sensory info & motor instructions
-process/modify impulses between brain & peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
| What 2 systems are involved with coordination & control of tissue & organs? |
|
Definition
Nervous System
Endocrine System |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between endocrine exocrine glands? |
|
Definition
Endocrine: ductless
Exocrine: secrete through a duct |
|
|
Term
True or False
All cells have receptors for all types of hormone, some are just not switched on |
|
Definition
False
not all cells have receptors to specific hormones |
|
|
Term
| Describe the negative feedback system of thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
-T3 & T3 levels in blood decrease to certain level
-pituitary detects low evels
-TSH is produced to stimulate thyroid gland
-T3 & T4 levels rise
-antuitary detects this, stops production of TSH |
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods of hormone secretion? |
|
Definition
negative feedback
direct stimulation from NS |
|
|
Term
| Describe hormone secretion by direct stimulation from NS |
|
Definition
-nerve impulses stimualate endocrine gland to release hormone
e.g. adrenal medulla stimulated to release catecholamines for fight/flight response |
|
|
Term
| Describe the position of the pituitary relative to the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the hypothalamus have neurons or glands secreting hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another term for the pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the composition & function of the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
-glandular tissue
-produces 7 hormones
-stimulated by hypothalamus & direct feedback |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition & function of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
-nervous tissue
-stores & releases 2 hormones produced by hypothalamus (ADH & oxytocin) |
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Term
|
Definition
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