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Nerves. Action Potential and Senses
The location and function of nerves; action potential and synaptic transmissions as well as special and general senses
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/28/2014

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Term
Action Potentials
Definition
How neurons communicate with one another; AKA nerve impulses
Term
Action Potentials
Definition
depend on 2 features of the plasma membrane- the existence of a resting membrane potential and the presence of specific types of ion channels
Term
Membrane Potentials
Definition
living body cells are electrically polarized, with the inside (cytoplasm) more negative than the outside (interstitial fluid)
Term
Membrane Potentials
Definition
the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell is this
Term
Resting Membrane Potentials
Definition
the electrical charge is the same inside and outside the cell; AKA RMP
Term
Negatively Charged Ions
Definition
found inside the cell in the cytoplasm; potassium and proteins
Term
Positively Charged Ions
Definition
found outside the cell in the interstitial fluid; sodium and chloride
Term
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Definition
directly regulates levels of ions to maintain the resting membrane potential' brings K in, takes Na out
Term
Ion Channels
Definition
allow specific ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane which will change the membrane potential
Term
Action Potentials
Definition
sequence of rapidly occurring events when a stimulus occurs that decrease and reverse the membrane potential
Term
All-or-None Principle
Definition
an action potential can only occur if the stimulus is strong enough- there is no such thing as a partial action potential
Term
Depolarization
Definition
occurs when the voltage gated Na an K channels open and Na rushes in; roughly +30mV
Term
Depolarization
Definition
makes the the cytoplasm more positive, causing an action potential; K then flows out and halts this
Term
Repolarization
Definition
when the membrane returns to a resting state; roughly -70mV
Term
Conduction of Nerve Impulses
Definition
information communicated from one part of the body to another transmitted to the CNS; operates by positive feedback
Term
Presynaptic Neuron
Definition
the neuron sending the signal
Term
Postsynaptic Neuron
Definition
the neuron receiving the message
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse, and change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
acetylcholine, dopamine, seotonin, endorphins
Term
Reflex Arc
Definition
the shortest route that can be taken by an impulse from a receptor to an effector
Term
Reflex
Definition
fast and involuntary sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus
Term
Reflex
Definition
represent the body's principal mechanism for responding to certain changes in the internal and external environments
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
31 pairs; named and numbered according to the region and level from which they emerge
Term
Cervical Nerves
Definition
8 pairs
Term
Thoracic Nerves
Definition
12 pairs
Term
Lumbar Nerves
Definition
5 pairs emerging from the lower spinal cord
Term
Sacral Nerves
Definition
5 pairs
Term
Coccygeal Nerves
Definition
1 pair
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
attached to the spinal cord by means of a posterior and anterior root; exit the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramen
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
are all mixed- they carry both sensory and motor information
Term
Sensory Information
Definition
enters the spinal cord via the posterior root
Term
Motor Impulses
Definition
leave the spinal cord via the anterior root
Term
Cervical Plexus
Definition
supplies the skin and muscles of the posterior head, neck and upper part of the shoulders, connects with some of the cranial nerves and supplies the diaphragm
Term
Brachial Plexus
Definition
supplies the upper extremities and several neck and shoulder muscles
Term
Lumbar Plexus
Definition
supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and part of the lower extremities
Term
Sacral Plexus
Definition
supplies the buttocks, perineum and lower extremities
Term
Intercostal Nerves
Definition
nerves T2-11 do not form plexuses- they are distributed directly to the structures they supply in the intercostal spaces
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
12 pairs; named primarily by distribution and numbered by order of attachment by roman numerals
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
3 of them are sensory only, the rest are mixed
Term
Sensory Only
Definition
I- olfactory, II- optic, VIII- vestibulocochlear
Term
Vagus Nerve
Definition
only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and face into the thorax and abdominpelvic region
Term
Vagus Nerve
Definition
roman numeral X; supplies the heart, smooth muscle in structures of the thorax, organs and glands of the GI tract
Term
General Senses
Definition
2 types- somatic and visceral
Term
Somatic Senses
Definition
tactile sensations- touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle/ thermal sensations- warm and cold; AKA body senses
Term
Somatic Senses
Definition
pain sensations- dull, sharp and referred/ proprioceptive sensations- joint and muscle positions and movement of the limbs and head
Term
Visceral Senses
Definition
provides information about the internal organs; AKA organ senses
Term
Special Senses
Definition
5 of them: smell- olfactory/ taste- gustation/ vision- optic/ hearing- auditory/ balance- static and dynamic equilibrium
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